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Sakane K, Ueno T, Shigyo M, Sasaki K, Ito SI. Pathogenicity Differentiation of Fusarium spp. Causing Fusarium Basal Rot and Wilt Disease in Allium spp. Pathogens 2024; 13:591. [PMID: 39057818 PMCID: PMC11279435 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, 12 Fusarium strains, previously described as F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae (Foc), were examined via multi-locus sequencing of calmodulin (cmdA), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), to verify the taxonomic position of Foc in the newly established epitype of F. oxysporum. The strains in this study were divided into two clades: F. nirenbergiae and Fusarium sp. To further determine the host specifications of the strains, inoculation tests were performed on onion bulbs and Welsh onion seedlings as potential hosts. Four strains (AC145, AP117, Ru-13, and TA) isolated from diseased onions commonly possessed the secreted in xylem (SIX)-3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, and 14 genes and were pathogenic and highly aggressive to onion bulbs, whereas all strains except for one strain (AF97) caused significant inhibition of Welsh onion growth. The inoculation test also revealed that the strains harboring the SIX9 gene were highly aggressive to both onion and Welsh onion and the gene was expressed during infection of both onions and Welsh onions, suggesting the important role of the SIX9 gene in pathogenicity. This study provides insights into the evolutionary pathogenicity differentiation of Fusarium strains causing Fusarium basal rot and wilt diseases in Allium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Sakane
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
| | - Takashi Ueno
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (T.U.); (M.S.)
| | - Masayoshi Shigyo
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (T.U.); (M.S.)
| | - Kazunori Sasaki
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (T.U.); (M.S.)
- Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources (RCTMR), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Ito
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; (T.U.); (M.S.)
- Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources (RCTMR), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Wang C, Hao D, Jiao W, Li J, Yuan J, Ma Y, Wang X, Xu A, Wang M, Wang Y. Identification and Fungicide Sensitivity of Fusarium spp. Associated with Root Rot of Scutellaria baicalensis in Shanxi Province, China. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1533-1541. [PMID: 38377011 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-23-0173-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium root rot is usually classified as an extremely destructive soilborne disease. From 2020 to 2021, Fusarium root rot was observed in production areas and seriously affected the yield and quality of Scutellaria baicalensis in Shanxi Province, China. Based on morphological characteristics and combined analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA and translation elongation factor 1-alpha sequences, 68 Fusarium isolates obtained in this work were identified as F. oxysporum (52.94%), F. acuminatum (20.59%), F. solani (16.17%), F. proliferatum (5.88%), F. incarnatum (2.94%), and F. brachygibbosum (1.47%). In the pathogenicity tests, all Fusarium isolates could infect S. baicalensis roots, presenting different pathogenic ability. Among these isolates, F. oxysporum was found to have the highest virulence on S. baicalensis roots, followed by F. acuminatum, F. solani, F. proliferatum, F. brachygibbosum, and F. incarnatum. According to fungicide sensitivity tests, Fusarium isolates were more sensitive to fludioxonil and difenoconazole, followed by carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, and hymexazol. In brief, this is the first report of Fusarium species (F. oxysporum, F. acuminatum, F. solani, F. proliferatum, F. incarnatum, and F. brachygibbosum) as causal agents of root rot of S. baicalensis in Shanxi Province, China. The fungicide sensitivity results will be helpful for formulating management strategies of S. baicalensis root rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Dainan Hao
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Wenhui Jiao
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Jiangbo Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Jiaqi Yuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Yurong Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Yuncheng, Shanxi 044000, China
| | - Ailing Xu
- Institute of Cotton Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Yuncheng, Shanxi 044000, China
| | - Meiqin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
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Petrović K, Orzali L, Krsmanović S, Valente MT, Tolimir M, Pavlov J, Riccioni L. Genetic Diversity and Pathogenicity of the Fusarium Species Complex on Soybean in Serbia. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:1851-1860. [PMID: 38311795 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-23-2450-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Using morphological and cultural characteristics for identification, 36 Fusarium isolates were recovered from diseased roots, stems, and seeds of soybean from several localities throughout Vojvodina Province, Serbia. Based on molecular characterization, 12 Fusarium species were identified: F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. commune, F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. incarnatum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani, F. sporotrichioides, F. subglutinans, and F. tricinctum. The elongation factor 1-α-based phylogeny grouped the isolates into 12 well-supported clades, but polymorphisms among sequences in some clades suggested the use of the species complex concept: (i) F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC)-F. incarnatum and F. equiseti; (ii) F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC)-F. oxysporum; (iii) F. solani species complex (FSSC)-F. solani; and (iv) F. acuminatum/F. avenaceum/F. tricinctum species complex (FAATSC)-F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, and F. tricinctum. Pathogenicity tests showed that the most aggressive species causing soybean seed rot were F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, FIESC, and F. avenaceum. Furthermore, F. subglutinans, FSSC, and F. proliferatum showed a high percentage of pathogenicity on soybean seeds (80 to 100%), whereas variability in pathogenicity occurred within isolates of F. tricinctum. FOSC, F. commune, and F. acuminatum had the lowest pathogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the characterization of Fusarium species on soybean in Serbia. This study provides valuable information about the composition of Fusarium species and pathogenicity that will be used in further research on soybean resistance to Fusarium-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Petrović
- Maize Research Institute "Zemun Polje", Belgrade 11185, Serbia
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21001, Serbia
| | - Laura Orzali
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Center for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), 00156 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Teresa Valente
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Center for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Miodrag Tolimir
- Maize Research Institute "Zemun Polje", Belgrade 11185, Serbia
| | - Jovan Pavlov
- Maize Research Institute "Zemun Polje", Belgrade 11185, Serbia
| | - Luca Riccioni
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Center for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), 00156 Rome, Italy (deceased)
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Miao H, Wang L, Qu L, Liu H, Sun Y, Le M, Wang Q, Wei S, Zheng Y, Lin W, Duan Y, Cao H, Xiong S, Wang X, Wei L, Li C, Ma Q, Ju M, Zhao R, Li G, Mu C, Tian Q, Mei H, Zhang T, Gao T, Zhang H. Genomic evolution and insights into agronomic trait innovations of Sesamum species. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100729. [PMID: 37798879 PMCID: PMC10811377 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Sesame is an ancient oilseed crop with high oil content and quality. However, the evolutionary history and genetic mechanisms of its valuable agronomic traits remain unclear. Here, we report chromosome-scale genomes of cultivated sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and six wild Sesamum species, representing all three karyotypes within this genus. Karyotyping and genome-based phylogenic analysis revealed the evolutionary route of Sesamum species from n = 13 to n = 16 and revealed that allotetraploidization occurred in the wild species Sesamum radiatum. Early divergence of the Sesamum genus (48.5-19.7 million years ago) during the Tertiary period and its ancient phylogenic position within eudicots were observed. Pan-genome analysis revealed 9164 core gene families in the 7 Sesamum species. These families are significantly enriched in various metabolic pathways, including fatty acid (FA) metabolism and FA biosynthesis. Structural variations in SiPT1 and SiDT1 within the phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding protein gene family lead to the genomic evolution of plant-architecture and inflorescence-development phenotypes in Sesamum. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of an interspecific population and genome comparisons revealed a long terminal repeat insertion and a sequence deletion in DIR genes of wild Sesamum angustifolium and cultivated sesame, respectively; both variations independently cause high susceptibility to Fusarium wilt disease. A GWAS of 560 sesame accessions combined with an overexpression study confirmed that the NAC1 and PPO genes play an important role in upregulating oil content of sesame. Our study provides high-quality genomic resources for cultivated and wild Sesamum species and insights that can improve molecular breeding strategies for sesame and other oilseed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Miao
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Technology University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yamin Sun
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Meiwang Le
- Crops Research Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shuangling Wei
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongzhan Zheng
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wenchao Lin
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yinghui Duan
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hengchun Cao
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Songjin Xiong
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xuede Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Technology University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Libin Wei
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chun Li
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qin Ma
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ming Ju
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ruihong Zhao
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guiting Li
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Cong Mu
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qiuzhen Tian
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hongxian Mei
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Tide Zhang
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Tongmei Gao
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Molecular Diagnosis and Vegetative Compatibility Group Analysis of Fusarium Wilt of Banana in Nepal. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020208. [PMID: 36836322 PMCID: PMC9960093 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is the most important constraint of the banana industry globally. In Nepal, epidemics resembling FWB have been increasingly observed on the Malbhog cultivar in the past several years. However, the disease has not been officially reported yet, and consequently, little is known about the pathogen present across the country. In this study, we characterized 13 fungal strains isolated from banana plants of the Malbhog cultivar (Silk, AAB) showing symptoms similar to FWB in banana plantations in Nepal. All of the strains were typed as belonging to the F. oxysporum and caused FWB symptoms when inoculated in the Malbhog and Cachaco (Bluggoe, ABB) cultivars. No symptoms were observed in the Williams cultivar (Cavendish, AAA). Vegetative compatibility group (VCG) analysis classified the strains as VCG 0124 or VCG 0125. PCR analyses conducted with primers specific for Foc race 1 (Foc R1) or Foc tropical race 4 (TR4) revealed that all the strains reacted positively for Foc R1 and none for TR4. Altogether, our results demonstrated that the pathogen populations causing FWB of the Malbhog cultivar in Nepal were Foc R1. This work reported, for the first time, the occurrence of FWB in Nepal. Further studies with larger Foc populations are needed to better understand disease epidemiology to design sustainable disease management strategies.
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Lv B, Yang X, Xue H, Nan M, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Bi Y, Shang S. Isolation of Main Pathogens Causing Postharvest Disease in Fresh Codonopsis pilosula during Different Storage Stages and Ozone Control against Disease and Mycotoxin Accumulation. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020146. [PMID: 36836261 PMCID: PMC9959707 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Codonopsis pilosula is an important Chinese herbal medicine. However, fresh C. pilosula is prone to decay during storage due to microorganism infections, seriously affecting the medicinal value and even causing mycotoxin accumulation. Therefore, it is necessary to study the pathogens present and develop efficient control strategies to mitigate their detrimental effects on the herbs during storage. In this study, fresh C. pilosula was collected from Min County in Gansu Province, China. The natural disease symptoms were observed during different storage stages, and the pathogens causing C. pilosula postharvest decay were isolated from the infected fresh C. pilosula. Morphological and molecular identification were performed, and pathogenicity was tested using Koch's postulates. In addition, the control of ozone was examined against the isolates and mycotoxin accumulation. The results indicated that the naturally occurring symptom increased progressively with the extension of storage time. The mucor rot caused by Mucor was first observed on day 7, followed by root rot caused by Fusarium on day 14. Blue mold disease caused by Penicillum expansum was detected as the most serious postharvest disease on day 28. Pink rot disease caused by Trichothecium roseum was observed on day 56. Moreover, ozone treatment significantly decreased the development of postharvest disease and inhibited the accumulations of patulin, deoxynivalenol, 15-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol, and HT-2 toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Lv
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xi Yang
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Huali Xue
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-181-8954-1078
| | - Mina Nan
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhiguang Liu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Suqin Shang
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Haq IU, Ijaz S, Khan NA, Khan IA, Ali HM, Moya-Elizondo EA. Integrative Pathogenicity Assay and Operational Taxonomy-Based Detection of New Forma Specialis of Fusarium oxysporum Causing Datepalm Wilt. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2643. [PMID: 36235510 PMCID: PMC9571862 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenicity-associated genes are highly host-specific and contribute to host-specific virulence. We tailored the traditional Koch's postulates with integrative omics by hypothesizing that the effector genes associated with host-pathogenicity are determinant markers for virulence, and developed Integrative Pathogenicity (IP) postulates for authenticated pathogenicity testing in plants. To set the criteria, we experimented on datepalm (Phoenix dactylifera) for the vascular wilt pathogen and confirmed the pathogen based on secreted in xylem genes (effectors genes) using genomic and transcriptomic approaches, and found it a reliable solution when pathogenicity is in question. The genic regions ITS, TEF1-α, and RPBII of Fusarium isolates were examined by phylogenetic analysis to unveil the validated operational taxonomy at the species level. The hierarchical tree generated through phylogenetic analysis declared the fungal pathogen as Fusarium oxysporum. Moreover, the Fusarium isolates were investigated at the subspecies level by probing the IGS, TEF1-α, and Pgx4 genic regions to detect the forma specialis of F. oxysporum that causes wilt in datepalm. The phylogram revealed a new forma specialis in F. oxysporum that causes vascular wilt in datepalm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ul Haq
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Siddra Ijaz
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Nabeeha Aslam Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Iqrar Ahmad Khan
- Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Hayssam M. Ali
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Kamali-Sarvestani S, Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa R, Salmaninezhad F, Cacciola SO. Fusarium and Neocosmospora Species Associated with Rot of Cactaceae and Other Succulent Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:364. [PMID: 35448595 PMCID: PMC9024871 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by Fusarium and Fusarium-like species on cacti and other succulent plants cause the syndrome known as Fusarium dry rot and soft rot. There are only few records of Fusarium species as pathogens of cacti and other succulent plants from Iran. The objective of this study was the identification and characterization of fusarioid species recovered from ornamental succulents in Shiraz County, Iran. Three fusarioid species, including F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, and Neocosmospora falciformis (formerly F. falciforme), were recovered from 29 diverse species of cacti and other succulents with symptoms of Fusarium dry rot and soft rot. The three fungal species were identified on the basis of morphological characters and the phylogenetic analysis of the translation elongation factor1-α (tef1) nuclear gene. The F. oxysporum isolates were identified as F. oxysporum f. sp. opuntiarum. The pathogenicity of the three fusarioid species was tested on a range of economically important ornamental succulents, mostly in the Cactaceae family. The three species showed a broad host spectrum and induced different types of symptoms on inoculated plants, including soft and dry rot, chlorosis, necrotic spots, wilt, drying, root and crown rot. This is the first report of N. falciformis as a pathogen of succulent plants worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Kamali-Sarvestani
- Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144165186, Iran; (S.K.-S.); (F.S.)
| | | | - Fatemeh Salmaninezhad
- Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144165186, Iran; (S.K.-S.); (F.S.)
| | - Santa Olga Cacciola
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Jangir P, Mehra N, Sharma K, Singh N, Rani M, Kapoor R. Secreted in Xylem Genes: Drivers of Host Adaptation in Fusarium oxysporum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:628611. [PMID: 33968096 PMCID: PMC8101498 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is a notorious pathogen that significantly contributes to yield losses in crops of high economic status. It is responsible for vascular wilt characterized by the browning of conductive tissue, wilting, and plant death. Individual strains of Fo are host specific (formae speciales), and approximately, 150 forms have been documented so far. The pathogen secretes small effector proteins in the xylem, termed as Secreted in Xylem (Six), that contribute to its virulence. Most of these proteins contain cysteine residues in even numbers. These proteins are encoded by SIX genes that reside on mobile pathogenicity chromosomes. So far, 14 proteins have been reported. However, formae speciales vary in SIX protein profile and their respective gene sequence. Thus, SIX genes have been employed as ideal markers for pathogen identification. Acquisition of SIX-encoding mobile pathogenicity chromosomes by non-pathogenic lines, through horizontal transfer, results in the evolution of new virulent lines. Recently, some SIX genes present on these pathogenicity chromosomes have been shown to be involved in defining variation in host specificity among formae speciales. Along these lines, the review entails the variability (formae speciales, races, and vegetative compatibility groups) and evolutionary relationships among members of F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC). It provides updated information on the diversity, structure, regulation, and (a)virulence functions of SIX genes. The improved understanding of roles of SIX in variability and virulence of Fo has significant implication in establishment of molecular framework and techniques for disease management. Finally, the review identifies the gaps in current knowledge and provides insights into potential research landscapes that can be explored to strengthen the understanding of functions of SIX genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rupam Kapoor
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Gamboa-Becerra R, López-Lima D, Villain L, Breitler JC, Carrión G, Desgarennes D. Molecular and Environmental Triggering Factors of Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani Isolates Involved in the Coffee Corky-Root Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040253. [PMID: 33801572 PMCID: PMC8067267 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee corky-root disease causes serious damages to coffee crop and is linked to combined infection of Fusarium spp. and root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. In this study, 70 Fusarium isolates were collected from both roots of healthy coffee plants and with corky-root disease symptoms. A phylogenetic analysis, and the detection of pathogenicity SIX genes and toxigenicity Fum genes was performed for 59 F. oxysporum and 11 F. solani isolates. Based on the molecular characterization, seven F. oxysporum and three F. solani isolates were assessed for their pathogenicity on coffee seedlings under optimal watering and water stress miming root-knot nematode effect on plants. Our results revealed that a drastic increment of plant colonization capacity and pathogenicity on coffee plants of some Fusarium isolates was caused by water stress. The pathogenicity on coffee of F. solani linked to coffee corky-root disease and the presence of SIX genes in this species were demonstrated for the first time. Our study provides evidence for understanding the pathogenic basis of F. oxysporum and F. solani isolates on coffee and revealed the presence of SIX and Fum genes as one of their pathogenicity-related mechanisms. We also highlight the relevance of chlorophyll, a fluorescence as an early and high-throughput phenotyping tool in Fusarium pathogenicity studies on coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gamboa-Becerra
- Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; (R.G.-B.); (D.L.-L.)
| | - Daniel López-Lima
- Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; (R.G.-B.); (D.L.-L.)
| | - Luc Villain
- CIRAD, UMR DIADE, F-34394 Montpellier, France; (L.V.); (J.-C.B.)
| | | | - Gloria Carrión
- Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; (R.G.-B.); (D.L.-L.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (D.D.); Tel.: +52-228-842-1800 (D.D.)
| | - Damaris Desgarennes
- Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; (R.G.-B.); (D.L.-L.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (D.D.); Tel.: +52-228-842-1800 (D.D.)
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