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Röhrs I, Linde M, Przetakiewicz J, Zelya A, Zelya G, Pucher A, Tlapák H, Debener T. Potato Wart Isolates from Europe and North America Form Distinct Clusters of Genetic Variation. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1883. [PMID: 37763287 PMCID: PMC10532758 DOI: 10.3390/life13091883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have extended previously published sets of simple sequence repeat markers for Synchytrium endobioticum, selected to be polymorphic for the German-standard isolates of pathotypes P1, P2, P6, P8, and P18. These markers also complement the extensive published information on DNA polymorphisms for the mitogenomes of Synchytrium endobioticum. This extended set of 35 markers representing 73 alleles differentiated 51 isolates from Europe and North America into three large, well-separated clusters and subclusters using dendrogram analysis, principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), and population substructure analysis using STRUCTURE 2.3.4 software. This suggests a limited number of introgressions of the wart disease pathogen into current potato growing areas, followed by recombination and admixture of populations through human activities. The new markers extend the published marker sets and are useful tools for future analyses of population structure and dynamics in Synchytrium endobioticum, which are necessary to understand the biology of the interaction between the pathogen and its potato host and to develop future control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Röhrs
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419 Hanover, Germany; (I.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcus Linde
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419 Hanover, Germany; (I.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Jaroslaw Przetakiewicz
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland;
| | - Avrelia Zelya
- National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Ukrainian Scientific-Research Plant Quarantine Station, 60321 Boyany, Chernivtskiy Region, Ukraine
| | - George Zelya
- National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Ukrainian Scientific-Research Plant Quarantine Station, 60321 Boyany, Chernivtskiy Region, Ukraine
| | - Anna Pucher
- Institute for Plant Protection in Crops and Grassland, Julius Kühn-Institute, 14532 Kleinmachnow, Germany;
| | - Hana Tlapák
- Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Thomas Debener
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419 Hanover, Germany; (I.R.); (M.L.)
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van de Vossenberg BTLH, Prodhomme C, Vossen JH, van der Lee TAJ. Synchytrium endobioticum, the potato wart disease pathogen. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:461-474. [PMID: 35029012 PMCID: PMC8916214 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Potato wart disease is considered one of the most important quarantine pests for cultivated potato and is caused by the obligate biotrophic chytrid fungus Synchytrium endobioticum. This review integrates observations from early potato wart research and recent molecular, genetic, and genomic studies of the pathogen and its host potato. Taxonomy, epidemiology, pathology, and formation of new pathotypes are discussed, and a model for molecular S. endobioticum-potato interaction is proposed. TAXONOMY Currently classified as kingdom: Fungi, phylum: Chytridiomycota, class: Chytridiomycetes, order: Chytridiales, family: Synchytriaceae, genus: Synchytrium, species: Synchytrium endobioticum, there is strong molecular support for Synchytriaceae to be transferred to the order Synchytriales. HOSTS AND DISEASE SYMPTOMS Solanum tuberosum is the main host for S. endobioticum but other solanaceous species have been reported as alternative hosts. It is not known if these alternative hosts play a role in the survival of the pathogen in (borders of) infested fields. Disease symptoms on potato tubers are characterized by the warty cauliflower-like malformations that are the result of cell enlargement and cell multiplication induced by the pathogen. Meristematic tissue on tubers, stolons, eyes, sprouts, and inflorescences can be infected while the potato root system seems to be immune. PATHOTYPES For S. endobioticum over 40 pathotypes, which are defined as groups of isolates with a similar response to a set of differential potato varieties, are described. Pathotypes 1(D1), 2(G1), 6(O1), and 18(T1) are currently regarded to be most widespread. However, with the current differential set other pathogen diversity largely remains undetected. PATHOGEN-HOST INTERACTION A single effector has been described for S. endobioticum (AvrSen1), which is recognized by the potato Sen1 resistance gene product. This is also the first effector that has been described in Chytridiomycota, showing that in this fungal division resistance also fits the gene-for-gene concept. Although significant progress was made in the last decade in mapping wart disease resistance loci, not all resistances present in potato breeding germplasm could be identified. The use of resistant varieties plays an essential role in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jack H. Vossen
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
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Afandi A, Murayama E, Yin-Ling, Hieno A, Suga H, Kageyama K. Population structures of the water-borne plant pathogen Phytopythium helicoides reveal its possible origins and transmission modes in Japan. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209667. [PMID: 30586460 PMCID: PMC6306214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the genetic diversity of Phytopythium helicoides and to understand the transmission mode of the pathogen in Japan. In total, 232 P. helicoides isolates were collected from various host plants and geographic origins, including farms and natural environments. We developed 6 novel microsatellite markers for use in the study and found 90 alleles among the 6 markers in the 232 isolates. The analysis of molecular variance suggested that P. helicoides has high variance within individuals and low fixation indices between populations. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that isolates collected from the same hosts and/or geographic origins were often grouped together. For example, several isolates from natural environments were grouped with isolates from nearby agricultural areas. On the other hand, 2 geographically distant populations collected from the same host plant had similar genotypes. Our results suggested that migration of the pathogen could be facilitated naturally via drainage systems or by human activity in the transport of agricultural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auliana Afandi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Biotechnology Study Program, Graduate School of Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Emi Murayama
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yin-Ling
- Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Ayaka Hieno
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Suga
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Koji Kageyama
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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van de Vossenberg BTLH, Brankovics B, Nguyen HDT, van Gent-Pelzer MPE, Smith D, Dadej K, Przetakiewicz J, Kreuze JF, Boerma M, van Leeuwen GCM, André Lévesque C, van der Lee TAJ. The linear mitochondrial genome of the quarantine chytrid Synchytrium endobioticum; insights into the evolution and recent history of an obligate biotrophic plant pathogen. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:136. [PMID: 30200892 PMCID: PMC6131824 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chytridiomycota species (chytrids) belong to a basal lineage in the fungal kingdom. Inhabiting terrestrial and aquatic environments, most are free-living saprophytes but several species cause important diseases: e.g. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, responsible for worldwide amphibian decline; and Synchytrium endobioticum, causing potato wart disease. S. endobioticum has an obligate biotrophic lifestyle and isolates can be further characterized as pathotypes based on their virulence on a differential set of potato cultivars. Quarantine measures have been implemented globally to control the disease and prevent its spread. We used a comparative approach using chytrid mitogenomes to determine taxonomical relationships and to gain insights into the evolution and recent history of introductions of this plant pathogen. RESULTS We assembled and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of 30 S. endobioticum isolates and generated mitochondrial genomes for five additional chytrid species. The mitochondrial genome of S. endobioticum is linear with terminal inverted repeats which was validated by tailing and PCR amplifying the telomeric ends. Surprisingly, no conservation in organisation and orientation of mitochondrial genes was observed among the Chytridiomycota except for S. endobioticum and its sister species Synchytrium microbalum. However, the mitochondrial genome of S. microbalum is circular and comprises only a third of the 72.9 Kbp found for S. endobioticum suggesting recent linearization and expansion. Four mitochondrial lineages were identified in the S. endobioticum mitochondrial genomes. Several pathotypes occur in different lineages, suggesting that these have emerged independently. In addition, variations for polymorphic sites in the mitochondrial genome of individual isolates were observed demonstrating that S. endobioticum isolates represent a community of different genotypes. Such communities were shown to be complex and stable over time, but we also demonstrate that the use of semi-resistant potato cultivars triggers a rapid shift in the mitochondrial haplotype associated with increased virulence. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial genomic variation shows that S. endobioticum has been introduced into Europe multiple times, that several pathotypes emerged multiple times, and that isolates represent communities of different genotypes. Our study represents the most comprehensive dataset of chytrid mitogenomes, which provides new insights into the extraordinary dynamics and evolution of mitochondrial genomes involving linearization, expansion and reshuffling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart T. L. H. van de Vossenberg
- Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Biointeractions and Plant Health & Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Dutch National Plant Protection Organization, National Reference Centre, Geertjesweg 15, 6706EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Balázs Brankovics
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, CT Netherlands
| | - Hai D. T. Nguyen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marga P. E. van Gent-Pelzer
- Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Biointeractions and Plant Health & Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Donna Smith
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Road, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Kasia Dadej
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jarosław Przetakiewicz
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, 05-870 Blonie, Radzikow, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan F. Kreuze
- International Potato Centre, Avenida La Molina, 1895 Lima, Peru
| | - Margriet Boerma
- Hilbrands Laboratorium BV, Kampsweg 27, 9418 PD Wijster, Wijster, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard C. M. van Leeuwen
- Dutch National Plant Protection Organization, National Reference Centre, Geertjesweg 15, 6706EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - C. André Lévesque
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Theo A. J. van der Lee
- Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Biointeractions and Plant Health & Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Jeger M, Bragard C, Caffier D, Candresse T, Chatzivassiliou E, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Gilioli G, Grégoire JC, Jaques Miret JA, MacLeod A, Navajas Navarro M, Niere B, Parnell S, Potting R, Rafoss T, Urek G, van Bruggen A, Van der Werf W, West J, Winter S, Vloutoglou I, Bottex B, Rossi V. Pest categorisation of Synchytrium endobioticum. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05352. [PMID: 32625985 PMCID: PMC7009611 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the fungus Synchytrium endobioticum, the causal agent of potato wart disease, for the European Union (EU). The identity of the pest is well established and reliable methods exist for its detection and identification. S. endobioticum is present in most continents. The pest is listed in Annex IAII of Directive 2000/29/EC and is present with a restricted and fragmentary distribution in the EU. The major host is Solanum tuberosum (potato), but in Mexico, the pest also affects wild Solanum spp. S. endobioticum could potentially enter the EU through multiple pathways associated with soil as substrate for non-host plants, contaminant or commodity. The presence of the pest in 16 EU Member States characterised by different climatic conditions suggests that it could establish in the rest of the EU. The disease induces the formation of warts on potato tubers, stolons and stem bases reducing plant growth and yield and making tubers unmarketable. Additional losses may occur during storage. The only available strategy to control the disease and prevent it from spreading is the application of strict phytosanitary measures and the cultivation of potato varieties resistant to the pathotype(s) present in the infested field(s). Specific phytosanitary measures exist (Council Directive 69/464/EEC) for the control of potato wart disease in the EU. The main uncertainties refer to the distribution and host range of the pest, and the importance of some pathways of entry. S. endobioticum meets all the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as potential Union quarantine pest. The criteria for considering S. endobioticum as a potential Union regulated non-quarantine pest are not met since, in addition to potato seed tubers, soil (as commodity, substrate or contaminant) and ware potato tubers are major means of spread.
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Parada-Rojas CH, Quesada-Ocampo LM. Analysis of microsatellites from transcriptome sequences of Phytophthora capsici and applications for population studies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5194. [PMID: 29581516 PMCID: PMC5980080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is a devastating oomycete that affects solanaceous, cucurbitaceous, fabaceous, and other crops in the United States (US) and worldwide. The release of the P. capsici genome allows for design of robust markers for genetic studies. We identified and characterized microsatellites in the P. capsici transcriptome. A subset of 50 microsatellites were assayed in a diverse set of P. capsici isolates and evaluated for polymorphism. Polymorphic microsatellites were confirmed by fragment analysis, and 12 were used for population characterization of 50 P. capsici isolates from different states, hosts, and mating types. Analysis of genetic relationship among isolates revealed significant geographic structure by state. Our findings highlight the usefulness of these 12 microsatellites to characterize the population structure of P. capsici and potential transferability to closely-related Phytophthora spp. since markers are located in coding regions. Our markers will facilitate genetic characterization and complement phenotypic studies of P. capsici populations, which may assist in deployment of disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Parada-Rojas
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - L M Quesada-Ocampo
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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van de Vossenberg B, Westenberg M, Adams I, Afanasenko O, Besheva A, Boerma M, Choiseul J, Dekker T, Flath K, van Gent-Pelzer M, Heungens K, Karelov A, Kibildiene I, Przetakiewicz J, Schlenzig A, Yakovleva V, van Leeuwen G. Euphresco Sendo: An international laboratory comparison study of molecular tests for Synchytrium endobioticum detection and identification. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 151:757-766. [PMID: 31007393 PMCID: PMC6445494 DOI: 10.1007/s10658-017-1411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An international test performance study (TPS) was organised to generate validation data for three molecular Synchytrium endobioticum tests: van den Boogert et al. (European Journal of Plant Pathology 113, 47-57, 2005), and van Gent-Pelzer et al. (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 126, 129-133, 2010) for the detection of S. endobioticum, and the pathotype 1(D1) identification test described by Bonants et al. (European Journal of Plant Pathology, 143, 495-506, 2015). Two TPS rounds were organised focussing on different test matrices, i.e. round 1: warted potato tissue, and round 2: resting spore suspensions. When using the tests for detection and identification of S. endobioticum in warted potato tissue, no significant differences were observed for diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic specificity, overall accuracy, analytical sensitivity and robustness. When using the tests for detection and identification of S. endobioticum in resting spore suspensions, the van den Boogert and van Gent-Pelzer tests significantly outperform the Bonants test for diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity. For overall accuracy and analytical sensitivity, the van Gent-Pelzer significantly outperforms the van den Boogert and Bonants tests and is regarded as the test of choice when identifying S. endobioticum from resting spores. Tests regarded fit for purpose for routine testing of wart material and resting spore suspensions are proposed for the update of EPPO standard PM7/28(1) Synchytrium endobioticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart van de Vossenberg
- Dutch National Plant Protection Organization, National Reference Centre, Geertjesweg 15, 6706EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Westenberg
- Dutch National Plant Protection Organization, National Reference Centre, Geertjesweg 15, 6706EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ian Adams
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ UK
| | - Olga Afanasenko
- All Russian Research Institute for Plant Protection, Podbelsky sh. 3, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ani Besheva
- Central laboratory for plant quarantine, 120, N. Moushanov Blvd, 1330 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Margriet Boerma
- Hilbrands Laboratorium BV, Kampsweg 27, 9418 PD Wijster, The Netherlands
| | - James Choiseul
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Toos Dekker
- NAK, Randweg 14, 8304 AS Emmeloord, the Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Flath
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Stahnsdorfer Damm 81, 14532 Kleinmachnow, Germany
| | - Marga van Gent-Pelzer
- Wageningen Plant Research, BU Biointeractions & Plant Health, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kurt Heungens
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Plant Unit, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 96, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Anatolii Karelov
- Institute of Plant Protection, 33 Vasylkivska Str, Kiev, 3022 Ukraine
| | - Ilona Kibildiene
- The State Plant Service, Phytosanitary Research Laboratory (Division), Ministry of Agriculture, Sukileliu str. 9A, LT - 11352 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jaroslaw Przetakiewicz
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland
| | - Alexandra Schlenzig
- Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture, 1 Roddinglaw Road, Edinburgh, EH12 9FJ UK
| | - Vera Yakovleva
- All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center, Pogranichnaya 32, Bykovo, 140150 Ramenskoe region, Moscow, Oblast Russia
| | - Gerard van Leeuwen
- Dutch National Plant Protection Organization, National Reference Centre, Geertjesweg 15, 6706EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Gagnon MC, Feau N, Dale AL, Dhillon B, Hamelin RC, Brasier CM, Grünwald NJ, Brière SC, Bilodeau GJ. Development and Validation of Polymorphic Microsatellite Loci for the NA2 Lineage of Phytophthora ramorum from Whole Genome Sequence Data. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:666-673. [PMID: 30678572 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-16-1586-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora ramorum is the causal agent of sudden oak death and sudden larch death, and is also responsible for causing ramorum blight on woody ornamental plants. Many microsatellite markers are available to characterize the genetic diversity and population structure of P. ramorum. However, only two markers are polymorphic in the NA2 lineage, which is predominant in Canadian nurseries. Microsatellite motifs were mined from whole-genome sequence data of six P. ramorum NA2 isolates. Of the 43 microsatellite primer pairs selected, 13 loci displayed different allele sizes among the four P. ramorum lineages, 10 loci displayed intralineage variation in the EU1, EU2, and/or NA1 lineages, and 12 microsatellites displayed polymorphism in the NA2 lineage. Genotyping of 272 P. ramorum NA2 isolates collected in nurseries in British Columbia, Canada, from 2004 to 2013 revealed 12 multilocus genotypes (MLGs). One MLG was dominant when examined over time and across sampling locations, and only a few mutations separated the 12 MLGs. The NA2 population observed in Canadian nurseries also showed no signs of sexual recombination, similar to what has been observed in previous studies. The markers developed in this study can be used to assess P. ramorum inter- and intralineage genetic diversity and generate a better understanding of the population structure and migration patterns of this important plant pathogen, especially for the lesser-characterized NA2 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Feau
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Angela L Dale
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Braham Dhillon
- UBC and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
| | - Richard C Hamelin
- UBC and Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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