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Fanton AC, Bouda M, Brodersen C. Xylem-dwelling pathogen unaffected by local xylem vessel network properties in grapevines (Vitis spp.). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:521-532. [PMID: 38334466 PMCID: PMC11037485 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is the xylem-dwelling bacterium associated with Pierce's disease (PD), which causes mortality in agriculturally important species, such as grapevine (Vitis vinifera). The development of PD symptoms in grapevines depends on the ability of Xf to produce cell-wall-degrading enzymes to break up intervessel pit membranes and systematically spread through the xylem vessel network. Our objective here was to investigate whether PD resistance could be mechanistically linked to xylem vessel network local connectivity. METHODS We used high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) imaging to identify and describe the type, area and spatial distribution of intervessel connections for six different grapevine genotypes from three genetic backgrounds, with varying resistance to PD (four PD resistant and two PD susceptible). KEY RESULTS Our results suggest that PD resistance is unlikely to derive from local xylem network connectivity. The intervessel pit area (Ai) varied from 0.07 ± 0.01 mm2 mm-3 in Lenoir to 0.17 ± 0.03 mm2 mm-3 in Blanc do Bois, both PD resistant. Intervessel contact fraction (Cp) was not statically significant, but the two PD-susceptible genotypes, Syrah (0.056 ± 0.015) and Chardonnay (0.041 ± 0.013), were among the most highly connected vessel networks. Neither Ai nor Cp explained differences in PD resistance among the six genotypes. Bayesian re-analysis of our data shows moderate evidence against the effects of the traits analysed: Ai (BF01 = 4.88), mean vessel density (4.86), relay diameter (4.30), relay density (3.31) and solitary vessel proportion (3.19). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that radial and tangential xylem network connectivity is highly conserved within the six different Vitis genotypes we sampled. The way that Xf traverses the vessel network may limit the importance of local network properties to its spread and may confer greater importance on host biochemical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Bouda
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Craig Brodersen
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Formisano G, Iodice L, Cascone P, Sacco A, Quarto R, Cavalieri V, Bosco D, Guerrieri E, Giorgini M. Wolbachia infection and genetic diversity of Italian populations of Philaenus spumarius, the main vector of Xylella fastidiosa in Europe. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272028. [PMID: 36037217 PMCID: PMC9423658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Philaenus spumarius is a cosmopolitan species that has become a major threat to European agriculture being recognized as the main vector of the introduced plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa, the agent of the “olive quick decline syndrome”, a disease which is devastating olive orchards in southern Italy. Wolbachia are bacterial symbionts of many insects, frequently as reproductive parasites, sometime by establishing mutualistic relationships, able to spread within host populations. Philaenus spumarius harbors Wolbachia, but the role played by this symbiont is unknown and data on the infection prevalence within host populations are limited. Here, the Wolbachia infection rate was analyzed in relation to the geographic distribution and the genetic diversity of the Italian populations of P. spumarius. Analysis of the COI gene sequences revealed a geographically structured distribution of the three main mitochondrial lineages of P. spumarius. Wolbachia was detected in half of the populations sampled in northern Italy where most individuals belonged to the western-Mediterranean lineage. All populations sampled in southern and central Italy, where the individuals of the eastern-Mediterranean lineage were largely prevalent, were uninfected. Individuals of the north-eastern lineage were found only in populations from the Alps in the northernmost part of Italy, at high altitudes. In this area, Wolbachia infection reached the highest prevalence, with no difference between north-eastern and western-Mediterranean lineage. Analysis of molecular diversity of COI sequences suggested no significant effect of Wolbachia on population genetics of P. spumarius. Using the MLST approach, six new Wolbachia sequence types were identified. Using FISH, Wolbachia were observed within the host’s reproductive tissues and salivary glands. Results obtained led us to discuss the role of Wolbachia in P. spumarius, the factors influencing the geographic distribution of the infection, and the exploitation of Wolbachia for the control of the vector insect to reduce the spread of X. fastidiosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Formisano
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Iodice
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Pasquale Cascone
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Adriana Sacco
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Roberta Quarto
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cavalieri
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Emilio Guerrieri
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
| | - Massimo Giorgini
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Marcus IM, White D, Backus EA, Walker SL, Roper MC. Fluid dynamic simulations at the interface of the blue-green sharpshooter functional foregut and grapevine xylem sap with implications for transmission of Xylella fastidiosa. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265762. [PMID: 35316301 PMCID: PMC8939801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a multi-continental, lethal, plant pathogenic bacterium that is transmitted by sharpshooter leafhoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) and adult spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae). The bacterium forms biofilms in plant xylem and the functional foregut of the insect. These biofilms serve as sources of inoculum for insect acquisition and subsequent inoculation to a healthy plant. In this study, 3D fluid dynamic simulations were performed for bidirectional cibarial propulsion of xylem sap through tube-like grapevine xylem and an anatomically accurate model of the functional foregut of the blue-green sharpshooter, Graphocephala atropunctata. The analysis supports a model of how fluid dynamics influence X. fastidiosa transmission. The model supports the hypothesis that X. fastidiosa inoculation is mostly driven by detachment of bacteria from the foregut due to high-velocity flow during egestion (outward fluid flow from the stylets). Acquisition occurs by fluid dynamics during both egestion and ingestion (fluid uptake through the stylets and swallowing). These simulation results are supported by previously reported X. fastidiosa colonization patterns in the functional foregut and sharpshooter stylet probing behaviors. The model indicates that xylem vessel diameter influences drag forces imposed on xylem wall-adherent bacteria; thus, vessel diameter may be an important component of the complex transmission process. Results from this study are directly applicable to development of novel grapevine resistance traits via electropenetrographic monitoring of vector acquisition and inoculation behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Marcus
- Drexel University, Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Daniel White
- University of California, Riverside, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Elaine A. Backus
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, United States of America
| | - Sharon L. Walker
- Drexel University, Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- University of California, Riverside, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - M. Caroline Roper
- University of California, Riverside, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Riverside, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Castro C, DiSalvo B, Roper MC. Xylella fastidiosa: A reemerging plant pathogen that threatens crops globally. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009813. [PMID: 34499674 PMCID: PMC8428566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Castro
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Biagio DiSalvo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - M. Caroline Roper
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
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Petit G, Bleve G, Gallo A, Mita G, Montanaro G, Nuzzo V, Zambonini D, Pitacco A. Susceptibility to Xylella fastidiosa and functional xylem anatomy in Olea europaea: revisiting a tale of plant-pathogen interaction. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab027. [PMID: 34316336 PMCID: PMC8300559 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited bacterium causing the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome, which is currently devastating the agricultural landscape of Southern Italy. The bacterium is injected into the xylem vessels of leaf petioles after the penetration of the insect vector's stylet. From here, it is supposed to colonize the xylem vasculature moving against water flow inside conductive vessels. Widespread vessel clogging following the bacterial infection and causing the failure of water transport seemed not to fully supported by the recent empirical xylem anatomical observations in infected olive trees. We tested the hypothesis that the higher susceptibility to the X. fastidiosa's infection in Cellina di Nardò compared with Leccino is associated to the higher vulnerability to air embolism of its larger vessels. Such hypothesis is motivated by the recognized ability of X. fastidiosa in degrading pit membranes and also because air embolism would possibly provide microenvironmental conditions more favourable to its more efficient aerobic metabolism. We revised the relevant literature on bacterium growth and xylem physiology, and carried out empirical field, mid-summer measurements of xylem anatomy and native embolism in olive cultivars with high (Cellina di Nardò) and low susceptibility (Leccino) to the infection by X. fastidiosa. Both cultivars had similar shoot mass traits and vessel length (~80 cm), but the highly susceptible one had larger vessels and a lower number of vessels supplying a given leaf mass. Native air embolism reduced mean xylem hydraulic conductance by ~58 % (Cellina di Nardò) and ~38 % (Leccino). The higher air-embolism vulnerability of the larger vessels in Cellina di Nardò possibly facilitates the X. fastidiosa's infection compared to Leccino. Some important characteristics of the vector-pathogen-plant interactions still require deep investigations acknowledging both the pathogen metabolic pathways and the biophysical principles of xylem hydraulics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giai Petit
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (LEAF/TESAF), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Gianluca Bleve
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mita
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montanaro
- Department of European and Mediterranean Culture (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, 20, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Vitale Nuzzo
- Department of European and Mediterranean Culture (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, 20, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Dario Zambonini
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (LEAF/TESAF), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Andrea Pitacco
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Widmer TL, Costa JM. Impact of the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service on Plant Pathology: 2015-2020. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1265-1276. [PMID: 33507089 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0393-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing need to supply the world with more food as the population continues to grow. Research on mitigating the effects of plant diseases to improve crop yield and quality can help provide more food without increasing the land area devoted to farming. National Program 303 (NP 303) within the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service is dedicated to research across multiple fields in plant pathology. This review article highlights the research impact within NP 303 between 2015 and 2020, including case studies on wheat and citrus diseases and the National Plant Disease Recovery System, which provide specific examples of this impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Widmer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - José M Costa
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
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Functional foregut anatomy of the blue-green sharpshooter illustrated using a 3D model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6536. [PMID: 33753809 PMCID: PMC7985137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85954-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sharpshooter leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) are important vectors of the plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae). This pathogen causes economically significant diseases in olive, citrus, and grapes on multiple continents. Bacterial acquisition and inoculation mechanisms are linked to X. fastidiosa biofilm formation and fluid dynamics in the functional foregut of sharpshooters, which together result in egestion (expulsion) of fluids likely carrying bacteria. One key X. fastidiosa vector is the blue–green sharpshooter, Graphocephala atropunctata (Signoret, 1854). Herein, a 3D model of the blue–green sharpshooter functional foregut is derived from a meta-analysis of published microscopy images. The model is used to illustrate preexisting and newly defined anatomical terminology that is relevant for investigating fluid dynamics in the functional foregut of sharpshooters. The vivid 3D illustrations herein and supplementary interactive 3D figures are suitable resources for multidisciplinary researchers who may be unfamiliar with insect anatomy. The 3D model can also be used in future fluid dynamic simulations to better understand acquisition, retention, and inoculation of X. fastidiosa. Improved understanding of these processes could lead to new targets for preventing diseases caused by X. fastidiosa.
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Sengoda VG, Shi X, Krugner R, Backus EA, Lin H. Targeted Mutations in Xylella fastidiosa Affect Acquisition and Retention by the Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:612-621. [PMID: 31903491 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa (Wells) is a xylem-limited bacterium that causes Pierce's disease of grapevines. The bacterium is transmitted by insect vectors such as the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar). Experiments were conducted to compare the role of selected X. fastidiosa genes on 1) bacterial acquisition and retention in GWSS foreguts, and 2) transmission to grapevines by GWSS. Bacterial genotypes used were: mutants Xf-ΔpilG, Xf-ΔpilH, Xf-ΔgacA, and Xf-ΔpopP; plus wild type (WT) as control. Results showed that Xf-ΔpilG had enhanced colonization rate and larger numbers in GWSS compared with WT. Yet, Xf-ΔpilG exhibited the same transmission efficiency as WT. The Xf-ΔpilH exhibited poor acquisition and retention. Although initial adhesion, multiplication, and retention of Xf-ΔpilH in GWSS were almost eliminated compared with WT, the mutation did not reduce transmission success in grapevines. Overall, Xf-ΔgacA showed colonization rates and numbers in foreguts similar to WT. The Xf-ΔgacA mutation did not affect initial adhesion, multiplication, and long-term retention compared with WT, and was not significantly diminished in transmission efficiency. In contrast, numbers of Xf-ΔpopP were variable over time, displaying greatest fluctuation from highest to lowest levels. Thus, Xf-ΔpopP had a strong, negative effect on initial adhesion, but adhered and slowly multiplied in the foregut. Again, transmission was not diminished compared to WT. Despite reductions in acquisition and retention by GWSS, transmission efficiency of genotypes to grapevines was not affected. Therefore, in order to stop the spread of X. fastidiosa by GWSS using gene-level targets, complete disruption of bacterial colonization mechanisms is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesan G Sengoda
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA
| | - Rodrigo Krugner
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA
| | - Elaine A Backus
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA
| | - Hong Lin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA
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The Probing Behavior Component of Disease Transmission in Insect-Transmitted Bacterial Plant Pathogens. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10070212. [PMID: 31331012 PMCID: PMC6681269 DOI: 10.3390/insects10070212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insects can be effective vectors of plant diseases and this may result in billions of dollars in lost agricultural productivity. New, emerging or introduced diseases will continue to cause extensive damage in afflicted areas. Understanding how the vector acquires the pathogen and inoculates new hosts is critical in developing effective management strategies. Management may be an insecticide applied to kill the vector or a host plant resistance mechanism to make the host plant less suitable for the vector. In either case, the tactic must act before the insect performs the key behavior(s) resulting in either acquisition or transmission. This requires knowledge of the timing of behaviors the insect uses to probe the plant and commence ingestion. These behaviors are visualized using electropenetrography (EPG), wherein the plant and insect become part of an electrical circuit. With the tools to define specific steps in the probing process, we can understand the timing of acquisition and inoculation. With that understanding comes the potential for more relevant testing of management strategies, through insecticides or host plant resistance. The primary example will be Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus transmitted by Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in the citrus agroecosystem, with additional examples used as appropriate.
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Cornara D, Garzo E, Morente M, Moreno A, Alba-Tercedor J, Fereres A. EPG combined with micro-CT and video recording reveals new insights on the feeding behavior of Philaenus spumarius. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199154. [PMID: 30016320 PMCID: PMC6049905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius plays a key role in the transmission of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa to olive in Apulia (South Italy). Currently, available data on P. spumarius feeding behavior is limited, and a real-time observation of the different steps involved in stylet insertion, exploratory probes, and ingestion, has never been carried out. Therefore, we performed an EPG-assisted characterization of P. spumarius female feeding behavior on olive, in order to detect and analyze the main EPG waveforms describing their amplitude, frequency, voltage level, and electrical origin of the traces during stylet penetration in plant tissues. Thereafter, each of the main waveforms was correlated with specific biological activities, through video recording and analysis of excretion by adults and excretion/secretion by nymphs. Furthermore, the specific stylet tips position within the plant tissues during each of the waveforms observed was assessed by microcomputer tomography (micro-CT). Additional EPG-recordings were carried out with males of P. spumarius on olive, in order to assess possible sex-related differences. P. spumarius feeding behavior can be described by five main distinct waveforms: C (pathway), Xc (xylem contact/pre-ingestion), Xi (xylem sap ingestion), R (resting), N (interruption within xylem phase). Compared to males, females require shorter time to begin the first probe, and their Xi phase is significantly longer. Furthermore, considering the single waveform events, males on olive exhibit longer np and R compared to females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cornara
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Garzo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Morente
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Alba-Tercedor
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Rapicavoli J, Ingel B, Blanco‐Ulate B, Cantu D, Roper C. Xylella fastidiosa: an examination of a re-emerging plant pathogen. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:786-800. [PMID: 28742234 PMCID: PMC6637975 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Xylella fastidiosa is a Gram-negative bacterial plant pathogen with an extremely wide host range. This species has recently been resolved into subspecies that correlate with host specificity. This review focuses on the status of X. fastidiosa pathogenic associations in plant hosts in which the bacterium is either endemic or has been recently introduced. Plant diseases associated with X. fastidiosa have been documented for over a century, and much about what is known in the context of host-pathogen interactions is based on these hosts, such as grape and citrus, in which this pathogen has been well described. Recent attention has focused on newly emerging X. fastidiosa diseases, such as in olives. TAXONOMY Bacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; family Xanthomonadaceae; genus Xylella; species fastidiosa. MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Gram-negative rod (0.25-0.35 × 0.9-3.5 μm), non-flagellate, motile via Type IV pili-mediated twitching, fastidious. HOST RANGE Xylella fastidiosa has a broad host range that includes ornamental, ecological and agricultural plants belonging to over 300 different species in 63 different families. To date, X. fastidiosa has been found to be pathogenic in over 100 plant species. In addition, it can establish non-symptomatic associations with many plants as a commensal endophyte. Here, we list the four distinct subspecies of X. fastidiosa and some of the agriculturally relevant diseases caused by them: X. fastidiosa ssp. fastidiosa causes Pierce's disease (PD) of grapevine (Vitis vinifera); X. fastidiosa ssp. multiplex causes almond leaf scorch (ALS) and diseases on other nut and shade tree crops; X. fastidiosa ssp. pauca causes citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) (Citrus spp.), coffee leaf scorch and olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) (Olea europaea); X. fastidiosa ssp. sandyi causes oleander leaf scorch (OLS) (Nerium oleander). Significant host specificity seemingly exists for some of the subspecies, although this could be a result of technical biases based on the limited number of plants tested, whereas some subspecies are not as stringent in their host range and can infect several plant hosts. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Most X. fastidiosa-related diseases appear as marginal leaf necrosis and scorching of the leaves. In the case of PD, X. fastidiosa can also cause desiccation of berries (termed 'raisining'), irregular periderm development and abnormal abscission of petioles. In olive trees affected with OQDS, leaves exhibit marginal necrosis and defoliation, and overall tree decline occurs. Plants with ALS and OLS also exhibit the characteristic leaf scorch symptoms. Not all X. fastidiosa-related diseases exhibit the typical leaf scorch symptoms. These include CVC and Phony Peach disease, amongst others. In the case of CVC, symptoms include foliar wilt and interveinal chlorosis on the upper surfaces of the leaves (similar to zinc deficiency), which correspond to necrotic, gum-like regions on the undersides of the leaves. Additional symptoms of CVC include defoliation, dieback and hardening of fruits. Plants infected with Phony Peach disease exhibit a denser, more compact canopy (as a result of shortened internodes, darker green leaves and delayed leaf senescence), premature bloom and reduced fruit size. Some occlusions occur in the xylem vessels, but there are no foliar wilting, chlorosis or necrosis symptoms . USEFUL WEBSITES: http://www.piercesdisease.org/; https://pubmlst.org/xfastidiosa/; http://www.xylella.lncc.br/; https://nature.berkeley.edu/xylella/; https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/plant_health_biosecurity/legislation/emergency_measures/xylella-fastidiosa_en.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Rapicavoli
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA 92521USA
| | - Brian Ingel
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA 92521USA
| | | | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and EnologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA 95616USA
| | - Caroline Roper
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA 92521USA
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Backus EA, Cervantes FA, Godfrey L, Akbar W, Clark TL, Rojas MG. Certain applied electrical signals during EPG cause negative effects on stylet probing behaviors by adult Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 105:64-75. [PMID: 29291390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first to fully evaluate whether electrical signals applied to large insects during electropenetrography (EPG; also called electrical penetration graph) negatively affect insect behavior. During EPG, electrical signals are applied to plants, and thus to the gold-wire-tethered insects feeding on them. The insect completes an electrical circuit whose changes in voltage reflect the insect's stylet probing/penetration behaviors, recorded as waveform output. For nearly 50 years of EPG science, evidence has supported that there are no or negligible effects on tiny insects from applied electricity during EPG. Recently however, EPG studies of large-bodied hemipterans such as heteropterans and sharpshooter leafhoppers have been published. The wider stylet diameters of such large insects cause them to have lower inherent resistances to applied signals compared with smaller insects, conveying more electrical current. The present study asked whether such increased currents would affect insect stylet probing, by comparing Lygus lineolaris behaviors on pin-head cotton squares using an AC-DC electropenetrograph. Effects of AC or DC applied signals were separately examined in two factorial studies, each comparing four input resistor (Ri) levels (106, 107, 108 and 109 Ω) and four applied voltage levels (2, 60, 150 and 250 mV). Results showed that changes in both probing and non-probing behaviors were indeed caused by changing signal type, Ri level, or applied voltage. Negative effects on feeding were numerically greater overall for DC than AC applied signals, perhaps due to muscular tetany from DC; however, AC versus DC could not be statistically tested. Results strongly support the need for flexible Ri and applied voltage levels and types, to tailor instrument settings to the size and special needs of each insect subject. Our findings will facilitate further EPG studies of Lygus spp., such as host plant resistance or insecticidal assays/bioassays to assess mode of action and appropriate dosage. It is hoped that this study will also inform EPG studies of similar, large heteropterans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Backus
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 So. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648-9757, United States.
| | - Felix A Cervantes
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 So. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648-9757, United States.
| | - Larry Godfrey
- University of California, Davis, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Waseem Akbar
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, United States.
| | - Thomas L Clark
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, United States.
| | - Maria G Rojas
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Jamie Whitten Delta States Research Center, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, MS 38776-0067, United States.
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Chuche J, Backus EA, Thiéry D, Sauvion N. First finding of a dual-meaning X wave for phloem and xylem fluid ingestion: Characterization of Scaphoideus titanus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) EPG waveforms. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 102:50-61. [PMID: 28130146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadellidae), an invasive deltocephaline species introduced into Europe from North America, is the vector of the most important phytoplasma disease in European viticulture, flavescence dorée. In this first electropenetrography (EPG) study of S. titanus, we characterized its feeding waveforms and defined their biological meanings. Four typical waveform phases (pathway, X wave, sustained ingestion, and interruption) and four families within those phases (A, B, C, and N) were characterized using DC EPG technology. We proposed biological meanings for these waveforms based on excreta pH-ingestion correlations, presence of X waves, and comparison with previous AC, DC, and AC-DC EPG waveforms conducted on Cicadomorpha. We observed that sustained (i.e., >10min) ingestion by a deltocephaline leafhopper can occur from both xylem and phloem vascular cells. Waveform C2x represented ingestion of xylem fluid, and two waveforms represented behaviors when stylets were inserted into phloem sieve elements: C2p variant 1 (C2p-1), which may represent salivation (perhaps simultaneous with ingestion), and C2p variant 2 (C2p-2), which represented active ingestion. Furthermore, we found that the EPG-recorded X wave has a dual meaning by occurring prior to sustained ingestion from either phloem or xylem. This X wave was very similar in appearance to the model X wave of sharpshooters, an entirely different leafhopper subfamily, Cicadellinae. All cicadellines are obligate xylem-ingesters. Such a "dual-meaning X wave" will provide insights into how the feeding tactics of S. titanus relate to other sheath-feeding hemipterans, and will provide support for future research to clarify the role of this leafhopper as a vector of plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Chuche
- INRA, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISVV, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France; Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Elaine A Backus
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648-9757, USA.
| | - Denis Thiéry
- INRA, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISVV, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Nicolas Sauvion
- INRA, UMR 0385 Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plantes-Parasites, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.
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Chuche J, Sauvion N, Thiéry D. Mixed xylem and phloem sap ingestion in sheath-feeders as normal dietary behavior: Evidence from the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 102:62-72. [PMID: 28126373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In phytophagous piercing-sucking insects, salivary sheath-feeding species are often described as xylem- or phloem-sap feeding specialists. Because these two food sources have very different characteristics, two feeding tactics are often associated with this supposed specialization. Studying the feeding behavior of insects provides substantial information on their biology, ecology, and evolution. Furthermore, study of feeding behavior is of primary importance to elucidate the transmission ability of insects that act as vectors of plant pathogens. In this study, we compared the durations of ingestion performed in xylem versus phloem by a leafhopper species, Scaphoideus titanus Ball, 1932. This was done by characterizing and statistically analyzing electrical signals recorded using the electropenetrography technique, derived from the feeding behaviors of males and females. We identified three groups of S. titanus based on their feeding behavior: 1) a group that reached the phloem quickly and probed for a longer time in phloem tissue than the other groups, 2) a group that reached the xylem quickly and probed for a longer time in xylem tissue than the other groups, and 3) a group where individuals did not ingest much sap. In addition, the numbers and durations of waveforms representing ingestion of xylem and phloem saps differed significantly depending on the sex of the leafhopper, indicating that the two sexes exhibit different feeding behaviors. Males had longer phloem ingestion events than did females, which indicates that males are greater phloem feeders than females. These differences are discussed, specifically in relation to hypotheses about evolution of sap feeding and phytoplasma transmission from plant to plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Chuche
- INRA, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISVV, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France; Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Nicolas Sauvion
- INRA, UMR 0385 Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plantes-Parasites, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.
| | - Denis Thiéry
- INRA, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISVV, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France.
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Sustainable Management of Plant Quarantine Pests: The Case of Olive Quick Decline Syndrome. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9040659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The disease outbreak of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca strain CoDiRO (Complesso del Disseccamento Rapido dell’Olivo) in Salento (Apulia, South Italy) associated with severe cases of olive quick decline syndrome may represent not just a new disease paradigm, but a challenge for policy formulation and science communication in plant pathology. Plant health management can be achieved by applying a technocratic model, in which objective science is thought to directly inform policy-making, or via decisionistic or inclusive models, in which scientific considerations drive risk assessment. Each could be applied to X. fastidiosa and CoDiRO strain management, thanks to consistent literature related to pathogen/host interactions, hosts, vectors, and diagnostic tools, reviewed here. However, consensus among stakeholders seems to be necessary in order to avoid plant health management failures or gridlocks, due to environmental, economic, and social implications in the X. fastidiosa threat. Here we discuss the role of consensus in building scientific opinion, reporting different approaches of governance after severe disease outbreaks in Europe. These case studies, and the available risk analysis for Xylella strains, should drive policy formulations towards more cooperative networks.
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Dalio RJD, Magalhães DM, Rodrigues CM, Arena GD, Oliveira TS, Souza-Neto RR, Picchi SC, Martins PMM, Santos PJC, Maximo HJ, Pacheco IS, De Souza AA, Machado MA. PAMPs, PRRs, effectors and R-genes associated with citrus-pathogen interactions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:749-774. [PMID: 28065920 PMCID: PMC5571375 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent application of molecular-based technologies has considerably advanced our understanding of complex processes in plant-pathogen interactions and their key components such as PAMPs, PRRs, effectors and R-genes. To develop novel control strategies for disease prevention in citrus, it is essential to expand and consolidate our knowledge of the molecular interaction of citrus plants with their pathogens. SCOPE This review provides an overview of our understanding of citrus plant immunity, focusing on the molecular mechanisms involved in the interactions with viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and vectors related to the following diseases: tristeza, psorosis, citrus variegated chlorosis, citrus canker, huanglongbing, brown spot, post-bloom, anthracnose, gummosis and citrus root rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo J. D. Dalio
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Diogo M. Magalhães
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina M. Rodrigues
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriella D. Arena
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago S. Oliveira
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo R. Souza-Neto
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Simone C. Picchi
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Paula M. M. Martins
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo J. C. Santos
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Heros J. Maximo
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Inaiara S. Pacheco
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra A. De Souza
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Machado
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
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Canale MC, Tomaseto AF, Haddad MDL, Della Coletta-Filho H, Lopes JRS. Latency and Persistence of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' in Its Psyllid Vector, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:264-272. [PMID: 27841960 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-16-0088-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (Las) is a major pathogen associated with citrus huanglongbing (HLB), some characteristics of transmission by the psyllid vector Diaphorina citri are not fully understood. We examined the latent period and persistence of transmission of Las by D. citri in a series of experiments at 25°C, in which third-instar psyllid nymphs and 1-week-old adults were confined on infected citrus for an acquisition access period (AAP), and submitted to sequential inoculation access periods (IAPs) on healthy citrus seedlings. The median latent period (LP50, i.e., acquisition time after which 50% of the individuals can inoculate) of 16.8 and 17.8 days for psyllids that acquired Las as nymphs and adults, respectively, was determined by transferring single individuals in 48-h IAPs. Inoculation events were intermittent and randomly distributed over the IAPs, but were more frequent after acquisition by nymphs. A minimum latent period of 7 to 10 days was observed by transferring groups of 10 psyllids in 48-h IAPs, after a 96-h AAP by nymphs. Psyllids transmitted for up to 5 weeks, when submitted to sequential 1-week IAPs after a 14-day AAP as nymphs. The long latent period and persistence of transmission are indirect evidences of circulative propagation of Las in D. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Canale
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13.418-900, Brazil; first author: Agricultural Research Company of Santa Catarina State, Epagri, C.P. 791, Chapecó, SC, 89803-904, Brazil; and fourth author: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, C.P. 4, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Arthur Fernando Tomaseto
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13.418-900, Brazil; first author: Agricultural Research Company of Santa Catarina State, Epagri, C.P. 791, Chapecó, SC, 89803-904, Brazil; and fourth author: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, C.P. 4, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Marineia de Lara Haddad
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13.418-900, Brazil; first author: Agricultural Research Company of Santa Catarina State, Epagri, C.P. 791, Chapecó, SC, 89803-904, Brazil; and fourth author: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, C.P. 4, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Helvécio Della Coletta-Filho
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13.418-900, Brazil; first author: Agricultural Research Company of Santa Catarina State, Epagri, C.P. 791, Chapecó, SC, 89803-904, Brazil; and fourth author: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, C.P. 4, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
| | - João Roberto Spotti Lopes
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13.418-900, Brazil; first author: Agricultural Research Company of Santa Catarina State, Epagri, C.P. 791, Chapecó, SC, 89803-904, Brazil; and fourth author: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, C.P. 4, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
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Cicero JM, Fisher TW, Qureshi JA, Stansly PA, Brown JK. Colonization and Intrusive Invasion of Potato Psyllid by 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum'. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:36-49. [PMID: 27482628 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-16-0149-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the fastidious bacterial plant pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (CLso) is transmitted circulatively and propagatively by the potato psyllid (PoP) Bactericera cockerelli. In this study, the temporal and spatial interrelationships between CLso PoP were investigated by scanning electron microscopy of the digestive system of PoP immature and adult instars and salivary glands of adults post CLso ingestion. CLso biofilms were not detectable on the outer midgut surface of the first and second instars; however, for third to fifth instars and teneral and mature adults, biofilms were observed in increasing numbers in each successive developmental stage. In adult PoP midguts, CLso cells were observed between the basal lamina and basal epithelial cell membranes; in basal laminar perforations, on the outer basal laminar surface, and in the ventricular lumen, epithelial cytosol, and filter chamber periventricular space. CLso were also abundantly visible in the salivary gland pericellular spaces and in the epidermal cell cytosol of the head. Collectively, these results point to an intrusive, systemic invasion of PoP by CLso that employs an endo/exocytosis-like mechanism, in the context of a propagative, circulative mode of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Cicero
- First, second, and fifth authors: School of Plant Sciences, 303 Forbes Bld., University of Arizona, Tucson 85721; and third and fourth authors: Southwest Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida IFAS, 2685 State Road 29 North, Immokalee 34142
| | - Tonja W Fisher
- First, second, and fifth authors: School of Plant Sciences, 303 Forbes Bld., University of Arizona, Tucson 85721; and third and fourth authors: Southwest Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida IFAS, 2685 State Road 29 North, Immokalee 34142
| | - Jawwad A Qureshi
- First, second, and fifth authors: School of Plant Sciences, 303 Forbes Bld., University of Arizona, Tucson 85721; and third and fourth authors: Southwest Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida IFAS, 2685 State Road 29 North, Immokalee 34142
| | - Philip A Stansly
- First, second, and fifth authors: School of Plant Sciences, 303 Forbes Bld., University of Arizona, Tucson 85721; and third and fourth authors: Southwest Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida IFAS, 2685 State Road 29 North, Immokalee 34142
| | - Judith K Brown
- First, second, and fifth authors: School of Plant Sciences, 303 Forbes Bld., University of Arizona, Tucson 85721; and third and fourth authors: Southwest Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida IFAS, 2685 State Road 29 North, Immokalee 34142
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Jeger M, Bragard C, Caffier D, Chatzivassiliou E, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Gilioli G, Grégoire JC, Jaques Miret JA, MacLeod A, Navajas Navarro M, Niere B, Parnell S, Potting R, Rafoss T, Rossi V, Urek G, Van Bruggen A, Van Der Werf W, West J, Winter S, De La Fuente L, Spotti Lopes JR, Tramontini S, Andueza M, Candresse T. Susceptibility of Citrusspp., Quercus ilexand Vitisspp. to Xylella fastidiosastrain CoDiRO. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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