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Wang R, Li B, Cai S, Ding Y, Shi M, Jin T, Lin W, Liu P. Genetic Diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum Causing Tobacco Bacterial Wilt in Fujian Province and Identification of Biocontrol Streptomyces sp. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:1946-1958. [PMID: 38499975 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-23-1604-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco bacterial wilt is a highly destructive soilborne disease caused by the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex, exhibiting a significant risk to global flue-cured tobacco cultivation and resulting in substantial economic loss. In this study, 77 isolates were collected from three prominent flue-cured tobacco cultivation areas in Fujian, China (Nanping, Sanming, and Longyan), in 2021 and 2022. The isolated strains were classified through phylotype-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (Pmx-PCR) and physiological tests. The analysis showed that all the strains were associated with phylotype I, race 1, and biovar III. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis using partial egl gene sequences classified the 77 isolates into 5 distinct sequevars: 13, 15, 16, 17, and 34. Notably, a remarkable predominance of sequevar 15 was observed in Fujian Province, while sequevar 16 was first reported on tobacco in China, which was identified in other plants, expanding the understanding of its host range and distribution in the country. In addition, a Streptomyces strain extracted from the rhizosphere soil of tobacco was found to inhibit the growth of multiple sequevars of tobacco R. solanacearum, indicating its broad-spectrum antagonistic properties. Furthermore, pot experiments showed that the strain St35 effectively controlled tobacco bacterial wilt. The isolate St35 was conclusively identified as Streptomyces gancidicus according to the morphological and genetic features. In summary, the present study demonstrated the genetic diversity and distribution of tobacco R. solanacearum strains in the Fujian province of China, as well as the identification of a candidate biological control agent for the management of tobacco bacterial wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Benjin Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Songling Cai
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Yingfu Ding
- Nanping Branch, Fujian Tobacco Company, Nanping 353000, China
| | - Mingyue Shi
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Ting Jin
- Xiamen Chanke Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Nanping Branch, Fujian Tobacco Company, Nanping 353000, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
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Siddique MI, Silverman E, Louws F, Panthee DR. Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping for Bacterial Wilt Resistance and Plant Height in Tomatoes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:876. [PMID: 38592886 PMCID: PMC10976105 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt (BW) of tomatoes, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is a devastating disease that results in large annual yield losses worldwide. Management of BW of tomatoes is difficult due to the soil-borne nature of the pathogen. One of the best ways to mitigate the losses is through breeding for disease resistance. Moreover, plant height (PH) is a crucial element related to plant architecture, which determines nutrient management and mechanical harvesting in tomatoes. An intraspecific F2 segregating population (NC 11212) of tomatoes was developed by crossing NC 84173 (tall, BW susceptible) × CLN1466EA (short, BW resistant). We performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping using single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers and the NC 11212 F2 segregating population. The QTL analysis for BW resistance revealed a total of three QTLs on chromosomes 1, 2, and 3, explaining phenotypic variation (R2) ranging from 3.6% to 14.9%, whereas the QTL analysis for PH also detected three QTLs on chromosomes 1, 8, and 11, explaining R2 ranging from 7.1% to 11%. This work thus provides information to improve BW resistance and plant architecture-related traits in tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan Siddique
- Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, 455 Research Dr., Mills River, NC 28759, USA
| | - Emily Silverman
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Frank Louws
- Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, 455 Research Dr., Mills River, NC 28759, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Dilip R. Panthee
- Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, 455 Research Dr., Mills River, NC 28759, USA
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3
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Hamilton CD, Zaricor B, Dye CJ, Dresserl E, Michaels R, Allen C. Ralstonia solanacearum pandemic lineage strain UW551 overcomes inhibitory xylem chemistry to break tomato bacterial wilt resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13395. [PMID: 37846613 PMCID: PMC10782650 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic Ralstonia strains cause bacterial wilt disease by colonizing xylem vessels of many crops, including tomato. Host resistance is the best control for bacterial wilt, but resistance mechanisms of the widely used Hawaii 7996 tomato breeding line (H7996) are unknown. Using growth in ex vivo xylem sap as a proxy for host xylem, we found that Ralstonia strain GMI1000 grows in sap from both healthy plants and Ralstonia-infected susceptible plants. However, sap from Ralstonia-infected H7996 plants inhibited Ralstonia growth, suggesting that in response to Ralstonia infection, resistant plants increase inhibitors in their xylem sap. Consistent with this, reciprocal grafting and defence gene expression experiments indicated that H7996 wilt resistance acts in both above- and belowground plant parts. Concerningly, H7996 resistance is broken by Ralstonia strain UW551 of the pandemic lineage that threatens highland tropical agriculture. Unlike other Ralstonia, UW551 grew well in sap from Ralstonia-infected H7996 plants. Moreover, other Ralstonia strains could grow in sap from H7996 plants previously infected by UW551. Thus, UW551 overcomes H7996 resistance in part by detoxifying inhibitors in xylem sap. Testing a panel of xylem sap compounds identified by metabolomics revealed that no single chemical differentially inhibits Ralstonia strains that cannot infect H7996. However, sap from Ralstonia-infected H7996 contained more phenolic compounds, which are known to be involved in plant antimicrobial defence. Culturing UW551 in this sap reduced total phenolic levels, indicating that the resistance-breaking Ralstonia strain degrades these chemical defences. Together, these results suggest that H7996 tomato wilt resistance depends in part on inducible phenolic compounds in xylem sap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corri D. Hamilton
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Beatriz Zaricor
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Carolyn Jean Dye
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Emma Dresserl
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Renee Michaels
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Caitilyn Allen
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
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4
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Cao P, Zhan C, Yin J, Gong S, Ma D, Li Y. Genome-wide identification of long intergenic non-coding RNAs for Ralstonia solanacearum resistance in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:981281. [PMID: 36186038 PMCID: PMC9523475 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.981281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidences indicating that long intergenic ncRNAs (lincRNAs) play key roles in plant development and stress responses. To research tomato lincRNA functions during the interaction between tomato and Ralstonia solanacearum, RNA-seq data of tomato plants inoculated with R. solanacearum was analyzed. In this study, 315 possible lincRNAs were identified from RNA-seq data. Then 23 differentially expressed lincRNAs between tomato plants inoculated with R. solanacearum and control were identified and a total of 171 possible target genes for these differentially expressed lincRNAs were predicted. Through GO and KEGG analysis, we found that lincRNA might be involved in jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling pathways to respond to tomato bacterial wilt infection. Furthermore, lincRNA may also be involved in regulating the expression of AGO protein. Subsequently, analysis of expression patterns between differentially expressed lincRNAs and adjacent mRNAs by qRT-PCR revealed that part of lincRNAs and their possible target genes exhibited positive correlation. Taken together, these results suggest that lincRNAs play potential roles in tomato against R. solanacearum infection and will provide fundamental information about the lincRNA-based plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peina Cao
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Chuang Zhan
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Junliang Yin
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Shuangjun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture/Hubei Province Key Laboratory for Control of Crop Diseases, Pest and Weeds/Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongfang Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture/Hubei Province Key Laboratory for Control of Crop Diseases, Pest and Weeds/Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture/Hubei Province Key Laboratory for Control of Crop Diseases, Pest and Weeds/Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Hossain MM, Masud MM, Hossain MI, Haque MM, Uddin MS, Alam MZ, Islam MR. Rep-PCR Analyses Reveal Genetic Variation of Ralstonia solanacearum Causing Wilt of Solanaceaous Vegetables in Bangladesh. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:234. [PMID: 35767115 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum, a soil-borne and seed-borne plant pathogenic bacterium, causes bacterial wilt to several important crop plants causing substantial economic losses. To provide population information on this pathogen for developing effective control strategies, Rep-PCR was used to analyze the genetic variation of 18 representative isolates of R. solanacearum collected in Bangladesh. Phenotypic analyses revealed that all eighteen isolates belong to biotype 3 with wide diversity in aggressiveness on eggplant, tomato, and chili. Rep-PCR studies utilizing the REP, ERIC, and BOXIR primers showed a wide variation at the genetic level among the R. solanacearum isolates used in this study. Dendrogram constructed using REP, ERIC, and BOXIR primers based on banding patterns implied that R. solanacearum isolates were genetically diversified and distributed in four clusters at 83%, 80%, and 63% similarity index, respectively. The genetic relationship assayed by rep-PCR highlighted a wide range of genetic variation but no relation among geographical origin, aggressiveness, and phylogenetic groups of R. solanacearum isolates. These results conceded that other molecular markers related to virulence gene(s) might reveal the complex relationship among geographical origin, aggressiveness, and phylogenetic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mosharraf Hossain
- Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Satkhira, 9403, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mostafa Masud
- Plant Bacteriology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Hossain
- Plant Bacteriology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahbubul Haque
- Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Sharif Uddin
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zahangir Alam
- Plant Bacteriology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rashidul Islam
- Plant Bacteriology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
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Manickam R, Chen JR, Sotelo-Cardona P, Kenyon L, Srinivasan R. Evaluation of Different Bacterial Wilt Resistant Eggplant Rootstocks for Grafting Tomato. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010075. [PMID: 33401425 PMCID: PMC7824428 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt (BW) is one of the most economically important diseases of tomato and eggplant in the tropics and subtropics, and grafting onto resistant rootstocks can provide an alternative and effective solution to manage soil-borne bacterial in these crops. This study was conducted to evaluate the BW resistance and agronomic potential of newly identified eggplant accessions as rootstocks for tomato grafting. Five BW resistant eggplant accessions (VI041809A, VI041943, VI041945, VI041979A, and VI041984) from the World Vegetable Center were evaluated as rootstocks for grafting with two different fresh market tomato cultivars (Victoria and TStarE) as scion under open field conditions in Taiwan. Graft compatibility using the tube grafting method as well as BW wilting percentage, disease index, fruit yield and quality parameters were assessed. All the rootstocks showed good graft compatibility (93% and above) and grafted plants showed low wilting percentage (0.0–20.0%) and disease index (0.0–20.8%) following inoculation with BW. Yield for the eggplant rootstock grafted tomato plants was higher compared to the non-grafted tomatoes and self-grafted tomato. Fruit quality was not affected by grafting, although some differences in antioxidant activities were observed. The new eggplant rootstocks can be considered as alternatives to the rootstocks currently used for commercial production of tomatoes during the hot-wet season.
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7
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Tjou-Tam-Sin NNA, van de Bilt JLJ, Westenberg M, Gorkink-Smits PPMA, Landman NM, Bergsma-Vlami M. Assessing the Pathogenic Ability of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum ( Ralstonia solanacearum Phylotype I) from Ornamental Rosa spp. Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1895. [PMID: 29163615 PMCID: PMC5673649 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype I) isolates found in stunted, yellowing, and wilted ornamental rose (Rosa spp.) were assessed for their pathogenic ability in two rose cultivars (cv. "Armando" and cv. "Red Naomi") and in four solanaceous crops: tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. "Money Maker"), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. "White Burley"), eggplant (Solanum melongena cv. "Black Beauty") and sweet pepper (Capsicum annum cv. "Yolo Wonder"). Significant differences were observed in susceptibility between the two rose cultivars as well as between the two modes of inoculation performed. The cultivar "Armando" was significantly more susceptible than cultivar "Red Naomi," exhibiting higher disease severity and incidence. Similarly, stem inoculation after wounding was found to be significantly more effective than soil drenching, resulting in higher disease severity. Additionally, a temperature dependency in susceptibility was observed for both cultivars irrespective of the mode of inoculation, however, this was significantly more pronounced upon soil drenching. The solanaceous crops all showed to be susceptible to the R. pseudosolanacearum isolates originated from the Rosa spp. plants. Furthermore, both rose cultivars were able to harbor symptomless infections with other R. pseudosolanacearum and R. solanacearum isolates than those isolated from rose. Our results clearly demonstrated that latent infections in a rose cultivar such as cv. "Red Naomi" do occur even at temperatures as low as 20°C. This latency poses high risks for the entire floricultural industry as latently infected Rosa spp. plants are propagated and distributed over various continents, including areas where climatic conditions are optimal for the pathogen.
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Li Y, Feng J, Liu H, Wang L, Hsiang T, Li X, Huang J. Genetic Diversity and Pathogenicity of Ralstonia solanacearum Causing Tobacco Bacterial Wilt in China. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:1288-1296. [PMID: 30686189 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-15-0384-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is the most serious soilborne disease of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in China. In this study, 89 strains were collected in 2012 to 2014 from across the four major tobacco-growing areas in China. The strains were identified as phylotype I by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and further divided into seven sequevars based on polymorphisms in the endoglucanase (egl) gene. Among the seven sequevars, four (15, 17, 34, and 44) have been previously described as pathogens of tobacco and two (13 and 14), which are reported here on tobacco, were previously found only on other plants. In addition, a new sequevar named 54 was identified. Strains from tobacco from different regions showed different levels of genetic diversity based on partial egl gene sequences. The farther north the distribution, the lower the gene diversity found. Pathogenicity of 27 representative strains was assessed by inoculation onto three tobacco cultivars of varying susceptibility. Through cluster analysis of area under the disease progress curve values, the 27 strains were classified into different pathotypes based on virulence; however, no obvious associations were found between sequevar and pathotype. These results will assist in determining geographical distribution of strains, and provide the foundation for breeding and integrated management programs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ji Feng
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province
| | - Hailong Liu
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - Lin Wang
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430040, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xihong Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province
| | - Junbin Huang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University
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Katawczik M, Tseng H, Mila A. DIVERSITY OFRALSTONIA SOLANACEARUMPOPULATIONS AFFECTING TOBACCO CROPS IN NORTH CAROLINA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3381/15-047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Nishat S, Hamim I, Khalil MI, Ali MA, Hossain MA, Meah MB, Islam MR. Genetic diversity of the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum using a RAPD marker. C R Biol 2015; 338:757-67. [PMID: 26302834 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a destructive disease of many economically important crop species. A significant variation in wilt incidence and severity in eggplant and potato was observed among the growing areas surveyed. R. solanacearum isolates obtained both from eggplant and potato belong to biovar III, while isolates from eggplant belong to race 1 and isolates obtained from potato belong to race 3. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used as a tool for assessing genetic variation and relationship among seven isolate groups of R. solanacearum viz., RsB-1, RsB-2, RsB-3, RsP-1, RsP-2, RsP-3 and RsP-4, consisting in a total of 28 isolates. Out of the RAPD markers used, amplification with four decamer primers produced 70 bands with sizes ranging from 100 to 1400 bp. Out of 70 bands, 68 bands (97.06%) were polymorphic and two bands (2.94%) were monomorphic amongst the seven R. solanacearum isolates group. The Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) dendrogram constructed from Nei's genetic distance produced two main clusters of the seven isolates of R. solanacearum. The isolates RsB-1, RsB-2, RsB-3 and R-4 grouped in cluster І, while RsP-2, RsP-3 and RsP-4 grouped in cluster ІІ. The highest intra-variety similarity index (Si) was found in RsB-1 isolate (86.35%) and the lowest one in RsP-2 (56.59%). The results indicated that relatively higher and lower levels of genetic variation were found in RsP-3 and RsB-3, respectively. The coefficient of gene differentiation (G(st)) was 0.5487, reflecting the existence of a high level of genetic variations among seven isolates of R. solanacearum. Comparatively higher genetic distance (0.4293) and lower genetic identity (0.6510) were observed between RsB-2 and RsP-4 combinations. The lowest genetic distance (0.0357) and highest genetic identity (0.9650) were found in RsB-1 vs. RsB-2 pair. Thus, RAPD offers a potentially simple, rapid and reliable method to evaluate genetic diversity analysis in R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeda Nishat
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Islam Hamim
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - M Ibrahim Khalil
- Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ayub Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammed Ali Hossain
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - M Bahadur Meah
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rashidul Islam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
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Yang WC, Lin YM, Cheng YS, Cheng CP. Ralstonia solanacearum RSc0411 (lptC) is a determinant for full virulence and has a strain-specific novel function in the T3SS activity. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:1136-1148. [PMID: 23519159 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.064915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have identified an avirulent Ralstonia solanacearum mutant carrying a transposon insertion in RSc0411, a gene homologous to the Escherichia coli LPS-transporting protein LptC. However, how the disruption of RSc0411 affects the bacterium-plant interactions and leads to decreased pathogenicity was not known. Here we show that the disruption of RSc0411 leads to pleiotropic defects, including reducing bacterial motility, biofilm formation, root attachment, rough-form LPS production and virulence in tomato and increasing membrane permeability. Disruption of the orthologous RSc0411 present in other R. solanacearum strains proves that most of these functions are conserved in the species. In contrast, trans-complementation analyses show that only RSc0411 orthologues from closely related bacteria can rescue the defects of the disruption mutant. These results enable us to propose a function for RSc0411, and for the clustered genes, in LPS biogenesis, and for the first time, to our knowledge, also a role of a gene from the DUF1239 gene family in bacterial pathogenicity. In addition and notably, the RSc0411 mutant displays a strain-specific phenotype for hypersensitive response (HR), in which the RSc0411 disruption impairs the HR caused by strain Pss190 but not that by strain Pss1308. Consistent with this strain-specific defect, the mutation clearly affects expression of the type III secretion system (T3SS) in Pss190 but not in other strains, suggesting that the HR-deficient phenotype of the RSc0411 mutant in Pss190 is due to impairment of the T3SS and thus RSc0411 has a strain-specific role in the T3SS activity of R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chieh Yang
- Graduate Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, R. O. C
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, R. O. C
| | - Yi-Sheng Cheng
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, R. O. C.,Graduate Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, R. O. C
| | - Chiu-Ping Cheng
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, R. O. C.,Graduate Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, R. O. C
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12
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Lebeau A, Gouy M, Daunay MC, Wicker E, Chiroleu F, Prior P, Frary A, Dintinger J. Genetic mapping of a major dominant gene for resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum in eggplant. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:143-58. [PMID: 22930132 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-012-1969-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Resistance of eggplant against Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype I strains was assessed in a F(6) population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a intra-specific cross between S. melongena MM738 (susceptible) and AG91-25 (resistant). Resistance traits were determined as disease score, percentage of wilted plants, and stem-based bacterial colonization index, as assessed in greenhouse experiments conducted in Réunion Island, France. The AG91-25 resistance was highly efficient toward strains CMR134, PSS366 and GMI1000, but only partial toward the highly virulent strain PSS4. The partial resistance found against PSS4 was overcome under high inoculation pressure, with heritability estimates from 0.28 to 0.53, depending on the traits and season. A genetic map was built with 119 AFLP, SSR and SRAP markers positioned on 18 linkage groups (LG), for a total length of 884 cM, and used for quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. A major dominant gene, named ERs1, controlled the resistance to strains CMR134, PSS366, and GMI1000. Against strain PSS4, this gene was not detected, but a significant QTL involved in delay of disease progress was detected on another LG. The possible use of the major resistance gene ERs1 in marker-assisted selection and the prospects offered for academic studies of a possible gene for gene system controlling resistance to bacterial wilt in solanaceous plants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lebeau
- CIRAD, UMR Peuplements végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), 7 chemin de l'IRAT, 97410 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
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N'guessan CA, Abo K, Fondio L, Chiroleu F, Lebeau A, Poussier S, Wicker E, Koné D. So near and yet so far: the specific case of Ralstonia Solanacearum populations from Côte d'Ivoire in Africa. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2012; 102:733-40. [PMID: 22533876 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-11-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The genetic and phenotypic diversity of Côte d'Ivoire Ralstonia solanacearum strains was assessed on a 168-strain collection sampled on Solanaceae both in the southern lowlands and western highlands. Phylotypes I, II, and III were prevalent, though at unexpected frequencies. Phylotype I strains (87.5%) were genetically diverse and overrepresented in all agroecological areas, including highlands (AEZ III). Phylotype II strains (10.7%) only belonged to one tropical lowland-adapted broad host range lineage (IIA-35), whereas no highland-adapted potato brown rot (IIB-1) or Moko strains were detected. African phylotype III strains were rare (1.8%). They originated from a single Burkina Faso lineage (III-23) and were only found in lowlands. Three phylotype I strains were found harboring pRSC35, a plasmid identified in phylotype III strains in Cameroon. From pathogenicity tests performed on commercial varieties and tomato/eggplant/pepper references, the virulence diversity observed was high, with five pathoprofiles described. Eggplant accessions MM152 and EG203 and tomato HW7996 displayed the largest resistance spectrum and highest level. Two highly virulent phylotype I strains were able to bypass resistance of HW7996 and the eggplant reference AG91-25. Collectively, these points lead to the conclusion that the situation in Côte d'Ivoire is specific towards other African countries, and specifically from the Cameroon reference, and that within phylotype I can exist a high virulence diversity. This calls for similar studies in neighboring West African countries, linking R. solanacearum pathogen genetic diversity to strain virulence at the regional level, for the rationalization of regional resistance deployment strategies and future resistance durability studies.
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Bocsanczy AM, Achenbach UCM, Mangravita-Novo A, Yuen JMF, Norman DJ. Comparative effect of low temperature on virulence and twitching motility of Ralstonia solanacearum strains present in Florida. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2012; 102:185-194. [PMID: 21936660 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-11-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt on a wide range of plant hosts. Most strains of R. solanacearum are nonpathogenic below 20°C; however, Race 3 Biovar 2 (R3B2) strains are classified as quarantine pathogens because of their ability to infect crops, cause disease, and survive in temperate climates. We have identified race 1 biovar 1 Phylotype IIB Sequevar 4 strains present in Florida which were able to infect and produce wilt symptoms on potato and tomato at 18°C. Moreover they infected tomato plants at rates similar to strains belonging to R3B2. We determined that strains naturally nonpathogenic at 18°C were able to multiply, move in planta, and cause partial wilt when inoculated directly into the stem, suggesting that low temperature affects virulence of strains differently at early stages of infection. Bacterial growth in vitro was delayed at low temperatures, however it was not attenuated. Twitching motility observed on growing colonies was attenuated in nonpathogenic strains at 18°C, while not affected in the cool virulent ones. Using pilQ as a marker to evaluate the relative expression of the twitching activity of R. solanacearum strains, we confirmed that cool virulent strains maintained a similar level of pilQ expression at both temperatures, while in nonpathogenic strains pilQ was downregulated at 18°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Bocsanczy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
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Siri MI, Sanabria A, Pianzzola MJ. Genetic Diversity and Aggressiveness of Ralstonia solanacearum Strains Causing Bacterial Wilt of Potato in Uruguay. PLANT DISEASE 2011; 95:1292-1301. [PMID: 30731700 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-10-0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is a major disease affecting potato (Solanum tuberosum) production worldwide. Although local reports suggest that the disease is widespread in Uruguay, characterization of prevalent R. solanacearum strains in that country has not been done. In all, 28 strains of R. solanacearum isolated from major potato-growing areas in Uruguay were evaluated, including 26 strains isolated from potato tubers and 2 from soil samples. All strains belonged to phylotype IIB, sequevar 1 (race 3, biovar 2). Genetic diversity of strains was assessed by repetitive-sequence polymerase chain reaction, which showed that the Uruguayan strains constituted a homogeneous group. In contrast, inoculation of the strains on tomato and potato plants showed, for the first time, different levels of aggressiveness among R. solanacearum strains belonging to phylotype IIB, sequevar 1. Aggressiveness assays were also performed on accessions of S. commersonii, a wild species native to Uruguay that is a source of resistance for potato breeding. No significant interactions were found between bacterial strains and potato and S. commersonii genotypes, and differences in aggressiveness among R. solanacearum strains were consistent with previously identified groups based on tomato and potato inoculations. Moreover, variation in responses to R. solanacearum was observed among the S. commersonii accessions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Siri
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República. Av. Gral. Flores 2124, CP11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Sanabria
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República. Av. Gral. Flores 2124, CP11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M J Pianzzola
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República. Av. Gral. Flores 2124, CP11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Lebeau A, Daunay MC, Frary A, Palloix A, Wang JF, Dintinger J, Chiroleu F, Wicker E, Prior P. Bacterial wilt resistance in tomato, pepper, and eggplant: genetic resources respond to diverse strains in the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2011; 101:154-65. [PMID: 20795852 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-10-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt, caused by strains belonging to the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex, inflicts severe economic losses in many crops worldwide. Host resistance remains the most effective control strategy against this disease. However, wilt resistance is often overcome due to the considerable variation among pathogen strains. To help breeders circumvent this problem, we assembled a worldwide collection of 30 accessions of tomato, eggplant and pepper (Core-TEP), most of which are commonly used as sources of resistance to R. solanacearum or for mapping quantitative trait loci. The Core-TEP lines were challenged with a core collection of 12 pathogen strains (Core-Rs2) representing the phylogenetic diversity of R. solanacearum. We observed six interaction phenotypes, from highly susceptible to highly resistant. Intermediate phenotypes resulted from the plants' ability to tolerate latent infections (i.e., bacterial colonization of vascular elements with limited or no wilting). The Core-Rs2 strains partitioned into three pathotypes on pepper accessions, five on tomato, and six on eggplant. A "pathoprofile" concept was developed to characterize the strain clusters, which displayed six virulence patterns on the whole set of Core-TEP host accessions. Neither pathotypes nor pathoprofiles were phylotype specific. Pathoprofiles with high aggressiveness were mainly found in strains from phylotypes I, IIB, and III. One pathoprofile included a strain that overcame almost all resistance sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lebeau
- CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropicale, 7 Chemin de l'IRAT, 97410, Saint-Pierre Cedex, La Réunion, France
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17
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Norman DJ, Zapata M, Gabriel DW, Duan YP, Yuen JMF, Mangravita-Novo A, Donahoo RS. Genetic diversity and host range variation of Ralstonia solanacearum strains entering North America. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2009; 99:1070-7. [PMID: 19671009 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-99-9-1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Each year, large volumes of ornamental and food plant propagative stock are imported into the North America; occasionally, Ralstonia solanacearum is found systemically infecting this plant material. In this study, 107 new R. solanacearum strains were collected over a 10-year period from imported propagative stock and compared with 32 previously characterized R. solanacearum strains using repetitive polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) element (BOX, ERIC, and REP) primers. Additional strain comparisons were made by sequencing the endoglucanase and the cytochrome b561 genes. Using rep-PCR primers, populations could be distinguished by biovar and, to a limited extent, country of origin and original host. Similarity coefficients among rep-PCR clusters within biovars were relatively low in many cases, indicating that disease outbreaks over time may have been caused by different clonal populations. Similar population differentiations of R. solanacearum were obtained when comparing strain sequences using either the endoglucanase or cytochrome b561 genes. We found that most of the new biovar 1 strains of R. solanacearum entering the United States were genetically distinct from the biovar 1 strains currently found infecting vegetable production. These introduced biovar 1 strains also had a broader host range and could infect not only tomato, tobacco, and potato but also anthurium and pothos and cause symptoms on banana. All introductions into North America of race 3, biovar 2 strains in the last few years have been linked to geranium production and appeared to be clonal.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Norman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, 2725 Binion Rd., Apopka, FL 32703, USA.
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Lin YM, Chou IC, Wang JF, Ho FI, Chu YJ, Huang PC, Lu DK, Shen HL, Elbaz M, Huang SM, Cheng CP. Transposon mutagenesis reveals differential pathogenesis of Ralstonia solanacearum on tomato and Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:1261-1270. [PMID: 18700830 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-9-1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum causes a deadly wilting disease on a wide range of crops. To elucidate pathogenesis of this bacterium in different host plants, we set out to identify R. solanacearum genes involved in pathogenesis by screening random transposon insertion mutants of a highly virulent strain, Pss190, on tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutants exhibiting various decreased virulence levels on these two hosts were identified. Sequence analysis showed that most, but not all, of the identified pathogenesis genes are conserved among distinct R. solanacearum strains. A few of the disrupted loci were not reported previously as being involved in R. solanacearum pathogenesis. Notably, a group of mutants exhibited differential pathogenesis on tomato and Arabidopsis. These results were confirmed by characterizing allelic mutants in one other R. solanacearum strain of the same phylotype. The significantly decreased mutants' colonization in Arabidopsis was found to be correlated with differential pathogenesis on these two plants. Differential requirement of virulence genes suggests adaptation of this bacterium in different host environments. Together, this study reveals commonalities and differences of R. solanacearum pathogenesis on single solanaceous and nonsolanaceous hosts, and provides important new insights into interactions between R. solanacearum and different host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Plant Biology, Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Republic of China
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Lin CH, Hsu ST, Tzeng KC, Wang JF. Application of a Preliminary Screen to Select Locally Adapted Resistant Rootstock and Soil Amendment for Integrated Management of Tomato Bacterial Wilt in Taiwan. PLANT DISEASE 2008; 92:909-916. [PMID: 30769720 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-92-6-0909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Host plant resistance and soil amendment (SA) have not been used extensively to manage tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum due to their variable effects over locations. A preliminary screen was developed to increase the chances of identifying successful control measures under diverse conditions. Isolates from three production areas in Taiwan were collected and their virulence evaluated on tomato. Soil samples from four field sites were collected to evaluate ability to suppress the pathogen of SAs consisting of urea or slaked lime alone or combined at 30°C. The mixture of urea and slaked lime showed the best suppressive effect in three tested soils and was used in subsequent field experiments. Resistant eggplant (EG203) and tomato (Hawaii 7996) rootstocks, selected based on stable resistance against representative strains at the seedling stage, significantly reduced disease incidence in field experiments. EG203 grafted plants exhibited 0 to 2.8% wilted plants compared with 24.4 to 92.9% wilted nongrafted plants. Integrated use of Hawaii 7996 as the rootstock and SA provided significantly greater control of wilt than use of Hawaii 7996 as rootstock alone in only one of the four locations, whereas SA did not provide significant control effect when EG203 was used as the rootstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 40227, R.O.C. and AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan 74199, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Tien Hsu
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University
| | - Kuo-Ching Tzeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University
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Ivey MLL, Gardener BBM, Opina N, Miller SA. Diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum Infecting Eggplant in the Philippines. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2007; 97:1467-1475. [PMID: 18943517 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-97-11-1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum strains isolated from eggplant (Solanum melongena) grown in five provinces of the Philippine island group of Luzon was assessed using a recently described hierarchical system. All strains keyed to race 1, biovar 3 or 4. Phylotype-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) indicated that, like most other strains of Asian origin, all the strains in our Philippine collection belong to phylotype I. Taxometric and phylogenetic analyses of partial endoglucanase gene sequences of strains from this collection and those previously deposited into GenBank revealed at least four subgroups among the otherwise monophyletic phylotype I strains. Nucleotide polymorphisms within each subgroup were infrequent and, among the subgroups identified in this study, variation was always <1.3%, indicating that the large majority of strains could be assigned to a single sequevar. Genomic DNA fingerprinting using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR revealed additional fine-scale genetic variation that was consistent with the endogluconase sequence data. Whole-pattern and band-based analyses of the genomic fingerprint data revealed four and eight distinct genotypes, respectively, within our collection. Eggplant from infested fields in different provinces tended to harbor mixed populations of ERIC genotypes, with the predominant genotype varying by location.
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Huang HE, Liu CA, Lee MJ, Kuo CG, Chen HM, Ger MJ, Tsai YC, Chen YR, Lin MK, Feng TY. Resistance enhancement of transgenic tomato to bacterial pathogens by the heterologous expression of sweet pepper ferredoxin-I protein. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2007; 97:900-906. [PMID: 18943629 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-97-8-0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Expression of a foreign gene to enhance plant disease resistance to bacterial pathogens is a favorable strategy. It has been demonstrated that expressing sweet pepper ferredoxin-I protein (PFLP) in transgenic plants can enhance disease resistance to bacterial pathogens that infect leaf tissue. In this study, PFLP was applied to protect tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. cherry Cln1558a) from the root-infecting pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum. Independent R. solanacearum resistant T(1) lines were selected and bred to produce homozygous T(2) generations. Selected T(2) transgenic lines 24-18-7 and 26-2-1a, which showed high expression levels of PFLP in root tissue, were resistant to disease caused by R. solanacearum. In contrast, the transgenic line 23-17-1b and nontransgenic tomato, which showed low expression levels of PFLP in root tissue, were not resistant to R. solanacearum infection. The expansion of R. solanacearum populations in stem tissue of transgenic tomato line 24-18-7 was limited compared with the nontransgenic tomato Cln1558a. Using a detached leaf assay, transgenic line 24-18-7 was also resistant to maceration caused by E. carotovora subsp. carotovora; however, resistance to E. carotovora subsp. carotovora was less apparent in transgenic lines 26-2-1a and 23-17-1b. These results demonstrate that PFLP is able to enhance disease resistance at different levels to bacterial pathogens in individual tissue of transgenic tomato.
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Castillo JA, Greenberg JT. Evolutionary dynamics of Ralstonia solanacearum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:1225-38. [PMID: 17189443 PMCID: PMC1828673 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01253-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the genetic diversity, extent of recombination, natural selection, and population divergence of Ralstonia solanacearum samples obtained from sources worldwide. This plant pathogen causes bacterial wilt in many crops and constitutes a serious threat to agricultural production due to its very wide host range and aggressiveness. Five housekeeping genes, dispersed around the chromosome, and three virulence-related genes, located on the megaplasmid, were sequenced from 58 strains belonging to the four major phylogenetic clusters (phylotypes). Whereas genetic variation is high and consistent for all housekeeping loci studied, virulence-related gene sequences are more diverse. Phylogenetic and statistical analyses suggest that this organism is a highly diverse bacterial species containing four major, deeply separated evolutionary lineages (phylotypes I to IV) and a weaker subdivision of phylotype II into two subgroups. Analysis of molecular variations showed that the geographic isolation and spatial distance have been the significant determinants of genetic variation between phylotypes. R. solanacearum displays high clonality for housekeeping genes in all phylotypes (except phylotype III) and significant levels of recombination for the virulence-related egl and hrpB genes, which are limited mainly to phylotype strains III and IV. Finally, genes essential for species survival are under purifying selection, and those directly involved in pathogenesis might be under diversifying selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Castillo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Grover A, Azmi W, Gadewar AV, Pattanayak D, Naik PS, Shekhawat GS, Chakrabarti SK. Genotypic diversity in a localized population of Ralstonia solanacearum as revealed by random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 101:798-806. [PMID: 16968291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess genotypic diversity within Ralstonia solanacearum isolates of a single field. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 44 field isolates and 22 in vitro generated clones of R. solanacearum were studied for genotypic diversity by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Genomic DNA of these isolates and clones was extracted by proteinase-K-SDS lysis mini-prep method. RAPD analysis was done with 30 decamer primers. The data were analysed using NTSYSpc 2.02h software. Forty-two out of 44 field isolates and all the clonal isolates were identified as distinct genotypes at 70% similarity level. CONCLUSION Very high level of genome variability was observed within the field and clonal isolates of R. solanacearum. This might be a reason for the wide host range of this bacterium and for quick breakdown of wilt resistance in host plants. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results suggest that it would be difficult to design specific diagnostic protocol for R. solanacearum even for a localized population and to breed cultivars with broad-spectrum resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grover
- Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Champoiseau P, Daugrois JH, Girard JC, Royer M, Rott PC. Variation in Albicidin Biosynthesis Genes and in Pathogenicity of Xanthomonas albilineans, the Sugarcane Leaf Scald Pathogen. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2006; 96:33-45. [PMID: 18944203 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-96-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Total genomic DNA from 137 strains of Xanthomonas albilineans from worldwide locations was hybridized with two DNA probes that together harbor the entire 49-kb albicidin biosynthesis gene cluster and two additional 3-kb genomic regions required for albicidin production. Fourteen haplotypes and two major genetic groups (albicidin [ALB]-restriction fragment length polymorphism [RFLP] A and ALB-RFLP B) were identified, and strains that were isolated after recent outbreaks of leaf scald disease belonged to group ALB-RFLP B. Albicidin genetic diversity was very similar to the previously described genetic diversity of the pathogen based on the whole genome. No relationship was found between variability of albicidin biosynthesis genes and the amount of albicidin produced in vitro by X. albilineans. Leaf scald-susceptible sugarcane cv. H70-144 was inoculated with 20 strains of the pathogen belonging to different ALB-RFLP haplotypes. Among them, 10 strains from Guadeloupe belonged to the same ALB-RFLP group but differed in the amount of albicidin produced in vitro. Strains were distributed in at least three different pathogenicity groups based on symptom severity and pathogen population density in the stalk. These two pathogenicity factors varied concurrently; however, no relationship between variation in albicidin biosynthesis genes, variation in the amount of albicidin produced in vitro, and variation in pathogenicity of X. albilineans was found. Further investigation is necessary to identify other genes involved in pathogenicity of X. albilineans.
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Lee YA, Fan SC, Chiu LY, Hsia KC. Isolation of an insertion sequence from Ralstonia solanacearum race 1 and its potential use for strain characterization and detection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:3943-50. [PMID: 11525989 PMCID: PMC93113 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.9.3943-3950.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new insertion sequence (IS), IS1405, was isolated and characterized from a Ralstonia solanacearum race 1 strain by the method of insertional inactivation of the sacB gene. Sequence analysis indicated that the IS is closely related to the members of IS5 family, but the extent of nucleotide sequence identity in 5' and 3' noncoding regions between IS1405 and other members of IS5 family is only 23 to 31%. Nucleotide sequences of these regions were used to design specific oligonucleotide primers for detection of race 1 strains by PCR. The PCR amplified a specific DNA fragment for all R. solanacearum race 1 strains tested, and no amplification was observed with some other plant-pathogenic bacteria. Analysis of nucleotide sequences flanking IS1405 and additional five endogenous IS1405s that reside in the chromosome of R. solanacearum race 1 strains indicated that IS1405 prefers a target site of CTAR and has two different insertional orientations with respect to this target site. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern analysis using IS1405 as a probe revealed extensive genetic variation among strains of R. solanacearum race 1 isolated from eight different host plants in Taiwan. The RFLP patterns were then used to subdivide the race 1 strains into two groups and several subgroups, which allowed for tracking different subgroup strains of R. solanacearum through a host plant community. Furthermore, specific insertion sites of IS1405 in certain subgroups were used as a genetic marker to develop subgroup-specific primers for detection of R. solanacearum, and thus, the subgroup strains can be easily identified through a rapid PCR assay rather than RFLP analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Lee
- Department of Biology, Fu Jen Catholic University, Hsin Chuang 24205, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Horita M, Tsuchiya K. Genetic Diversity of Japanese Strains of Ralstonia solanacearum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2001; 91:399-407. [PMID: 18943853 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2001.91.4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The genetic diversity of 74 Japanese strains of Ralstonia solanacearum was assessed by pathogenicity tests and the repetitive sequencebased polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) fingerprint method. Based on their genomic fingerprints, biovar N2 strains were divided into two distinct groups, one consisting of potato isolates belonging to race 3, and the other consisting of tomato, eggplant, pepper, and tobacco isolates belonging to race 1. Biovar 3 strains had low average similarity and were divided into five groups that differed in original host or pathogenicity. Biovar 4 strains consisted of only one group at the 80% similarity level. Comparative analysis of the rep-PCR fingerprints of 78 strains, including six biovars from Japan and various countries, revealed two main clusters. Cluster 1 comprised all biovar 3, 4, and 5 strains, biovar 1 strains from Reunion, and some biovar N2 strains from Japan. Cluster 2 included most of the biovar 1, 2, and N2 strains. The fingerprints showed low average similarity with biovar N2 strains from Japan and Brazil.
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Wang JF, Olivier J, Thoquet P, Mangin B, Sauviac L, Grimsley NH. Resistance of tomato line Hawaii7996 to Ralstonia solanacearum Pss4 in Taiwan is controlled mainly by a major strain-specific locus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2000; 13:6-13. [PMID: 10656580 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by the soilborne bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum attacks hundreds of plant species, including many agriculturally important crops. Natural resistance to this disease has been found in some species and is usually inherited as a polygenic trait. In tomato, a model crop plant, genetic analysis previously revealed the involvement of several QTL (quantitative trait loci) controlling resistance and, in all of these studies with different strains of the pathogen, loci on chromosome 6 played the predominant role in controlling this trait. Using quantitative data collected from a greenhouse test F3 population, we identified a new locus on chromosome 12 that appears to be active specifically against a race 1 biovar 3 Pss4 bacterial strain endemic to Taiwan. Chromosome 6 still contributes significantly to the control of the resistance, and weaker associations of the trait to other regions of the genome are observed. These results are discussed in the context of current molecular knowledge about the strain specificity of disease resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Wang
- Bacteriology Unit, AVRDC, Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan
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