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Saberi E, Qureshi JA, Brown JK. Differential expression of "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" genes and prophage loci in different life stages of potato psyllid. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16248. [PMID: 39009624 PMCID: PMC11251058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Psyllid species, including the potato psyllid (PoP) Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Triozidae) serve as host and vector of "Candidatus Liberibacter spp." ("Ca. Liberibacter"), which also infects diverse plant hosts, including citrus and tomato. Psyllid transmission of "Ca. Liberibacter" is circulative and propagative. The time of "Ca. Liberibacter" acquisition and therefore vector life stage most competent for bacterial transmission varies by pathosystems. Here, the potato psyllid-"Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum" (CLso) pathosystem was investigated to dissect CLso-prophage interactions in the tomato plant and PoP-psyllid host by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase amplification of CLso genes/loci with predicted involvement in host infection and psyllid-CLso transmission. Genes/loci analyzed were associated with (1) CLso-adhesion, -invasion, -pathogenicity, and -motility, (2) prophage-adhesion and pathogenicity, and (3) CLso-lysogenic cycle. Relative gene expression was quantified by qRT-PCR amplification from total RNA isolated from CLso-infected 1st-2nd and 4th-5th nymphs and teneral adults and CLso-infected tomato plants in which CLso infection is thought to occur without SC1-SC2 replication. Gene/loci expression was host-dependent and varied with the psyllid developmental stage. Loci previously associated with repressor-anti-repressor regulation in the "Ca Liberibacter asiaticus"-prophage pathosystem, which maintains the lysogenic cycle in Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri, were expressed in CLso-infected psyllids but not in CLso-infected tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Saberi
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, IFAS, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL, USA
| | - Jawwad A Qureshi
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, IFAS, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL, USA
| | - Judith K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Tavares CS, Mishra R, Kishk A, Wang X, Ghobrial PN, Killiny N, Bonning BC. The beta pore-forming bacterial pesticidal protein Tpp78Aa1 is toxic to the Asian citrus psyllid vector of the citrus greening bacterium. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 204:108122. [PMID: 38710321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri transmits the causative agent of huanglongbing, or citrus greening disease, that has decimated global citrus production. Pesticidal proteins derived from bacteria such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can provide effective and environmentally friendly alternatives for management of D. citri, but few with sufficient toxicity to D. citri have been identified. Here, we report on the toxicity of 14 Bt-derived pesticidal proteins from five different structural groups against D. citri. These proteins were selected based on previously reported toxicity to other hemipteran species and on pesticidal protein availability. Most of the proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified from inclusion bodies or His-tag affinity purification, while App6Aa2 was expressed in Bt and purified from spore/crystal mixtures. Pesticidal proteins were initially screened by feeding psyllids on a single dose, and lethal concentration (LC50) then determined for proteins with significantly greater mortality than the buffer control. The impact of CLas infection of D. citri on toxicity was assessed for selected proteins via topical feeding. The Bt protein Tpp78Aa1 was toxic to D. citri adults with an LC50 of approximately 204 µg/mL. Nymphs were more susceptible to Tpp78Aa1 than adults but no significant difference in susceptibility was observed between healthy and CLas-infected nymphs or adults. Tpp78Aa1 and other reported D. citri-active proteins may provide valuable tools for suppression of D. citri populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clebson S Tavares
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Ruchir Mishra
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abdelaziz Kishk
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University 31527, Egypt
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pierre N Ghobrial
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University 31527, Egypt
| | - Bryony C Bonning
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Mauck KE, Gebiola M, Percy DM. The Hidden Secrets of Psylloidea: Biology, Behavior, Symbionts, and Ecology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:277-302. [PMID: 37738463 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120120-114738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Psyllids constitute a diverse group of sap-feeding Sternorrhyncha that were relatively obscure until it was discovered that a handful of species transmit bacterial plant pathogens. Yet the superfamily Psylloidea is much richer than the sum of its crop-associated vectors, with over 4,000 described species exhibiting diverse life histories and host exploitation strategies. A growing body of research is uncovering fascinating insights into psyllid evolution, biology, behavior, and species interactions. This work has revealed commonalities and differences with better-studied Sternorrhyncha, as well as unique evolutionary patterns of lineage divergence and host use. We are also learning how psyllid evolution and foraging ecology underlie life history traits and the roles of psyllids in communities. At finer scales, we are untangling the web of symbionts across the psyllid family tree, linking symbiont and psyllid lineages, and revealing mechanisms underlying reciprocal exchange between symbiont and host. In this review, we synthesize and summarize key advances within these areas with a focus on free-living (nongalling) Psylloidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry E Mauck
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA; ,
| | - Marco Gebiola
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA; ,
| | - Diana M Percy
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
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Sarkar P, Jassar O, Ghanim M. The plant pathogenic bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum induces calcium-regulated autophagy in midgut cells of its insect vector Bactericera trigonica. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0130123. [PMID: 37768086 PMCID: PMC10581152 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01301-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role against pathogen infection in many organisms; however, little has been done with regard to vector-borne plant and animal pathogens, that sometimes replicate and cause deleterious effects in their vectors. Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) is a fastidious gram-negative phloem-restricted plant pathogen and vectored by the carrot psyllid, Bactericera trigonica. The plant disease caused by this bacterium is called carrot yellows and has recently gained much importance due to worldwide excessive economical losses. Here, we demonstrate that calcium ATPase, cytosolic calcium, and most importantly Beclin-1 have a role in regulating autophagy and its association with Liberibacter inside the psyllid. The presence of CLso generates reactive oxygen species and induces the expression of detoxification enzymes in the psyllid midguts, a main site for bacteria transmission. CLso also induces the expression of both sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+pump (SERCA) and 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (ITPR) in midguts, resulting in high levels of calcium in the cellular cytosol. Silencing these genes individually disrupted the calcium levels in the cytosol and resulted in direct effects on autophagy and subsequently on Liberibacter persistence and transmission. Inhibiting Beclin1-phosphorylation through different calcium-induced kinases altered the expression of autophagy and CLso titers and persistence. Based on our results obtained from the midgut, we suggest the existence of a direct correlation between cytosolic calcium levels, autophagy, and CLso persistence and transmission by the carrot psyllid. IMPORTANCE Plant diseases caused by vector-borne Liberibacter species are responsible for the most important economic losses in many agricultural sectors. Preventing these diseases relies mostly on chemical sprays against the insect vectors. Knowledge-based interference with the bacteria-vector interaction remains a promising approach as a sustainable solution. For unravelling how Liberibacter exploits molecular pathways in its insect vector for transmission, here, we show that the bacterium manipulates calcium levels on both sides of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, resulting in manipulating autophagy. Silencing genes associated with these pathways disrupted the calcium levels in the cytosol and resulted in direct effects on autophagy and Liberibacter transmission. These results demonstrate major pathways that could be exploited for manipulating and controlling the disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Sarkar
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ola Jassar
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Hosseinzadeh S, Heck M. Variations on a theme: factors regulating interaction between Diaphorina citri and "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" vector and pathogen of citrus huanglongbing. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 56:101025. [PMID: 36990150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid, is a vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the causal agent of huanglongbing (HLB), the world's most serious disease of citrus. Owing to the relevancy and urgency of HLB research, the study of transmission biology in the HLB pathosystem has been a significant area of research. The focus of this article is to summarize and synthesize recent advancements in transmission biology between D. citri and CLas to create an updated view of the research landscape and to identify avenues for future research. Variability appears to play an important role in the transmission of CLas by D. citri. We advocate that it is important to understand the genetic basis for and environmental factors contributing to CLas transmission and how that variation may be exploited to develop and improve HLB control tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Hosseinzadeh
- Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michelle Heck
- Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Lin CY, Batuman O, Levy A. Identifying the Gut Virome of Diaphorina citri from Florida Groves. INSECTS 2023; 14:166. [PMID: 36835735 PMCID: PMC9967087 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) transmits the bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the putative causative agent of citrus Huanglongbing disease (HLB). Insect-specific viruses can act against insects as their natural enemies, and recently, several D. citri-associated viruses were discovered. The insect gut plays an important role as not only a pool for diverse microbes but also as a physical barrier to prevent the spread of pathogens such as CLas. However, there is little evidence of the presence of D. citri-associated viruses in the gut and of the interaction between them and CLas. Here, we dissected psyllid guts collected from five growing regions in Florida, and the gut virome was analyzed by high throughput sequencing. Four insect viruses, including D. citri-associated C virus (DcACV), D. citri densovirus (DcDV), D. citri reovirus (DcRV), and D. citri flavi-like virus (DcFLV), were identified, and their presence in the gut, including an additional D. citri cimodo-like virus (DcCLV), were confirmed with PCR-based assays. Microscopic analysis showed that DcFLV infection leads to morphological abnormalities in the nuclear structure in the infected psyllid gut cells. The complex and diverse composition of microbiota in the psyllid gut suggests a possible interaction and dynamics between CLas and the D. citri-associated viruses. Our study identified various D. citri-associated viruses that localized in the psyllid gut and provided more information that helps to evaluate the potential vectors for manipulating CLas in the psyllid gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Lin
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Ozgur Batuman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Ribeiro C, Xu J, Hendrich C, Pandey SS, Yu Q, Gmitter FG, Wang N. Seasonal Transcriptome Profiling of Susceptible and Tolerant Citrus Cultivars to Citrus Huanglongbing. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:286-298. [PMID: 36001783 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0179-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) is the most devastating citrus disease worldwide. Most commercial citrus cultivars are susceptible to HLB, with a few more tolerant exceptions such as 'LB8-9' Sugar Belle mandarin. Transcriptomic analyses have been widely used to investigate the potential mechanisms for disease susceptibility, resistance, or tolerance. Previous transcriptomic studies related to HLB mostly focused on single time point data collection. We hypothesize that changes in day length and temperature throughout the seasons have profound effects on citrus-CLas interactions. Here, we conducted RNA-seq analyses on HLB-susceptible Valencia sweet orange and HLB-tolerant mandarin 'LB8-9' in winter, spring, summer, and fall. Significant variations in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to HLB were observed among the four seasons. For both cultivars, the highest number of DEGs were found in the spring. CLas infection stimulates the expression of immune-related genes such as NBS-LRR, RLK, RLCK, CDPK, MAPK pathway, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and PR genes in both cultivars, consistent with the model that HLB is a pathogen-triggered immune disease. HLB-positive mandarin 'LB8-9' trees contained higher concentrations of maltose and sucrose, which are known to scavenge ROS. In addition, mandarin 'LB8-9' showed higher expression of genes involved in phloem regeneration, which might contribute to its HLB tolerance. This study shed light on the pathogenicity mechanism of the HLB pathosystem and the tolerance mechanism against HLB, providing valuable insights into HLB management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ribeiro
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Jin Xu
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Connor Hendrich
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Qibin Yu
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Frederick G Gmitter
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
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Pierson EA, Cubero J, Roper C, Brown JK, Bock CH, Wang N. ' Candidatus Liberibacter' Pathosystems at the Forefront of Agricultural and Biological Research Challenges. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:7-10. [PMID: 35100014 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-21-0497-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Pierson
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133
| | - Jaime Cubero
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio Bacteriología, Centro Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Caroline Roper
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Judith K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Clive H Bock
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Station, Byron, GA 31008
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
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