1
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Kwon J, Hu R, Penicks AK, Zhang C, Wang Y, Lohry D, Fernandez EJ, Domier LL, Hajimorad MR. Replacement of P1 of soybean mosaic virus with P1 of clover yellow vein virus has no impact on virus viability and host specificity. Arch Virol 2024; 169:143. [PMID: 38864946 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Potyvirus genomes are expressed as polyproteins that are autocatalytically cleaved to produce 10 to 12 multifunctional proteins, among which P1 is the most variable. It has long been hypothesized that P1 plays role(s) in host adaptation and host specificity. We tested this hypothesis using two phylogenetically distinct potyviruses: soybean mosaic virus (SMV), with a narrow host range, and clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV), with a broader host range. When the full-length P1 cistron of SMV-N was replaced with P1 from ClYVV-No.30, the chimera systemically infected only SMV-N-permissive hosts. Hence, there were no changes in the host range or host specificity of the chimeric viruses. Despite sharing only 20.3% amino acid sequence identity, predicted molecular models of P1 proteins from SMV-N and ClYVV-No.30 showed analogous topologies. These observations suggest that P1 of ClYVV-No.30 can functionally replace P1 of SMV-N. However, the P1 proteins of these two potyviruses are not determinants of host specificity and host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Kwon
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- International Research Center for Agricultural & Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Rongbin Hu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Amanda K Penicks
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Yongzhi Wang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - David Lohry
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 39316, USA
| | - Elias J Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 39316, USA
| | - Leslie L Domier
- Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology, and Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - M R Hajimorad
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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2
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López‐González S, Navarro JA, Pacios LF, Sardaru P, Pallás V, Sánchez F, Ponz F. Association between flower stalk elongation, an Arabidopsis developmental trait, and the subcellular location and movement dynamics of the nonstructural protein P3 of Turnip mosaic virus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1271-1286. [PMID: 32737952 PMCID: PMC7488469 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Virus infections affect plant developmental traits but this aspect of the interaction has not been extensively studied so far. Two strains of Turnip mosaic virus differentially affect Arabidopsis development, especially flower stalk elongation, which allowed phenotypical, cellular, and molecular characterization of the viral determinant, the P3 protein. Transiently expressed wild-type green fluorescent protein-tagged P3 proteins of both strains and selected mutants of them revealed important differences in their behaviour as endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated peripheral proteins flowing along the reticulum, forming punctate accumulations. Three-dimensional (3D) model structures of all expressed P3 proteins were computationally constructed through I-TASSER protein structure predictions, which were used to compute protein surfaces and map electrostatic potentials to characterize the effect of amino acid changes on features related to protein interactions and to phenotypical and subcellular results. The amino acid at position 279 was the main determinant affecting stalk development. It also determined the speed of ER-flow of the expressed proteins and their final location. A marked change in the protein surface electrostatic potential correlated with changes in subcellular location. One single amino acid in the P3 viral protein determines all the analysed differential characteristics between strains differentially affecting flower stalk development. A model proposing a role of the protein in the intracellular movement of the viral replication complex, in association with the viral 6K2 protein, is proposed. The type of association between both viral proteins could differ between the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Antonio Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV‐CSIC), IBMCPValenciaSpain
| | - Luis F. Pacios
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA)Pozuelo de AlarcónSpain
| | - Papaiah Sardaru
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA)Pozuelo de AlarcónSpain
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV‐CSIC), IBMCPValenciaSpain
| | - Flora Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA)Pozuelo de AlarcónSpain
| | - Fernando Ponz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA)Pozuelo de AlarcónSpain
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3
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Maejima K, Hashimoto M, Hagiwara‐Komoda Y, Miyazaki A, Nishikawa M, Tokuda R, Kumita K, Maruyama N, Namba S, Yamaji Y. Intra-strain biological and epidemiological characterization of plum pox virus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:475-488. [PMID: 31978272 PMCID: PMC7060144 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plum pox virus (PPV) is one of the most important plant viruses causing serious economic losses. Thus far, strain typing based on the definition of 10 monophyletic strains with partially differentiable biological properties has been the sole approach used for epidemiological characterization of PPV. However, elucidating the genetic determinants underlying intra-strain biological variation among populations or isolates remains a relevant but unexamined aspect of the epidemiology of the virus. In this study, based on complete nucleotide sequence information of 210 Japanese and 47 non-Japanese isolates of the PPV-Dideron (D) strain, we identified five positively selected sites in the PPV-D genome. Among them, molecular studies showed that amino acid substitutions at position 2,635 in viral replicase correlate with viral titre and competitiveness at the systemic level, suggesting that amino acid position 2,635 is involved in aphid transmission efficiency and symptom severity. Estimation of ancestral genome sequences indicated that substitutions at amino acid position 2,635 were reversible and peculiar to one of two genetically distinct PPV-D populations in Japan. The reversible amino acid evolution probably contributes to the dissemination of the virus population. This study provides the first genomic insight into the evolutionary epidemiology of PPV based on intra-strain biological variation ascribed to positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Maejima
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Masayoshi Hashimoto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yuka Hagiwara‐Komoda
- Department of Sustainable AgricultureCollege of Agriculture, Food and Environment SciencesRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuHokkaidoJapan
| | - Akio Miyazaki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Masanobu Nishikawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Ryosuke Tokuda
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kohei Kumita
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Noriko Maruyama
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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4
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Rodamilans B, Valli A, García JA. Molecular Plant-Plum Pox Virus Interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:6-17. [PMID: 31454296 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0189-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plum pox virus, the agent that causes sharka disease, is among the most important plant viral pathogens, affecting Prunus trees across the globe. The fabric of interactions that the virus is able to establish with the plant regulates its life cycle, including RNA uncoating, translation, replication, virion assembly, and movement. In addition, plant-virus interactions are strongly conditioned by host specificities, which determine infection outcomes, including resistance. This review attempts to summarize the latest knowledge regarding Plum pox virus-host interactions, giving a comprehensive overview of their relevance for viral infection and plant survival, including the latest advances in genetic engineering of resistant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Rodamilans
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Valli
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio García
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Wang Y, Xu W, Abe J, Nakahara KS, Hajimorad MR. Precise Exchange of the Helper-Component Proteinase Cistron Between Soybean mosaic virus and Clover yellow vein virus: Impact on Virus Viability and Host Range Specificity. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:206-214. [PMID: 31509476 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-19-0193-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus and Clover yellow vein virus are two definite species of the genus Potyvirus within the family Potyviridae. Soybean mosaic virus-N (SMV-N) is well adapted to cultivated soybean (Glycine max) genotypes and wild soybean (G. soja), whereas it remains undetectable in inoculated broad bean (Vicia faba). In contrast, clover yellow vein virus No. 30 (ClYVV-No. 30) is capable of systemic infection in broad bean and wild soybean; however, it infects cultivated soybean genotypes only locally. In this study, SMV-N was shown to also infect broad bean locally; hence, broad bean is a host for SMV-N. Based on these observations, it was hypothesized that lack of systemic infection by SMV-N in broad bean and by ClYVV-No. 30 in cultivated soybean is attributable to the incompatibility of multifunctional helper-component proteinase (HC-Pro) in these hosts. The logic of selecting the HC-Pro cistron as a target is based on its established function in systemic movement and being a relevant factor in host range specificity of potyviruses. To test this hypothesis, chimeras were constructed with precise exchanges of HC-Pro cistrons between SMV-N and ClYVV-No. 30. Upon inoculation, both chimeras were viable in infection, but host range specificity of the recombinant viruses did not differ from those of the parental viruses. These observations suggest that (i) HC-Pro cistrons from SMV-N and ClYVV-No. 30 are functionally compatible in infection despite 55.6 and 48.9% nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity, respectively, and (ii) HC-Pro cistrons from SMV-N and ClYVV-No. 30 are not the determinants of host specificity on cultivated soybean or broad beans, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
| | - W Xu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
| | - J Abe
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - K S Nakahara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - M R Hajimorad
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
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6
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Kim IH, Ju HK, Gong J, Han JY, Seo EY, Cho SW, Hu WX, Choi SR, Lim YP, Domier LL, Hammond J, Lim HS. A Turnip Mosaic Virus Determinant of Systemic Necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana and a Novel Resistance-Breaking Determinant in Chinese Cabbage Identified from Chimeric Infectious Clones. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1638-1647. [PMID: 31044662 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-18-0323-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Infectious clones of Korean turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolates KIH1 and HJY1 share 88.1% genomic nucleotides and 96.4% polyprotein amino acid identity, and they induce systemic necrosis or mild mosaic, respectively, in Nicotiana benthamiana. Chimeric constructs between these isolates exchanged the 5', central, and 3' domains of KIH1 (K) and HJY1 (H), where the order of the letters indicates the origin of these domains. KIH1 and chimeras KHH and KKH induced systemic necrosis, whereas HJY1 and chimeras HHK, HKK, and HKH induced mild symptoms, indicating the determinant of necrosis to be within the 5' 3.9 kb of KIH1; amino acid identities of the included P1, Helper component protease, P3, 6K1, and cylindrical inclusion N-terminal domain were 90.06, 98.91, 93.80, 100, and 100%, respectively. Expression of P1 or P3 from a potato virus X vector yielded symptom differences only between P3 of KIH1 and HJY1, implicating a role for P3 in necrosis in N. benthamiana. Chimera KKH infected Brassica rapa var. pekinensis 'Norang', which was resistant to both KIH1 and HJY1, indicating that two separate TuMV determinants are required to overcome the resistance. Ability of diverse TuMV isolates, chimeras, and recombinants to overcome resistance in breeding lines may allow identification of novel resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Hyun Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Kyoung Ju
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Junsu Gong
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Yeong Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Young Seo
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Won Cho
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Wen-Xing Hu
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Su Ryun Choi
- Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Lim
- Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Leslie L Domier
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
| | - John Hammond
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, U.S. National Arboretum, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A
| | - Hyoun-Sub Lim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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7
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Luan H, Liao W, Niu H, Cui X, Chen X, Zhi H. Comprehensive Analysis of Soybean Mosaic Virus P3 Protein Interactors and Hypersensitive Response-Like Lesion-Inducing Protein Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143388. [PMID: 31295900 PMCID: PMC6678280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is one of the most prevalent and important pathogens of soybean, which produces 11 proteins, and the third protein, P3, was suggested to be involved in virus movement and replication, as well as host infection. During the virus infection, host proteins are essential in the virus cycle. However, there is no comprehensive report on the network of host proteins that interact with P3. Fifty-one interactors were identified by using the P3 protein as the bait against the SMV SC15 strain-challenged soybean cDNA library. These proteins were classified into five groups, including transport and protein transport-related proteins, defense and disease-related proteins, photosynthesis proteins, cellular metabolic proteins, and unknown proteins. Among these proteins, the protein defined as hypersensitive response-like lesion-inducing (HRLI) appeared multiple times and showed strong affinity with P3, which indicated its important role in SMV infection. Thus, it was chosen for further investigation. Phylogenetic classification showed that paralog proteins GmHRLI-1 and GmHRLI-2 clustered together and shared 90% homologous identity. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay was carried out to confirm the interaction, and fluorescence was detected at the cell periplasmic as well as at the nucleus. Subcellular localization showed that GmHRLI was localized to the cell periplasmic, while the co-localization of GmHRLI and P3 signals was also observed in the nucleus, suggesting that GmHRLI could interact with P3 and promoted the translation of P3 to the nucleus. Moreover, the gene expression of GmHRLI was abundant in the roots, leaves, and flowers, and could be induced by SMV infection, suggesting its involvement in SMV infection. Our results together lay the foundation to explore the mechanisms of P3 in the HR process and the HRLI protein function in SMV response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexiang Luan
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenlin Liao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haopeng Niu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Haijian Zhi
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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8
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Gong J, Ju HK, Kim IH, Seo EY, Cho IS, Hu WX, Han JY, Kim JK, Choi SR, Lim YP, Hammond J, Lim HS. Sequence Variations Among 17 New Radish Isolates of Turnip mosaic virus Showing Differential Pathogenicity and Infectivity in Nicotiana benthamiana, Brassica rapa, and Raphanus sativus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:904-912. [PMID: 30629482 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-17-0401-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Infectious clones were generated from 17 new Korean radish isolates of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all new isolates, and three previously characterized Korean radish isolates, belong to the basal-BR group (indicating that the pathotype can infect both Brassica and Raphanus spp.). Pairwise analysis revealed genomic nucleotide and polyprotein amino acid identities of >87.9 and >95.7%, respectively. Five clones (HJY1, HJY2, KIH2, BE, and prior isolate R007) had lower sequence identities than other isolates and produced mild symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana. These isolates formed three distinct sequence classes (HJY1/HJY2/R007, KIH2, and BE), and several differential amino acid residues (in P1, P3, 6K2, and VPg) were present only in mild isolates HJY1, HJY2, and R007. The remaining isolates all induced systemic necrosis in N. benthamiana. Four mild isolates formed a phylogenetic subclade separate from another subclade including all of the necrosis-inducing isolates plus mild isolate KIH2. Symptom severity in radish and Chinese cabbage genotypes was not correlated with pathogenicity in N. benthamiana; indeed, Chinese cabbage cultivar Norang was not infected by any isolate, whereas Chinese cabbage cultivar Chusarang was uniformly susceptible. Four isolates were unable to infect radish cultivar Iljin, but no specific amino acid residues were correlated with avirulence. These results may lead to the identification of new resistance genes against TuMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsu Gong
- 1 Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyoung Ju
- 1 Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Kim
- 1 Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Eun-Young Seo
- 1 Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - In-Sook Cho
- 2 Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, 100 Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Wen-Xing Hu
- 1 Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Jae-Yeong Han
- 1 Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Jung-Kyu Kim
- 1 Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Su Ryun Choi
- 3 Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea; and
| | - Young Pyo Lim
- 3 Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea; and
| | - John Hammond
- 4 Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, U.S. National Arboretum, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
| | - Hyoun-Sub Lim
- 1 Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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9
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Cui X, Lu L, Wang Y, Yuan X, Chen X. The interaction of soybean reticulon homology domain protein (GmRHP) with Soybean mosaic virus encoded P3 contributes to the viral infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:2105-2110. [PMID: 29229386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), a member of the Potyvirus genus, is a prevalent and devastating viral pathogen in soybean-growing regions worldwide. Potyvirus replication occurs in the 6K2-induced viral replication complex at endoplasmic reticulum exit sites. Potyvirus-encoded P3 is also associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and is as an essential component of the viral replication complex, playing a key role in viral replication. This study provides evidence that the soybean (Glycine max) reticulon homology domain protein (designated as GmRHP) interacts with SMV-P3 by using a two-hybrid yeast system to screen a soybean cDNA library. A bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay further confirmed the interaction, which occurred on the cytomembrane, endoplasmic reticulum and cytoskeleton in Nicotiana benthamiana cells. The transient expression of GmRHP can promote the coupling of Turnip mosaic virus replication and cell-to-cell movement in N. benthamiana. The interaction between the membrane protein SMV-P3 and GmRHP may contribute to the potyvirus infection, and GmRHP may be an essential host factor for P3's involvement in potyvirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cui
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, PR China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, PR China; Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, PR China.
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10
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Han JY, Chung J, Kim J, Seo EY, Kilcrease JP, Bauchan GR, Lim S, Hammond J, Lim HS. Comparison of helper component-protease RNA silencing suppression activity, subcellular localization, and aggregation of three Korean isolates of Turnip mosaic virus. Virus Genes 2016; 52:592-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Lu L, Wu G, Xu X, Luan H, Zhi H, Cui J, Cui X, Chen X. Soybean actin-depolymerizing factor 2 interacts with Soybean mosaic virus-encoded P3 protein. Virus Genes 2015; 50:333-9. [PMID: 25537947 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), a member of the Potyvirus genus, is one of the most prevalent and devastating viral pathogens in soybean-growing regions worldwide. It is generally accepted that symptom development of a viral plant disease results from molecular interactions between the virus and its host plant. P3 protein is the most variable polyprotein in potyviruses, which potentially plays an important role in the process of the evolution of virus type specialization. However, P3 not only plays a major role in virus replication and movement, but it is also responsible for symptom development in SMV-infected plants. This study provides evidence that actin-depolymerizing factor 2 (designated as ADF2) of soybean interacts with SMV P3 via a two-hybrid yeast system by screening a soybean cDNA library. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay further confirmed the interaction, which occurred in both the cytomembrane and cytoskeleton of Nicotiana benthamiana cells. The results support the hypothesis that SMV P3 might have a role in virus movement within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Rubio M, Rodríguez-Moreno L, Ballester AR, de Moura MC, Bonghi C, Candresse T, Martínez-Gómez P. Analysis of gene expression changes in peach leaves in response to Plum pox virus infection using RNA-Seq. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:164-76. [PMID: 24989162 PMCID: PMC6638525 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Differences in gene expression were studied after Plum pox virus (PPV, sharka disease) infection in peach GF305 leaves with and without sharka symptoms using RNA-Seq. For each sample, more than 80% of 100-nucleotide paired-end (PE) Illumina reads were aligned on the peach reference genome. In the symptomatic sample, a significant proportion of reads were mapped to PPV reference genomes (1.04% compared with 0.00002% in non-symptomatic leaves), allowing for the ultra-deep assembly of the complete genome of the PPV isolate used (9775 nucleotides, missing only 11 nucleotides at the 5' genome end). In addition, significant alternative splicing events were detected in 359 genes and 12 990 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, 425 of which could be annotated. Gene ontology annotation revealed that the high-ranking mRNA target genes associated with the expression of sharka symptoms are mainly related to the response to biotic stimuli, to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and to the negative regulation of catalytic activity. A greater number of differentially expressed genes were observed in the early asymptomatic phase of PPV infection in comparison with the symptomatic phase. These early infection events were associated with the induction of genes related to pathogen resistance, such as jasmonic acid, chitinases, cytokinin glucosyl transferases and Lys-M proteins. Once the virus had accumulated, the overexpression of Dicer protein 2a genes suggested a gene silencing plant response that was suppressed by the virus HCPro and P1 proteins. These results illustrate the dynamic nature of the peach-PPV interaction at the transcriptome level and confirm that sharka symptom expression is a complex process that can be understood on the basis of changes in plant gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rubio
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), PO Box 164, E-30100, Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
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13
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Abstract
Potyvirus is the largest genus of plant viruses causing significant losses in a wide range of crops. Potyviruses are aphid transmitted in a nonpersistent manner and some of them are also seed transmitted. As important pathogens, potyviruses are much more studied than other plant viruses belonging to other genera and their study covers many aspects of plant virology, such as functional characterization of viral proteins, molecular interaction with hosts and vectors, structure, taxonomy, evolution, epidemiology, and diagnosis. Biotechnological applications of potyviruses are also being explored. During this last decade, substantial advances have been made in the understanding of the molecular biology of these viruses and the functions of their various proteins. After a general presentation on the family Potyviridae and the potyviral proteins, we present an update of the knowledge on potyvirus multiplication, movement, and transmission and on potyvirus/plant compatible interactions including pathogenicity and symptom determinants. We end the review providing information on biotechnological applications of potyviruses.
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14
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García JA, Glasa M, Cambra M, Candresse T. Plum pox virus and sharka: a model potyvirus and a major disease. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:226-41. [PMID: 24102673 PMCID: PMC6638681 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS Plum pox virus (PPV) is a member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae. PPV diversity is structured into at least eight monophyletic strains. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION First discovered in Bulgaria, PPV is nowadays present in most of continental Europe (with an endemic status in many central and southern European countries) and has progressively spread to many countries on other continents. GENOMIC STRUCTURE Typical of potyviruses, the PPV genome is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), with a protein linked to its 5' end and a 3'-terminal poly A tail. It is encapsidated by a single type of capsid protein (CP) in flexuous rod particles and is translated into a large polyprotein which is proteolytically processed in at least 10 final products: P1, HCPro, P3, 6K1, CI, 6K2, VPg, NIapro, NIb and CP. In addition, P3N-PIPO is predicted to be produced by a translational frameshift. PATHOGENICITY FEATURES PPV causes sharka, the most damaging viral disease of stone fruit trees. It also infects wild and ornamental Prunus trees and has a large experimental host range in herbaceous species. PPV spreads over long distances by uncontrolled movement of plant material, and many species of aphid transmit the virus locally in a nonpersistent manner. SOURCES OF RESISTANCE A few natural sources of resistance to PPV have been found so far in Prunus species, which are being used in classical breeding programmes. Different genetic engineering approaches are being used to generate resistance to PPV, and a transgenic plum, 'HoneySweet', transformed with the viral CP gene, has demonstrated high resistance to PPV in field tests in several countries and has obtained regulatory approval in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio García
- Departmento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Calvo M, Malinowski T, García JA. Single amino acid changes in the 6K1-CI region can promote the alternative adaptation of Prunus- and Nicotiana-propagated Plum pox virus C isolates to either host. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:136-49. [PMID: 24200075 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-13-0242-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plum pox virus (PPV) C is one of the less common PPV strains and specifically infects cherry trees in nature. Making use of two PPV-C isolates that display different pathogenicity features, i.e., SwCMp, which had been adapted to Nicotiana species, and BY101, which had been isolated from cherry rootstock L2 (Prunus lannesiana) and propagated only in cherry species, we have generated two infective full-length cDNA clones in order to determine which viral factors are involved in the adaptation to each host. According to our results, the C-P3(PIPO)/6K1/N-CI (cylindrical inclusion) region contains overlapping but not coincident viral determinants involved in symptoms development, local viral amplification, and systemic movement capacity. Amino acid changes in this region promoting the adaptation to N. benthamiana or P. avium have trade-off effects in the alternative host. In both cases, adaptation can be achieved through single amino acid changes in the NIapro protease recognition motif between 6K1 and CI or in nearby sequences. Thus, we hypothesize that the potyvirus polyprotein processing could depend on specific host factors and the adaptation of PPV-C isolates to particular hosts relies on a fine regulation of the proteolytic cleavage of the 6K1-CI junction.
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16
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Carbonell A, Maliogka VI, Pérez JDJ, Salvador B, León DS, García JA, Simón-Mateo C. Diverse amino acid changes at specific positions in the N-terminal region of the coat protein allow Plum pox virus to adapt to new hosts. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1211-24. [PMID: 23745677 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-13-0093-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plum pox virus (PPV)-D and PPV-R are two isolates from strain D of PPV that differ in host specificity. Previous analyses of chimeras originating from PPV-R and PPV-D suggested that the N terminus of the coat protein (CP) includes host-specific pathogenicity determinants. Here, these determinants were mapped precisely by analyzing the infectivity in herbaceous and woody species of chimeras containing a fragment of the 3' region of PPV-D (including the region coding for the CP) in a PPV-R backbone. These chimeras were not infectious in Prunus persica, but systemically infected Nicotiana clevelandii and N. benthamiana when specific amino acids were modified or deleted in a short 30-amino-acid region of the N terminus of the CP. Most of these mutations did not reduce PPV fitness in Prunus spp. although others impaired systemic infection in this host. We propose a model in which the N terminus of the CP, highly relevant for virus systemic movement, is targeted by a host defense mechanism in Nicotiana spp. Mutations in this short region allow PPV to overcome the defense response in this host but can compromise the efficiency of PPV systemic movement in other hosts such as Prunus spp.
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17
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Nagyová A, Kamencayová M, Glasa M, Subr ZW. The 3'-proximal part of the Plum pox virus P1 gene determinates the symptom expression in two herbaceous host plants. Virus Genes 2012; 44:505-12. [PMID: 22367316 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Three major strains of the Plum pox virus (PPV) are the most important in Europe: PPV-D, PPV-M, and PPV-Rec. By combining the genomes of two different strains of PPV (PPV-D with PPV-Rec; PPV-D with PPV-M), 20 inter-strain chimeric infectious clones (CICPPV) were constructed. Biological properties of CICPPV were tested by inoculating them on different herbaceous host species susceptible to PPV. Four of the seven species tested, exhibited visible symptoms. In Nicotiana benthamiana all CICPPV induced systemic mosaic and leaf malformation. Pisum sativum showed a broad range of symptom severity (systemic chlorotic and necrotic lesions) but neither qualitative nor quantitative aspects of symptomatology were related to a single PPV genome locus. Nicotiana occidentalis and Nicandra physaloides proved to be suitable for symptom-based differentiation. Depending on the virus strain/chimera, N. occidentalis showed two types of symptoms: mild systemic chlorotic spots or local necrotic lesions/systemic vein necroses. N. physaloides reacted to the PPV infection either symptomless or by local necrotic lesions. Our results demonstrated that the P1/HC-pro region of the PPV genome appears to be the determinant of the symptom manifestation in these host plants. In silico analysis mapped it to the 3'-proximal part of the P1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžbeta Nagyová
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
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18
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Predajňa L, Šubr Z, Candresse T, Glasa M. Evaluation of the genetic diversity of Plum pox virus in a single plum tree. Virus Res 2012; 167:112-7. [PMID: 22521553 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity of Plum pox virus (PPV) and its distribution within a single perennial woody host (plum, Prunus domestica) has been evaluated. A plum tree was triply infected by chip-budding with PPV-M, PPV-D and PPV-Rec isolates in 2003 and left to develop untreated under open field conditions. In September 2010 leaf and fruit samples were collected from different parts of the tree canopy. A 745-bp NIb-CP fragment of PPV genome, containing the hypervariable region encoding the CP N-terminal end was amplified by RT-PCR from each sample and directly sequenced to determine the dominant sequence. In parallel, the PCR products were cloned and a total of 105 individual clones were sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that after 7 years of infection, only PPV-M was still detectable in the tree and that the two other isolates (PPV-Rec and PPV-D) had been displaced. Despite the fact that the analysis targeted a relatively short portion of the genome, a substantial amount of intra-isolate variability was observed for PPV-M. A total of 51 different haplotypes could be identified from the 105 individual sequences, two of which were largely dominant. However, no clear-cut structuration of the viral population by the tree architecture could be highlighted although the results obtained suggest the possibility of intra-leaf/fruit differentiation of the viral population. Comparison of the consensus sequence with the original source isolate showed no difference, suggesting within-plant stability of this original isolate under open field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Predajňa
- Institute of Virology, Department of Plant Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
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19
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Pallas V, García JA. How do plant viruses induce disease? Interactions and interference with host components. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2691-2705. [PMID: 21900418 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.034603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are biotrophic pathogens that need living tissue for their multiplication and thus, in the infection-defence equilibrium, they do not normally cause plant death. In some instances virus infection may have no apparent pathological effect or may even provide a selective advantage to the host, but in many cases it causes the symptomatic phenotypes of disease. These pathological phenotypes are the result of interference and/or competition for a substantial amount of host resources, which can disrupt host physiology to cause disease. This interference/competition affects a number of genes, which seems to be greater the more severe the symptoms that they cause. Induced or repressed genes belong to a broad range of cellular processes, such as hormonal regulation, cell cycle control and endogenous transport of macromolecules, among others. In addition, recent evidence indicates the existence of interplay between plant development and antiviral defence processes, and that interference among the common points of their signalling pathways can trigger pathological manifestations. This review provides an update on the latest advances in understanding how viruses affect substantial cellular processes, and how plant antiviral defences contribute to pathological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Pallas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de las Plantas, CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio García
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Abstract
The family Potyviridae includes >30% of known plant virus species, many of which are of great agricultural significance. These viruses have a positive sense RNA genome that is approximately 10 kb long and contains a single long ORF. The ORF is translated into a large polyprotein, which is cleaved into approximately 10 mature proteins. We report the discovery of a short ORF embedded within the P3 cistron of the polyprotein but translated in the +2 reading-frame. The ORF, termed pipo, is conserved and has a strong bioinformatic coding signature throughout the large and diverse Potyviridae family. Mutations that knock out expression of the PIPO protein in Turnip mosaic potyvirus but leave the polyprotein amino acid sequence unaltered are lethal to the virus. Immunoblotting with antisera raised against two nonoverlapping 14-aa antigens, derived from the PIPO amino acid sequence, reveals the expression of an approximately 25-kDa PIPO fusion product in planta. This is consistent with expression of PIPO as a P3-PIPO fusion product via ribosomal frameshifting or transcriptional slippage at a highly conserved G(1-2)A(6-7) motif at the 5' end of pipo. This discovery suggests that other short overlapping genes may remain hidden even in well studied virus genomes (as well as cellular organisms) and demonstrates the utility of the software package MLOGD as a tool for identifying such genes.
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21
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Salvador B, Saénz P, Yangüez E, Quiot JB, Quiot L, Delgadillo MO, García JA, Simón-Mateo C. Host-specific effect of P1 exchange between two potyviruses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2008; 9:147-55. [PMID: 18705848 PMCID: PMC6640519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The potyviruses Plum pox virus (PPV) and Tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV) have distinct host ranges and induce different symptoms in their common herbaceous hosts. To test the relevance of the P1 protein in host compatibility and pathogenicity, hybrid viruses were constructed in which the P1 coding sequence of PPV was completely or partially replaced by the corresponding sequences from TVMV. Infections induced by these chimeric viruses revealed that the TVMV P1 and a PPV/TVMV hybrid P1 proteins are functionally equivalent in herbaceous plants to the P1 protein of a PPV isolate adapted to these hosts, in spite of having high sequence divergence. Moreover, the presence of TVMV P1 sequences enhanced the competence of a low-infectivity PPV-D-derived chimera in Nicotiana clevelandii. Conversely, all PPV/TVMV hybrids were unable to infect Prunus persicae, a specific host for PPV, suggesting that TVMV P1 is not functionally competent in this plant. Together, these data highlight the importance of the P1 protein in defining the virus host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Salvador
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Salvador B, Delgadillo MO, Sáenz P, García JA, Simón-Mateo C. Identification of Plum pox virus pathogenicity determinants in herbaceous and woody hosts. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:20-9. [PMID: 18052879 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-1-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plum pox virus (PPV) is a member of the genus Potyvirus that is able to infect a large variety of plant species, including trees of the genus Prunus, its natural host. When some PPV isolates are propagated for an extended time in herbaceous plants, their ability to infect trees is reduced. The molecular basis of this change in host infectivity is poorly understood. We report the construction of hybrid viruses from cDNA clones of two D-strain isolates of PPV, PPV-D and PPV-R, which differ in their host range. PPV-D can infect GF305 peach seedlings efficiently, however, it is unable to infect Nicotiana clevelandii plants. Conversely, PPV-R infects N. clevelandii, but not GF305 peach seedlings. The analyses of the hybrid viruses showed that, although determinants of PPV pathogenicity are extensively spread throughout the PPV genome, the 3' terminal region of the PPV-R genome, including the 3' noncoding region and the coding regions for the coat protein (CP), NIb, and part of NIa protein, is sufficient to confer infectivity of N. clevelandii in a PPV-D background. Our data demonstrate a high concentration of amino acid substitutions in the CP and a host-specific effect of a deletion at the N terminus of this protein in PPV pathogenicity in peach and N. clevelandii infectivity experiments. These results suggest that relevant host specificity determinants are located in the N-terminal region of the CP. The analyses of the PPV-R and PPV-D chimeras also showed that key host-specific pathogenicity determinants lie in the 5' terminal third of the PPV genome, a region that spans proteins P1, HCPro, and P3. The selection of mutations in only a few specific residues in proteins P1, P3, and 6K1 after partial adaptation of a chimeric virus (BD-GFP) to N. clevelandii further suggests a relevant role for these proteins in host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Salvador
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Glasa M, Svoboda J, Nováková S. Analysis of the molecular and biological variability of zucchini yellow mosaic virus isolates from Slovakia and Czech Republic. Virus Genes 2007; 35:415-21. [PMID: 17497214 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-007-0101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of ZYMV isolates was analysed by the biological and molecular characterisation of 11 isolates sampled from cucumber, squash and zucchini between 2001 and 2006 in various localities of Slovakia and Czech Republic. Analysis of the molecular variability targeting three separate genomic regions of the ZYMV genome [P1, P3 and (Cter)NIb-(Nter)CP] revealed a remarkable low level of nucleotide variability between isolates, despite their temporal and spatial distinction. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 5'-terminal part of the CP gene highlighted the close relatedness of Slovak, Czech and other central European isolates. Low level of genetic diversity within central European ZYMV isolates is in contrast to the diversity observed for isolates from other geographical regions, in particular Asia. No evidence of recombination in the ZYMV genome was detected. Sequence comparison between aggressive and moderate ZYMV isolates revealed one amino acid difference in the N-terminal part of the P3 protein, potentially involved in the tolerance breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Glasa
- Department of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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24
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Hjulsager CK, Olsen BS, Jensen DMK, Cordea MI, Krath BN, Johansen IE, Lund OS. Multiple determinants in the coding region of Pea seed-borne mosaic virus P3 are involved in virulence against sbm-2 resistance. Virology 2006; 355:52-61. [PMID: 16908044 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral determinants for overcoming Pisum sativum recessive resistance, sbm-2, against the potyvirus Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) were identified in the region encoding the N-terminal part of the P3 protein. Codons conserved between sbm-2 virulent isolates in this region: Q21, K30 and H122 were found to specifically impair sbm-2 virulence when mutated in selected genetic backgrounds. The corresponding amino acids, Gln21 and Lys30, are neighbored by P3 residues strongly conserved among potyviruses and His122 is conserved particularly in potyviral species infecting legumes. The strongest selective inhibition of sbm-2 virulence, however, was observed by elimination of isolate specific length polymorphisms also located in the N-terminal part of the P3 protein. Length variation in N-terminal P3 is common between potyviral species. However, intra-species length polymorphism in this region was found only among PSbMV isolates. Our findings comply with a model for PSbMV pathotypes having evolved by a diversification of the P3 protein likely to extend to the level of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Nováková S, Klaudiny J, Kollerová E, Subr ZW. Expression of a part of the Potato virus A non-structural protein P3 in Escherichia coli for the purpose of antibody preparation and P3 immunodetection in plant material. J Virol Methods 2006; 137:229-35. [PMID: 16876262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminal part of the Potato virus A (PVA) P3 protein was cloned into two E. coli fusion expression systems. An overexpression of the P3 fragment fused with thioredoxin was observed between 2 and 21 h after induction. The protein formed insoluble inclusions. Decreasing the cultivation temperature did not enhance its solubility. To obtain antigen for antibody preparation, inclusions were concentrated and purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation, and subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The band specific for the protein was excised from the gel and used for rabbit immunization. Obtained antibody tested positive with high specificity in immunoblots of expressed PVA P3 fused with either thioredoxin or GST. The antibody was also applied for the detection of P3 protein in plant material by immunoblot. Previous plant sap concentration was essential for most samples. Three concentration methods were tested: simple centrifugal size-exclusion filtration, the same preceded with high-speed centrifugation at 250,000 x g, and differential ammonium sulfate precipitation. The last approach was the most convenient. Plants tested included PVA P3-transgenic tobacco lines as well as PVA-infected wild-type tobacco. In all cases, mature P3 with a molecular mass of 40 kDa was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nováková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 45 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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26
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Waltermann A, Maiss E. Detection of 6K1 as a mature protein of 6 kDa in plum pox virus-infected Nicotiana benthamiana. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2381-2386. [PMID: 16847134 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA genome of Plum pox virus (PPV) encodes one large polyprotein that is subsequently cleaved into mature viral proteins. One of the products of proteolytic processing, the 6K1 protein, has not yet been identified in vivo for any member of the genus Potyvirus. In this study, 6K1-specific polyclonal antiserum was raised against PPV 6K1 expressed in Escherichia coli as a translational fusion with the N terminus of avian troponin C and an unusual metal-binding cluster of troponin T-1. For detection of 6K1 in vivo, a pPPV-H6K1-NAT infectious clone was constructed, enabling concentration of histidine-tagged 6K1 by affinity chromatography. Affinity-purified 6K1 was detected in locally infected Nicotiana benthamiana leaves at 4, 7 and 14 days post-inoculation (d.p.i.) and, in addition, in systemically infected leaves at 14 d.p.i., 6K1 was detected exclusively as a protein of 6 kDa and no polyprotein precursors were identified with the raised anti-6K1 antiserum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Waltermann
- Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Edgar Maiss
- Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
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27
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Myrta A, Varga A, James D. The complete genome sequence of an El Amar isolate of plum pox virus (PPV) and its phylogenetic relationship to other PPV strains. Arch Virol 2006; 151:1189-98. [PMID: 16397750 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The genomic sequence of an El Amar isolate of plum pox virus (PPV) from Egypt was determined by sequencing overlapping cDNA fragments. This is the first complete sequence of a member of the El Amar (EA) strain of PPV. The genome consists of 9791 nt, excluding a poly(A) tail at the 3' terminus. The complete nt sequence of PPV EA is 79-80%, 80%, 77%, and 77% homologous with isolates of strains D/M, Rec (BOR3), C, and W, respectively. The polyprotein identity ranged from 87-91%. Phylogenetic analysis using the complete genome sequence of PPV EA confirmed its strain status. No significant recombination signals were identified using PhylPro and SimPlot scans of the PPV EA sequence, however an interesting recombination signal was identified in the P1/HC-Pro region of PPV W3174.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Myrta
- Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo, Bari, Italy
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28
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Tan Z, Gibbs AJ, Tomitaka Y, Sánchez F, Ponz F, Ohshima K. Mutations in Turnip mosaic virus genomes that have adapted to Raphanus sativus. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:501-510. [PMID: 15659771 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis for virulence in potyviruses is largely unknown. Earlier studies showed that there are two host types of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV); the Brassica/Raphanus (BR)-host type infects both Brassica and Raphanus systemically, whereas the Brassica (B)-host type infects Brassica fully and systemically, but not Raphanus. The genetic basis of this difference has been explored by using the progeny of an infectious clone, p35Tunos; this clone is derived from the UK1 isolate, which is of the B-host type, but rarely infects Raphanus systemically and then only asymptomatically. Two inocula from one such infection were adapted to Raphanus by passaging, during which the infectivity and concentration of the virions of successive infections increased. The variant genomes in the samples, 16 in total, were sequenced fully. Four of the 39 nucleotide substitutions that were detected among the Raphanus sativus-adapted variant genomes were probably crucial for adaptation, as they were found in several variants with independent passage histories. These four were found in the protein 1 (P1), protein 3 (P3), cylindrical inclusion protein (CI) and genome-liked viral protein (VPg) genes. One of four 'parallel evolution' substitutions, 3430G-->A, resulted in a 1100Met-->Ile amino acid change in the C terminus of P3. It seems likely that this site is important in the initial stages of adaptation to R. sativus. Other independent substitutions were mostly found in the P3, CI and VPg genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Tan
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Adrian J Gibbs
- School of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Yasuhiro Tomitaka
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Flora Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, INIA, Autopista A-6 km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Ponz
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, INIA, Autopista A-6 km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kazusato Ohshima
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
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Suehiro N, Natsuaki T, Watanabe T, Okuda S. An important determinant of the ability of Turnip mosaic virus to infect Brassica spp. and/or Raphanus sativus is in its P3 protein. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:2087-2098. [PMID: 15218194 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV, genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) infects mainly cruciferous plants. Isolates Tu-3 and Tu-2R1 of TuMV exhibit different infection phenotypes in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) and Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Infectious full-length cDNA clones, pTuC and pTuR1, were constructed from isolates Tu-3 and Tu-2R1, respectively. Progeny virus derived from infections with pTuC induced systemic chlorotic and ringspot symptoms in infected cabbage, but no systemic infection in radish. Virus derived from plants infected with pTuR1 induced a mild chlorotic mottle in cabbage and infected radish systemically to induce mosaic symptoms. By exchanging genome fragments between the two virus isolates, the P3-coding region was shown to be responsible for systemic infection by TuMV and the symptoms it induces in cabbage and radish. Moreover, exchanges of smaller parts of the P3 region resulted in recombinants that induced complex infection phenotypes, especially the combination of pTuC-derived N-terminal sequence and pTuR1-derived C-terminal sequence. Analysis by tissue immunoblotting of the inoculated leaves showed that the distributions of P3-chimeric viruses differed from those of the parents, and that the origin of the P3 components affected not only virus accumulation, but also long-distance movement. These results suggest that the P3 protein is an important factor in the infection cycle of TuMV and in determining the host range of this and perhaps other potyviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Suehiro
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Mine-machi 350, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Tomohide Natsuaki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Mine-machi 350, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoko Watanabe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Mine-machi 350, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Seiichi Okuda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Mine-machi 350, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
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Jenner CE, Wang X, Tomimura K, Ohshima K, Ponz F, Walsh JA. The dual role of the potyvirus P3 protein of Turnip mosaic virus as a symptom and avirulence determinant in brassicas. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2003; 16:777-784. [PMID: 12971601 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.9.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two isolates of the potyvirus Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), UK 1 and CDN 1, differ both in their general symptoms on the susceptible propagation host Brassica juncea and in their ability to infect B. napus lines possessing a variety of dominant resistance genes. The isolate CDN 1 produces a more extreme mosaic in infected brassica leaves than UK 1 and is able to overcome the resistance genes TuRB01, TuRB04, and TuRB05. The resistance gene TuRB03, in the B. napus line 22S, is effective against CDN 1 but not UK 1. The nucleic acid sequences of the UK 1 and CDN 1 isolates were 90% identical. The C-terminal half of the P3 protein was identified as being responsible for the differences in symptoms in B. juncea. A single amino acid in the P3 protein was found to be the avirulence determinant for TuRB03. Previous work already has identified the P3 as an avirulence determinant for TuRB04. Our results increase the understanding of the basis of plant-virus recognition, show the importance of the potyviral P3 gene as a symptom determinant, and provide a role in planta for the poorly understood P3 protein in a normal infection cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E Jenner
- Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK.
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Walsh JA, Jenner CE. Turnip mosaic virus and the quest for durable resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2002; 3:289-300. [PMID: 20569337 DOI: 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Summary Taxonomy: Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is a member of the genus Potyvirus (type species Potato virus Y) in the family Potyviridae. To date, TuMV is the only potyvirus known to infect brassicas. There are potyvirus isolates that appear serologically similar to TuMV when tested with polyclonal antisera that do not readily infect brassicas (Lesemann and Vetten, 1985). Physical properties: Virions are approximately 720 x 15-20 nm flexuous rods (Fig. 1) and are composed of 95% coat protein (CP) and 5% RNA. Hosts: TuMV has been isolated from a wide range of crop and weed plant species. It is known to infect at least 318 species in over 43 dicot families, including Cruciferae, Compositae, Chenopodiaceae, Leguminosae and Caryophyllaceae and is also known to infect monocots. It has the broadest known host range in terms of plant genera and families of any potyvirus. TRANSMISSION Aphid transmitted in the non-persistent manner, by at least 89 species, including Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae. Useful website: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/57010072.htm.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Walsh
- Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK
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Jenner CE, Tomimura K, Ohshima K, Hughes SL, Walsh JA. Mutations in Turnip mosaic virus P3 and cylindrical inclusion proteins are separately required to overcome two Brassica napus resistance genes. Virology 2002; 300:50-9. [PMID: 12202205 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Brassica napus differential line 165 is resistant to infection by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolates belonging to pathotypes 1 and 3. Nucleotide sequences of resistance-breaking mutants of pathotype 1 (UK 1), pathotype 3 (CHN 12), and wild-type isolates have been determined. When the mutations identified were introduced into an infectious clone of UK 1, a single mutation in the viral P3 protein induced a hypersensitive (necrotic) response in inoculated leaves of line 165 plants. Full systemic nonnecrotic infection was only possible when another mutation (in the cylindrical inclusion protein) was introduced. Tests on segregating populations derived from line 165 indicated that the two viral genes were pathogenicity determinants for two different resistance genes in line 165. One gene responsible for an extreme form of resistance (no symptoms seen) was epistatic to a second responsible for the hypersensitive reaction. These results help to explain the relative stability of the resistance in line 165 and to further define the genetic basis of the TuMV pathotyping system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E Jenner
- Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, United Kingdom.
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