1
|
Zhou Q, Li L, Liu F, Hu J, Cao Y, Qiao S, Zhou Y, Wang B, Jia Y, Chen Y, Xu S, Feng X. Mining and characterization of oxidative stress-related binding proteins of parthenolide in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3345-3355. [PMID: 35491536 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of control agents and development of bacterial resistance are emergent problems in the chemical control of rice bacterial blight, therefore novel bactericides against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo, the causal agent of rice bacterial blight) are urgently needed. We previously found that parthenolide (PTL) is a potential lead against Xoo, and PTL inhibits Xoo growth via oxidative stress. However, the mechanism of action of PTL against Xoo needs further elucidation. RESULTS In this study, a biotinylated PTL probe was synthesized, and two important subunits in the respiratory chain (NuoF of complex I and SdhB of complex II) of Xoo were captured with the probe and identified with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The binding between them was verified with pull-down and drug affinity responsive target stability technologies. In addition, purified proteins of NuoF and SdhB greatly lowered the antibacterial activity of PTL, and PTL evidently inhibited the enzyme activities of complexes I and II. Moreover, knockout of nuoF and sdhB in Xoo caused elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increased sensitivity to PTL. Furthermore, molecular simulations indicated that PTL may form covalent bonds with Cys105 and Cys187 in NuoF and Cys106 in SdhB. CONCLUSION PTL can directly bind to NuoF and SdhB, which impairs the enzyme functions of complexes I and II in the respiratory chain, leading to ROS accumulation in Xoo. This study will provide deep insight into the mechanism of action of PTL against Xoo. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Linwei Li
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Hu
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Cao
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Siwei Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihe Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Feng
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Diversity of transcription activator-like effectors and pathogenicity in strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola from Yunnan. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:71. [PMID: 35258706 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate transcriptional activator-like effector (TALE) genes in 86 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola strains collected from 8 rice-growing regions in Yunnan, and to examine the relationship between TALE genotypes and virulence in 6 differential rice lines. Besides, the geographical areas, distribution of these genotypes were studied in detail. Genetic diversity was analyzed through the number and size of putative TALE genes based on TALE gene avrXa3 as a probe. We found that X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strains consist of variable number (13-27) of avrXa3-hybridizing fragments (putative TALE genes). Test strains were classified into 8 genotypes (G1-G8) with major genotypes G3 and G7 widely distributed in Yunnan. Pathogenicity of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola was evaluated by inoculating 6 differential rice lines with a single resistance gene into 9 pathotypes clusters (I-IX), the dominant Genotypes G3 and G7 consist of pathotypes I, II, and IV. Furthermore, we also detected the known TALE target genes expression in susceptible rice cultivar (cv. nipponbare) after inoculating 8 genotypes-representative X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strain. Correlation between the numbers of putative TALE genes of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola and relevant target genes in nipponbare confirmed up-regulation. Altogether, this study has given insights into the population structure of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola that may inform strategies to control BLS in rice.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yugander A, Ershad M, Muthuraman PP, Prakasam V, Ladhalakshmi D, Sheshu Madhav M, Srinivas Prasad M, Sundaram RM, Laha GS. Understanding the variability of rice bacterial blight pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Andhra Pradesh, India. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 62:185-196. [PMID: 34913505 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial blight (BB) of rice is a devastating disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). The evolution of new pathogenic races of bacterial blight pathogen is always a potential threat for rice production. The deployment of pathotype-specific resistant genes in the host plants is a feasible strategy to develop BB-resistant varieties. Therefore, continuous disease monitoring, identification of Xoo pathotypes, and their distribution are crucial to managing BB. In this study, 71 Xoo isolates were collected from the Godavari delta in Andhra Pradesh (India) and their virulence profiles on rice BB differentials were characterized. Data revealed that different International Rice Bacterial Blight (IRBB) lines with single BB resistance genes were susceptible to 73.2%-97.2% of the isolates, except IRBB13 (possessing BB resistance gene, xa13) which showed a moderately susceptible or susceptible reaction to 47.9% of the isolates. Three gene combination rice differentials like IRBB56 (Xa4 + xa5 + xa13), IRBB57 (Xa4 + xa5 + Xa21), IRBB58 (Xa4 + xa13 + Xa21), and IRBB59 (xa5 + xa13 + Xa21) showed very broad-spectrum resistance to majority of the Xoo isolates from the region. None of the tested Xoo isolates were virulent on IRBB58 (Xa4 + xa13 + Xa21), IRBB60 (Xa4 + xa5 + xa13 + Xa21), and IRBB66 (Xa4 + xa5 + Xa7 + xa13 + Xa21). Based on the virulence reaction, 71 Xoo isolates were grouped into 10 major pathotypes. Highly virulent pathotypes viz., IXoPt # 14, 17, 19, and 22 can break the resistance of major BB-resistant genes and were commonly distributed throughout the surveyed regions. Genotypic data of 71 Xoo isolates using J3 primer divided them into three major clusters. Cluster I consisted of 24 Xoo isolates that belonged to pathotype IXoPt-19. Cluster II consisted of 41 Xoo isolates belonging to seven different pathotypes, and Cluster III was composed of six isolates from three different pathotypes. The findings of this study will be helpful to develop rice varieties with pathotype-specific broad-spectrum resistance against BB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arra Yugander
- Department of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Md Ershad
- Department of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pitchiah P Muthuraman
- Department of Transfer of Technology and Training, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vellaisamy Prakasam
- Department of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Duraisamy Ladhalakshmi
- Department of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Maganti Sheshu Madhav
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Raman M Sundaram
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Gouri S Laha
- Department of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tekete C, Cunnac S, Doucouré H, Dembele M, Keita I, Sarra S, Dagno K, Koita O, Verdier V. Characterization of New Races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Mali Informs Resistance Gene Deployment. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:267-277. [PMID: 31464159 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-19-0070-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae represents a severe threat to rice cultivation in Mali. Characterizing the pathotypic diversity of bacterial populations is key to the management of pathogen-resistant varieties. Forty-one X. oryzae pv. oryzae isolates were collected between 2010 and 2013 in the major rice growing regions in Mali. All isolates were virulent on the susceptible rice variety Azucena; evaluation of the isolates on 12 near isogenic rice lines, each carrying a single resistance gene, identified six new races (A4 to A9) and confirmed race A3 that was previously reported in Mali. Races A5 and A6, isolated in Office du Niger and Sélingué, were the most prevalent races in Mali. Race A9 was the most virulent, circumventing all of the resistance genes tested. Xa3 controlled six of seven races (i.e., 89% of the isolates tested). The expansion of race A9 represents a major risk to rice cultivation and highlights the urgent need to identify a local source of resistance. We selected 14 isolates of X. oryzae pv. oryzae representative of the most prevalent races to evaluate 29 rice varieties grown by farmers in Mali. Six isolates showed a high level of resistance to X. oryzae pv. oryzae and were then screened with a larger collection of isolates. Based on the interactions among the six varieties and the X. oryzae pv. oryzae isolates, we characterized eight different pathotypes (P1 to P8). Two rice varieties, SK20-28 and Gigante, effectively controlled all of the isolates tested. The low association observed among races and pathotypes of X. oryzae pv. oryzae suggests that the resistance observed in the local rice varieties does not simply rely on single known Xa genes. X. oryzae pv. oryzae is pathogenically and geographically diverse. Both the races of X. oryzae pv. oryzae characterized in this study and the identification of sources of resistance in local rice varieties provide useful information to inform the design of effective breeding programs for resistance to bacterial leaf blight in Mali.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Tekete
- Applied Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - S Cunnac
- IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
| | - H Doucouré
- Applied Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Dembele
- Institute of Rural Economy, Regional Center for Agronomic Research, Niono and Bamako, Mali
| | - I Keita
- Applied Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - S Sarra
- Institute of Rural Economy, Regional Center for Agronomic Research, Niono and Bamako, Mali
| | - K Dagno
- Institute of Rural Economy, Regional Center for Agronomic Research, Niono and Bamako, Mali
| | - O Koita
- Applied Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - V Verdier
- IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen X, Wei S, Yan Q, Huang F, Ma Z, Li R, Cen Z, Yan W, Li K. Virulence and DNA fingerprinting analysis of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae identify a new pathotype in Guangxi, South China. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:1082-1091. [PMID: 31544274 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the most destructive diseases affecting rice worldwide. However, little is known about the population structure of this organism in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, South China. Here, pathotypic and DNA fingerprint analyses were conducted to characterize the isolates of Xoo collected from rice leaves in five districts of the region from 2013 to 2016. Their pathogenicity was tested by leaf clipping, and the DNA fingerprints were analyzed by repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction and endogenous insertion sequence element-based polymerase chain reaction assays using the repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus primers, respectively. Pathogenicity assays of 70 representative isolates were conducted using a series of near-isogenic lines and two new pathotypes were identified. All the pathotypes were found to be incompatible with xa5 and Xa7. One pathotype was virulent to Xa14, Xa21, and Xa23, whereas another virulent to Xa21 and Xa23, but incompatible with Xa14. A dendrogram generated for the data sets obtained from DNA fingerprinting suggested the prevalence of high genetic diversity of Xoo throughout Guangxi, and no association between the molecular haplotypes and pathotypes was identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shanfu Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qun Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fengkuan Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zengfeng Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ruifang Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhenlu Cen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Weihong Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kunhua Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu S, Zhao X, Liu F, Cao Y, Wang B, Wang X, Yin M, Wang Q, Feng X. Crucial role of oxidative stress in bactericidal effect of parthenolide against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2716-2723. [PMID: 29808556 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes rice bacterial blight, which is one of the most devastating diseases on rice. Parthenolide (PTL) is a sesquiterpene lactone possessing multiple bioactivities. In the preliminary study, we found PTL can totally inhibit the growth of Xoo at 10 mg L-1 in vitro. In this study, we aim to further evaluate the anti-bacterial activity of PTL against Xoo and discern the role of oxidative stress in its bactericidal effect. RESULTS PTL was effective against Xoo both in vitro and in vivo. PTL induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in Xoo, leading to cell death, while exogenous catalase can fully abolish its bactericidal effect. PTL sensitivity of catalase deletion mutants of Xoo increased significantly compared with that of wild-type Xoo strain. In addition, PTL treatment increased glutathione peroxidase activity and decreased glutathione (GSH) reductase activity in Xoo, but had no effect on its catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Interestingly, PTL dramatically reduced the GSH level in Xoo, resulting in disturbed GSH/GSSG balance. Moreover, PTL rapidly reacted with GSH by a nucleophilic addition reaction. CONCLUSION PTL is a promising lead compound for developing bactericide against Xoo. PTL rapidly reacts with GSH, resulting in disturbed GSH/GSSG balance in Xoo, which causes ROS accumulation, leading to cell death. Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the bactericidal effect of PTL against Xoo. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingzeng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qizhi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Islam MR, Alam MS, Khan AI, Hossain I, Adam LR, Daayf F. Analyses of genetic diversity of bacterial blight pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae using IS1112 in Bangladesh. C R Biol 2016; 339:399-407. [PMID: 27492010 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial blight (BB) is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), a most destructive disease of rice, mostly in Asia, including Bangladesh. Altogether 96 isolates of Xoo were collected from 19 rice-growing districts of Bangladesh in both the rain-fed and irrigated seasons of 2014 to assess their pathotypic and genetic variation. Pathotypic analyses were carried out on a set of 12 Near Isogenic Lines (NILs) of rice containing a single resistance gene and two check varieties IR24 and TN1 by the leaf clipping inoculation method. A total of 24 pathotypes were identified based on their virulence patterns on the NILs tested. Among these, pathotypes VII, XII and XIV, considered as major, containing a maximum number of isolates (9.38% each), are frequently distributed in seven northern to mid-eastern districts of Bangladesh. The most virulent pathotype I was recorded in the Habiganj and Brahmanbaria districts. The molecular analysis of variability among the isolates was carried out through PCR analysis using multi-locus primers Jel1 and Jel2 (based on the repetitive element IS1112 in the Xoo genome). Using the genotypic data, a dendrogram was constructed with 17 clusters along with 17 molecular haplotypes at the 65% similarity index. Cluster I was composed of 46 isolates considered as major, whereas clusters X, XI, XII and XVII were represented by a single isolate. A phenogram was constructed based on virulence to interpret the relationship between the pathotypes and the molecular haplotypes. At the 50% similarity level, among 10 clusters, cluster I, considered as major, consisted of a maximum of 10 pathotypes out of 24. In case of haplotypes, a maximum of 7 haplotypes were obtained from pathotype XII, whereas pathotypes IX, X, XV, XXII and XXIV were represented by a single haplotype. However, the present study revealed that different isolates belonging to the same pathotypes belonged to different haplotypes. Conversely, genetically similar haplotypes were also detected from different pathotypes collected from separate districts. This relationship appeared due to a high degree of DNA polymorphism among strains within many pathotypes existing in Bangladesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Rashidul Islam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Samiul Alam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Ashik Iqbal Khan
- Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Ismail Hossain
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Lorne R Adam
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222, Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Fouad Daayf
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222, Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Goto S, Sasakura-Shimoda F, Suetsugu M, Selvaraj MG, Hayashi N, Yamazaki M, Ishitani M, Shimono M, Sugano S, Matsushita A, Tanabata T, Takatsuji H. Development of disease-resistant rice by optimized expression of WRKY45. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:753-65. [PMID: 25487714 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The rice transcription factor WRKY45 plays a central role in the salicylic acid signalling pathway and mediates chemical-induced resistance to multiple pathogens, including Magnaporthe oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Previously, we reported that rice transformants overexpressing WRKY45 driven by the maize ubiquitin promoter were strongly resistant to both pathogens; however, their growth and yield were negatively affected because of the trade-off between the two conflicting traits. Also, some unknown environmental factor(s) exacerbated this problem. Here, we report the development of transgenic rice lines resistant to both pathogens and with agronomic traits almost comparable to those of wild-type rice. This was achieved by optimizing the promoter driving WRKY45 expression. We isolated 16 constitutive promoters from rice genomic DNA and tested their ability to drive WRKY45 expression. Comparisons among different transformant lines showed that, overall, the strength of WRKY45 expression was positively correlated with disease resistance and negatively correlated with agronomic traits. We conducted field trials to evaluate the growth of transgenic and control lines. The agronomic traits of two lines expressing WRKY45 driven by the OsUbi7 promoter (PO sUbi7 lines) were nearly comparable to those of untransformed rice, and both lines were pathogen resistant. Interestingly, excessive WRKY45 expression rendered rice plants sensitive to low temperature and salinity, and stress sensitivity was correlated with the induction of defence genes by these stresses. These negative effects were barely observed in the PO sUbi7 lines. Moreover, their patterns of defence gene expression were similar to those in plants primed by chemical defence inducers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Goto
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Fuyuko Sasakura-Shimoda
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Mai Suetsugu
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Nagao Hayashi
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Muneo Yamazaki
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Manabu Ishitani
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Masaki Shimono
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Shoji Sugano
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Akane Matsushita
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Takanari Tanabata
- Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takatsuji
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bimolata W, Kumar A, M SKR, Sundaram RM, Laha GS, Qureshi IA, Ghazi IA. Nucleotide diversity analysis of three major bacterial blight resistance genes in rice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120186. [PMID: 25807168 PMCID: PMC4373814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sequence polymorphisms among R gene alleles influence the process of co-evolutionary interaction between host and pathogen by shaping the response of host plants towards invading pathogens. Here, we present the DNA sequence polymorphisms and diversities present among natural alleles of three rice bacterial blight resistance genes, Xa21, Xa26 and xa5. The diversity was examined across different wild relatives and cultivars of Oryza species. Functional significance of selected alleles was evaluated through semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and real time PCR. The greatest nucleotide diversity and singleton variable sites (SVS) were present in Xa26 (π = 0.01958; SVS = 182) followed by xa5 and Xa21 alleles. The highest frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms were observed in Xa21 alleles and least in xa5. Transition bias was observed in all the genes and ‘G’ to ‘A’ transitions were more favored than other form of transitions. Neutrality tests failed to show the presence of selection at these loci, though negative Tajima’s D values indicate the presence of a rare form of polymorphisms. At the interspecies level, O. nivara exhibited more diversity than O. sativa. We have also identified two nearly identical resistant alleles of xa5 and two sequentially identical alleles of Xa21. The alleles of xa5 showed basal levels of expression while Xa21 alleles were functionally not expressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waikhom Bimolata
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Anirudh Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Sai Kiran Reddy M
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | | | - Gouri Sankar Laha
- Crop Protection Section, Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, India
| | - Insaf Ahmed Qureshi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Irfan Ahmad Ghazi
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang SQ, Liu SY, Zhao S, Yu YH, Li RB, Duan CJ, Tang JL, Feng JX. Molecular and pathogenic characterization of new Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strains from the coastline region of Fangchenggang city in China. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 29:713-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
11
|
Pieretti I, Royer M, Barbe V, Carrere S, Koebnik R, Couloux A, Darrasse A, Gouzy J, Jacques MA, Lauber E, Manceau C, Mangenot S, Poussier S, Segurens B, Szurek B, Verdier V, Arlat M, Gabriel DW, Rott P, Cociancich S. Genomic insights into strategies used by Xanthomonas albilineans with its reduced artillery to spread within sugarcane xylem vessels. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:658. [PMID: 23171051 PMCID: PMC3542200 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthomonas albilineans causes leaf scald, a lethal disease of sugarcane. X. albilineans exhibits distinctive pathogenic mechanisms, ecology and taxonomy compared to other species of Xanthomonas. For example, this species produces a potent DNA gyrase inhibitor called albicidin that is largely responsible for inducing disease symptoms; its habitat is limited to xylem; and the species exhibits large variability. A first manuscript on the complete genome sequence of the highly pathogenic X. albilineans strain GPE PC73 focused exclusively on distinctive genomic features shared with Xylella fastidiosa-another xylem-limited Xanthomonadaceae. The present manuscript on the same genome sequence aims to describe all other pathogenicity-related genomic features of X. albilineans, and to compare, using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), genomic features of two strains differing in pathogenicity. RESULTS Comparative genomic analyses showed that most of the known pathogenicity factors from other Xanthomonas species are conserved in X. albilineans, with the notable absence of two major determinants of the "artillery" of other plant pathogenic species of Xanthomonas: the xanthan gum biosynthesis gene cluster, and the type III secretion system Hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity). Genomic features specific to X. albilineans that may contribute to specific adaptation of this pathogen to sugarcane xylem vessels were also revealed. SSH experiments led to the identification of 20 genes common to three highly pathogenic strains but missing in a less pathogenic strain. These 20 genes, which include four ABC transporter genes, a methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein gene and an oxidoreductase gene, could play a key role in pathogenicity. With the exception of hypothetical proteins revealed by our comparative genomic analyses and SSH experiments, no genes potentially involved in any offensive or counter-defensive mechanism specific to X. albilineans were identified, supposing that X. albilineans has a reduced artillery compared to other pathogenic Xanthomonas species. Particular attention has therefore been given to genomic features specific to X. albilineans making it more capable of evading sugarcane surveillance systems or resisting sugarcane defense systems. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that X. albilineans is a highly distinctive species within the genus Xanthomonas, and opens new perpectives towards a greater understanding of the pathogenicity of this destructive sugarcane pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monique Royer
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Valérie Barbe
- CEA/DSV/IG/Génoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, F-91057 Evry Cedex France
| | | | - Ralf Koebnik
- IRD, UMR RPB, F-34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Arnaud Couloux
- CEA/DSV/IG/Génoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, F-91057 Evry Cedex France
| | | | - Jérôme Gouzy
- INRA, UMR LIPM, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex France
| | | | | | | | - Sophie Mangenot
- CEA/DSV/IG/Génoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, F-91057 Evry Cedex France
| | - Stéphane Poussier
- Université de la Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97715 Saint-Denis La Réunion, France
| | - Béatrice Segurens
- CEA/DSV/IG/Génoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, F-91057 Evry Cedex France
| | - Boris Szurek
- IRD, UMR RPB, F-34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Matthieu Arlat
- Université Paul Sabatier, UMR LIPM, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex France
| | - Dean W Gabriel
- University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville FL 32605 USA
| | - Philippe Rott
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Stéphane Cociancich
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- UMR BGPI, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-54/K, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jaciani FJ, Ferro JA, Ferro MIT, Vernière C, Pruvost O, Belasque J. Genetic Diversity of a Brazilian Strain Collection of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Based on the Type III Effector Protein Genes. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:193-203. [PMID: 30731808 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-11-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exclusion and eradication or management based on an integrated approach with less susceptible varieties, copper-based bactericides, and windbreaks are the two main strategies used to prevent or control citrus canker. Field tolerance or resistance to citrus canker is not found in the most important commercial sweet orange cultivars, and pathogen-derived resistance has been developed and applied in different crops to obtain resistant genotypes to plant pathogens. We describe the development of DNA primers and probes based on the type III effector genes avrXacE1, avrXacE2, avrXacE3, avrBs2, pthA4, hpaF, and XAC3090 (leucine rich protein), and their application in the evaluation of the genetic diversity of the pathogen. A total of 49 haplotypes were identified in 157 strains by Southern blot analysis. No genetic polymorphism was detected by BOX elements - and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) analysis, nor with the genes avrBs2, XAC3090, and hpaF. Nei's genetic diversity indexes varied from 0.65 to 0.96 for subcollections of the pathogen. One or few haplotypes were most frequent in the strain collection, but several haplotypes were represented by solely one or few strains. The PthA4 probe resulted in the higher number of haplotypes identified in the Brazilian subcollections. Greater variation in the frequency of haplotypes occurred within subcollections (93.7%) than among subcollections. Only some haplotypes were genetically distant from all others, especially those originated from Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states. These bacterial effectors are widely spread in the collections and are useful for a better understanding of the host-pathogen interaction and the search for resistance genes in host and nonhost plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F J Jaciani
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Tecnologia, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - J A Ferro
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Tecnologia, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - M I T Ferro
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Tecnologia, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - C Vernière
- CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical CIRAD-Université de la Réunion, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7, chemin de l'Irat, 97410 Saint Pierre, Réunion, France
| | - O Pruvost
- CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical CIRAD-Université de la Réunion, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7, chemin de l'Irat, 97410 Saint Pierre, Réunion, France
| | - J Belasque
- Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Controlling rice bacterial blight in Africa: needs and prospects. J Biotechnol 2011; 159:320-8. [PMID: 21963588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rice cultivation has drastically increased in Africa over the last decade. During this time, the region has also seen a rise in the incidence of rice bacterial blight caused by the pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The disease is expanding to new rice production areas and threatens food security in the region. Yield losses caused by X. oryzae pv. oryzae range from 20 to 30% and can be as high as 50% in some areas. Employing resistant cultivars is the most economical and effective way to control this disease. To facilitate development and strategic deployment of rice cultivars with resistance to bacterial blight, biotechnology tools and approaches, including marker-assisted breeding, gene combinations for disease control, and multiplex-PCR for pathogen diagnosis, have been developed. Although these technologies are routinely used elsewhere, their application in Africa remains limited, usually due to high cost and advanced technical skills required. To combat this problem, developers of the technologies at research institutions need to work with farmers from an early stage to create and promote the integration of successful, low cost applications of research biotech products. Here, we review the current knowledge and biotechnologies available to improve bacterial blight control. We will also discuss how to facilitate their application in Africa and delivery to the field.
Collapse
|
14
|
Iyer-Pascuzzi AS, McCouch SR. Recessive resistance genes and the Oryza sativa-Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pathosystem. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:731-9. [PMID: 17601161 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-7-0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Though recessive resistance is well-studied in viral systems, little is understood regarding the phenomenon in plant-bacterial interactions. The Oryza sativa-Xanthomonas oryzae pv. orzyae pathosystem provides an excellent opportunity to examine recessive resistance in plant-bacterial interactions, in which nine of 30 documented resistance (R) genes are recessively inherited. Infestations of X. oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight, result in significant crop loss and damage throughout South and Southeast Asia. Two recently cloned novel recessive R genes, xa5 and xa13, have yielded insights to this system. Like their viral counterparts, these bacterial recessive R gene products do not conform to the five commonly described classes of R proteins. New findings suggest that such genes may more aptly be viewed as mutations in dominant susceptibility alleles and may also function in a gene-for-gene manner. In this review, we discuss recent accomplishments in the understanding of recessively inherited R genes in the rice-bacterial blight pathosystem and suggest a new model for the function of recessive resistance in plant-bacterial interactions.
Collapse
|
15
|
Variation suggestive of horizontal gene transfer at a lipopolysaccharide (lps) biosynthetic locus in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the bacterial leaf blight pathogen of rice. BMC Microbiol 2004; 4:40. [PMID: 15473911 PMCID: PMC524487 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-4-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In animal pathogenic bacteria, horizontal gene transfer events (HGT) have been frequently observed in genomic regions that encode functions involved in biosynthesis of the outer membrane located lipopolysaccharide (LPS). As a result, different strains of the same pathogen can have substantially different lps biosynthetic gene clusters. Since LPS is highly antigenic, the variation at lps loci is attributed to be of advantage in evading the host immune system. Although LPS has been suggested as a potentiator of plant defense responses, interstrain variation at lps biosynthetic gene clusters has not been reported for any plant pathogenic bacterium. Results We report here the complete sequence of a 12.2 kb virulence locus of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) encoding six genes whose products are homologous to functions involved in LPS biosynthesis and transport. All six open reading frames (ORFs) have atypical G+C content and altered codon usage, which are the hallmarks of genomic islands that are acquired by horizontal gene transfer. The lps locus is flanked by highly conserved genes, metB and etfA, respectively encoding cystathionine gamma lyase and electron transport flavoprotein. Interestingly, two different sets of lps genes are present at this locus in the plant pathogens, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac). The genomic island is present in a number of Xoo strains from India and other Asian countries but is not present in two strains, one from India (BXO8) and another from Nepal (Nepal624) as well as the closely related rice pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoor). TAIL-PCR analysis indicates that sequences related to Xac are present at the lps locus in both BXO8 and Nepal624. The Xoor strain has a hybrid lps gene cluster, with sequences at the metB and etfA ends, being most closely related to sequences from Xac and the tomato pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato respectively. Conclusion This is the first report of hypervariation at an lps locus between different strains of a plant pathogenic bacterium. Our results indicate that multiple HGT events have occurred at this locus in the xanthomonad group of plant pathogens.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ochiai H, Inoue Y, Hasebe A, Kaku H. Construction and characterization of a Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae bacterial artificial chromosome library. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 200:59-65. [PMID: 11410350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is an important plant pathogen which causes bacterial blight of rice. To facilitate genome studies of this bacterium, we have constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of strain MAFF 311018. It consisted of 750 clones representing 16 genome equivalents, and had an insert size ranging from 20 to 220 kb with an average size of 107 kb. This library is the first to be constructed from a X. oryzae pv. oryzae strain. The usefulness of this library was demonstrated through polymerase chain reaction screening of 11 genes and the 16S--23S rDNA spacer region in a 192-clone subset, representing five genome equivalents. The results obtained showed an average of 5.9 BAC clones per screening. This result is in good agreement with the estimated size of the test library, indicating that the constructed BAC library can be used to facilitate genome analysis of X. oryzae pv. oryzae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ochiai
- Department of Genetic Resources, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|