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Gupta R, Leibman-Markus M, Anand G, Rav-David D, Yermiyahu U, Elad Y, Bar M. Nutrient Elements Promote Disease Resistance in Tomato by Differentially Activating Immune Pathways. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2360-2371. [PMID: 35771048 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-22-0052-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient elements play essential roles in plant growth, development, and reproduction. Balanced nutrition is critical for plant health and the ability to withstand biotic stress. Treatment with essential elements has been shown to induce disease resistance in certain cases. Understanding the functional mechanisms underlying plant immune responses to nutritional elements has the potential to provide new insights into crop improvement. In the present study, we investigated the effect of various elements-potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na)-in promoting resistance against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea and the hemibiotrophic bacterium Xanthomonas euvesicatoria in tomato. We demonstrate that spray treatment of essential elements was sufficient to activate immune responses, inducing defense gene expression, cellular leakage, reactive oxygen species, and ethylene production. We report that different defense signaling pathways are required for induction of immunity in response to different elements. Our results suggest that genetic mechanisms that are modulated by nutrient elements can be exploited in agricultural practices to promote disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, 68 Hamakabim Rd., Rishon LeZion 7534509, Israel
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, 68 Hamakabim Rd., Rishon LeZion 7534509, Israel
| | - Gautam Anand
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, 68 Hamakabim Rd., Rishon LeZion 7534509, Israel
| | - Dalia Rav-David
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, 68 Hamakabim Rd., Rishon LeZion 7534509, Israel
| | - Uri Yermiyahu
- Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, D.N. Negev 2, Bet Dagan 85280, Israel
| | - Yigal Elad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, 68 Hamakabim Rd., Rishon LeZion 7534509, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, 68 Hamakabim Rd., Rishon LeZion 7534509, Israel
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Chan C. Progress in Salicylic Acid-Dependent Signaling for Growth–Defense Trade-Off. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192985. [PMID: 36230947 PMCID: PMC9563428 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One grand challenge for studying plant biotic and abiotic stress responses is to optimize plant growth and plasticity under variable environmental constraints, which in the long run benefits agricultural production. However, efforts in promoting plant immunity are often accompanied by compromised morphological “syndromes” such as growth retardation, sterility, and reduced yield. Such a trade-off is dictated by complex signaling driven by secondary messengers and phytohormones. Salicylic acid (SA) is a well-known phytohormone essential for basal immunity and systemic acquired resistance. Interestingly, recent updates suggest that external environmental cues, nutrient status, developmental stages, primary metabolism, and breeding strategies attribute an additional layer of control over SA-dependent signaling, and, hence, plant performance against pathogens. In this review, these external and internal factors are summarized, focusing on their specific roles on SA biosynthesis and downstream signaling leading to immunity. A few considerations and future opportunities are highlighted to improve plant fitness with minimal growth compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Chan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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Effect of Mineral Nutrition and Salt Spray on Cucumber Downy Mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081007. [PMID: 35448736 PMCID: PMC9024561 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It was previously shown that spraying with CaCl2, MgCl2, KCl, and K2SO4 and high N and Mg concentrations in the irrigation water of potted cucumber plants reduced powdery mildew, while medium P and high K concentrations increased powdery mildew. In the present work, we tested the effect of irrigation with N, P, K, Ca, and Mg and spraying with salts on downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) of cucumber (CDM). In potted plants, an increase in N concentration in the irrigation water resulted in a major increase in CDM severity, while an increase in K or Ca concentrations resulted in a gradual increase in CDM severity. An increase in P and Mg concentrations in the irrigation water resulted in a major CDM decrease. Spraying with Ca, Mg, and K salts with Cl and SO4 anions resulted in CDM suppression in most cases, and a negative correlation was obtained between the salt and anion molar concentrations and the CDM severity. Using NaCl sprays, both Na and Cl concentrations were negatively related to the CDM severity. MgCl2 (0.1 M Cl), K2SO4 (0.1 M SO4), MgCl2 + K2SO4, and monopotassium phosphate (MKP, 1%) sprayed under commercial-like (CL) conditions significantly reduced CDM by 36.6% to 62.6% in one disease cycle, while, in a second cycle, CDM was significantly reduced only by K2SO4 and MKP. In conclusion, fertigation with P and Mg, and salt spraying decreased CDM, while only spraying under CL resulted in CDM suppression.
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Nutrient Status of Cucumber Plants Affects Powdery Mildew ( Podosphaera xanthii). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102216. [PMID: 34686025 PMCID: PMC8539619 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of applications of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca through an irrigation solution and spraying K, Ca, and Mg salts on cucumber powdery mildew (CPM, Podosphaera xanthii) in potted plants and under commercial-like conditions. Spraying CaCl2 and MgCl2, or KCl and K2SO4, decreased CPM. There were significant negative correlations between the anion-related molar concentrations of the salts and disease severity. Among the sprayed treatments, NaCl provided significantly less CPM control when applied at a low (0.05 M) concentration, as compared with CaCl2 and MgCl2. When sprayed applications of Mg and K salts were analyzed separately from the untreated control, the Cl− salts were found to be more effective than the SO4−2 salts. High N and Mg concentrations in the irrigation water delivered to young, fruit-less cucumber plants reduced CPM, whereas more CPM was observed when the irrigation solution contained a medium amount of P and a high amount of K. In contrast, mature, fruit-bearing plants had less severe CPM at higher N, lower P, and higher K levels. Spraying mature plants with monopotassium phosphate, polyhalite (K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4·2H2O), and the salts mentioned above over an entire growing season suppressed CPM. CPM severity was also reduced by spray applications of Ca, Mg, and KSO4−2 and Cl− salts. Spray applications provided better CPM control than fertigation treatments. Induced resistance is probably involved in the effects of nutrients on CPM.
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Elad Y, Nisan Z, Kleinman Z, Rav-David D, Yermiyahu U. Effects of Microelements on Downy Mildew ( Peronospora belbahrii) of Sweet Basil. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1793. [PMID: 34579327 PMCID: PMC8468259 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that spraying or irrigating with Ca, Mg and K reduces the severity of sweet basil downy mildew (SBDM). Here, the effects of Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe on SBDM were tested in potted plants. The effects of Mn and Zn were also tested under semi-commercial and commercial-like field conditions. Spray applications of a mixture of EDTA-chelated microelements (i.e., Fe-EDTA, Mn-EDTA, Zn-EDTA, Cu-EDTA and Mo) reduces SBDM severity. The application of EDTA chelates of individual microelements (i.e., Fe-EDTA, Mn-EDTA and Zn-EDTA) significantly reduces SBDM in potted plants. Foliar applications of Mn-EDTA and Zn-EDTA are found to be effective under semi-commercial conditions and were, thus, further tested under commercial-like conditions. Under commercial-like conditions, foliar-applied Mn-EDTA and Zn-EDTA decreased SBDM severity by 46-71%. When applied through the irrigation solution, those two microelements reduce SBDM by more than 50%. Combining Mg with Mn-EDTA and Zn-EDTA in the irrigation solution does not provide any additional disease reduction. In the commercial-like field experiment, the microelement-mixture treatment, applied as a spray or via the irrigation solution, was combined with fungicides spray treatments. This combination provides synergistic disease control. The mode of action in this plant-pathogen system may involve features of altered host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigal Elad
- Department Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, 68 Hamakabim Rd, Rishon LeZion 7534509, Israel; (Z.N.); (D.R.-D.)
| | - Ziv Nisan
- Department Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, 68 Hamakabim Rd, Rishon LeZion 7534509, Israel; (Z.N.); (D.R.-D.)
- Bikat HaYarden Research and Development, Tzevi Research Station, Bikat HaYarden 91906, Israel;
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ziv Kleinman
- Bikat HaYarden Research and Development, Tzevi Research Station, Bikat HaYarden 91906, Israel;
| | - Dalia Rav-David
- Department Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, 68 Hamakabim Rd, Rishon LeZion 7534509, Israel; (Z.N.); (D.R.-D.)
| | - Uri Yermiyahu
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, M.P. Negev, Gilat 8528000, Israel;
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Almuziny M, Decker C, Wang D, Gerard P, Tharayil N. Nutrient Supply and Simulated Herbivory Differentially Alter the Metabolite Pools and the Efficacy of the Glucosinolate-Based Defense System in Brassica Species. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:129-142. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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