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Griffin RA, Swegen A, Baker MA, Ogle RA, Smith N, Aitken RJ, Skerrett-Byrne DA, Fair S, Gibb Z. Proteomic analysis of spermatozoa reveals caseins play a pivotal role in preventing short-term periods of subfertility in stallions. Biol Reprod 2022; 106:741-755. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Stallions experience transient fluctuations in fertility throughout the breeding season. Considering pregnancy diagnoses cannot be ascertained until ~14 days post-breeding, the timely detection of decreases in stallion fertility would enhance industry economic and welfare outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the proteomic signatures reflective of short-term fertility fluctuations, and to determine the biological mechanisms governing such differences. Using LC–MS/MS, we compared the proteomic profile of semen samples collected from commercially “fertile” stallions, during high- and low-fertility periods. A total of 1702 proteins were identified, of which, 38 showed a significant change in abundance (p ≤ 0.05). Assessment of intra- and inter-stallion variability revealed that caseins (namely κ-, α-S1-, and α-S2-casein), were significantly more abundant during “high-fertility” periods, while several epididymal, and seminal plasma proteins (chiefly, epididymal sperm binding protein 1 [ELSPbP1], horse seminal plasma protein 1 [HSP-1] and clusterin), were significantly more abundant during “low-fertility” periods. We hypothesised that an increased abundance of caseins offers greater protection from potentially harmful seminal plasma proteins, thereby preserving cell functionality and fertility. In vitro exposure of spermatozoa to casein resulted in decreased levels of lipid scrambling (Merocyanine 540), higher abundance of sperm-bound caseins (α-S1-, α-S2-, and κ-casein), and lower abundance of sperm-bound HSP-1 (p ≤ 0.05). This study demonstrates key pathways governing short-term fertility fluctuations in the stallion, thereby providing a platform to develop robust, fertility assessment strategies into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín Ann Griffin
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aleona Swegen
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Baker
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachel Ann Ogle
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nathan Smith
- Analytical and Biomedical Research Facility, Research Division, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Anthony Skerrett-Byrne
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sean Fair
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Biological Sciences, Biomaterials Research Cluster, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Zamira Gibb
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Rajabi-Toustani R, Mehr MRA, Motamedi-Mojdehi R. Reduction of seminal plasma concentration can decrease detrimental effects of seminal plasma on chilled ram spermatozoa. Anim Reprod 2021; 18:e20200211. [PMID: 34122651 PMCID: PMC8189354 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of seminal plasma (SP) and cold-shock on ram spermatozoa during 36 h storage at 5°C. In both ejaculated spermatozoa coated with egg yolk (second ejaculate; coated spermatozoa) and epididymal spermatozoa, samples were treated with 0, 50 and 100% seminal plasma. Different levels of seminal plasma were added on the basis of ram spermatocrit (32%). Then half of aliquots were suddenly put on ice water (cold-shock) and other half were gradually (0.25°C/min) chilled (non- cold shock). Sperm motility, viability and functional membrane integrity were determined in both aliquots at 0, 12, 24 and 36 h storage at 5°C. Under non- cold shock and cold-shock conditions, coated spermatozoa treated with 0% SP showed the highest motility compared to ejaculated spermatozoa (first ejaculate; uncoated spermatozoa) after 12, 24 and 36 h of storage at 5°C (P<0.05). Under non- cold shock and cold-shock conditions, viability and functional membrane integrity was higher in the coated spermatozoa treated with 0% SP than in the uncoated spermatozoa during 36 h storage (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between coated spermatozoa treated with 0 and 50% SP in the percentage of motility and viability after 24 and 36 h of storage (P>0.05). Under non- cold shock and cold-shock conditions, the percentage of motility of epididymal spermatozoa treated with 0% SP was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those treated with 100% SP after 36 h of storage at 5°C. In conclusion, removal of seminal plasma and/or reduction (up to 50%) of its concentration can decrease detrimental effects of seminal plasma on chilled ram spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rajabi-Toustani
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.,Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Rasool Motamedi-Mojdehi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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3
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Bubenickova F, Postlerova P, Simonik O, Sirohi J, Sichtar J. Effect of Seminal Plasma Protein Fractions on Stallion Sperm Cryopreservation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6415. [PMID: 32899253 PMCID: PMC7504567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminal plasma (SP) is the natural environment for spermatozoa and contains a number of components, especially proteins important for successful sperm maturation and fertilization. Nevertheless, in standard frozen stallion insemination doses production, SP is completely removed and is replaced by a semen extender. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of the selected seminal plasma protein groups that might play an important role in reducing the detrimental effects on spermatozoa during the cryopreservation process. SP proteins were separated according to their ability to bind to heparin into heparin-binding (Hep+) and heparin-non-binding (Hep-) fractions. The addition of three concentrations-125, 250, and 500 µg/mL-of each protein fraction was tested. After thawing, the following parameters were assessed: sperm motility (by CASA), plasma membrane integrity (PI staining), and acrosomal membrane integrity (PNA staining) using flow cytometry, and capacitation status (anti-phosphotyrosine antibody) using imaging-based flow cytometry. Our results showed that SP protein fractions had a significant effect on the kinematic parameters of spermatozoa and on a proportion of their subpopulations. The 125 µg/mL of Hep+ protein fraction resulted in increased linearity (LIN) and straightness (STR), moreover, with the highest values of sperm velocities (VAP, VSL), also this group contained the highest proportion of the fast sperm subpopulation. In contrast, the highest percentage of slow subpopulation was in the groups with 500 µg/mL of Hep+ fraction and 250 µg/mL of Hep- fraction. Interestingly, acrosomal membrane integrity was also highest in the groups with Hep+ fraction in concentrations of 125 µg/mL. Our results showed that the addition of protein fractions did not significantly affect the plasma membrane integrity and capacitation status of stallion spermatozoa. Moreover, our results confirmed that the effect of SP proteins on the sperm functionality is concentration-dependent, as has been reported for other species. Our study significantly contributes to the lack of studies dealing with possible use of specific stallion SP fractions in the complex puzzle of the improvement of cryopreservation protocols. It is clear that improvement in this field still needs more outputs from future studies, which should be focused on the effect of individual SP proteins on other sperm functional parameters with further implication on the success of artificial insemination in in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Bubenickova
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (F.B.); (P.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Pavla Postlerova
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (F.B.); (P.P.); (J.S.)
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Simonik
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (F.B.); (P.P.); (J.S.)
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Sirohi
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiri Sichtar
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (F.B.); (P.P.); (J.S.)
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4
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Wang DH, Liu YL, Cai ZG, An JH, Lan JC, Chen JS, Li Y, He L, Zhang Y, He P, Zhang ZH, Yie SM, Hou R. Effects of extender type on the quality of post-thaw giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) semen. Cryobiology 2020; 94:95-99. [PMID: 32304703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sperm cryopreservation is an essential approach for assisted reproduction and genetic resources conservation in captive giant pandas. Cryopreservation, however, leads to a significant decrease in sperm quality and, consequently, a low fertilization rate. Therefore, it is mandatory to disclose more suitable and efficient freezing strategies for sperm cryopreservation. In the present study, we compared for the first time the performance of two commercial freeze extender (INRA96 versus TEST) freezing methods on post-thawed semen quality. Semen cryopreserved with the INRA96 showed better total motility (73.00 ± 4.84% vs 57.56 ± 3.60%, P < 0.001), membrane integrity (60.92 ± 2.27% vs 40.53 ± 2.97%, P < 0.001) and acrosome integrity (90.39 ± 2.74% vs 84.26 ± 4.27%, P < 0.05) than stored with TEST. There was no significant difference in DNA integrity after thawing between the two extenders (95.69 ± 3.60% vs 94.26 ± 4.84%). In conclusion, the INRA96 method showed to be better for giant panda sperm cryopreservation and should therefore be recommended for use in order to increase success of artificial insemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hui Wang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu-Liang Liu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Cai
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jun-Hui An
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing-Chao Lan
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia-Song Chen
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ling He
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ping He
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhi-He Zhang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shang-Mian Yie
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, 610000, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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5
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Pini T, de Graaf SP, Druart X, Tsikis G, Labas V, Teixeira-Gomes AP, Gadella BM, Leahy T. Binder of Sperm Proteins 1 and 5 have contrasting effects on the capacitation of ram spermatozoa. Biol Reprod 2019; 98:765-775. [PMID: 29415221 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Binder of Sperm Proteins (BSPs) are the most abundant seminal plasma protein family in the ram and bull. They have been extensively studied in the bull but less is known about their function in ovine seminal plasma and current knowledge suggests that BSPs may have different effects in these two species. In the bull, they facilitate capacitation and destabilize the sperm membrane during in vitro handling, whereas in the ram, they appear to stabilize the sperm membrane and prevent cryopreservation-induced capacitation-like changes. Further investigation into the effects of BSPs on ram spermatozoa under capacitating conditions is required to further clarify their physiological roles in the ram. We investigated the effects of Binder of Sperm Proteins 1 and 5 on epididymal ram spermatozoa in conditions of low, moderate, and high cAMP. BSPs had minimal effects on sperm function in low-cAMP conditions, but caused significant changes under cAMP upregulation. BSP1 stabilized the membrane and qualitatively reduced protein tyrosine phosphorylation, but significantly increased cholesterol efflux and induced spontaneous acrosome reactions. BSP5 slightly increased spontaneous acrosome reactions and caused sperm necrosis. However, BSP5 had minimal effects on membrane lipid order and cholesterol efflux and did not inhibit protein tyrosine phosphorylation. These findings demonstrate that under maximal cAMP upregulation, BSP1 affected ram spermatozoa in a manner comparable to bull spermatozoa, while BSP5 did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Pini
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon P de Graaf
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xavier Druart
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Francais du Cheval et de L'Equitation, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Guillaume Tsikis
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Francais du Cheval et de L'Equitation, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Valerie Labas
- Plate-forme de Chirurgie et Imagerie pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement, Pôle d'Analyse et d'Imagerie des Biomolécules, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Ana Paula Teixeira-Gomes
- Plate-forme de Chirurgie et Imagerie pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement, Pôle d'Analyse et d'Imagerie des Biomolécules, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Barend M Gadella
- Department of Farm Animal Health and Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara Leahy
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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6
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Rickard JP, Pool KR, Druart X, de Graaf SP. The fate of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract: A comparative review. Theriogenology 2019; 137:104-112. [PMID: 31230704 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The journey that spermatozoa take following deposition in the female tract is a long and perilous one. The barriers they face within the female tract differ depending on whether they are deposited in the vagina or uterus, like spermatozoa of the ram or boar respectively. Comparative studies on the transit of spermatozoa through the ewe and sow tracts serves to highlight similarities, or differences, in the way their sperm-surface properties enable them to overcome these barriers, progress through the tract and fertilise the oocyte. The female environment contributes towards this successful transit by providing a vehicle for sperm transport, aiding the removal of dead spermatozoa and other pathogens and applying strict selection pressures to ensure only those cells with the highest quality reach the site of fertilisation. Understanding the criteria behind these natural barriers helps an understanding of the limitations to fertility associated with preserved spermatozoa, and how in vitro manipulation can alter this complex interaction between spermatozoa and the female environment. Similar mechanisms or surface coat interactions exist in both species, but each has evolved to be used for physiologically disparate functions. Here we briefly describe the sperm surface characteristics of both fresh and frozen-thawed boar and ram spermatozoa and compare how these properties equip them to survive the physical, biochemical and immune interactions within the female reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Rickard
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - K R Pool
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - X Druart
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Francais du Cheval et de L'Equitation, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - S P de Graaf
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, NSW, 2006, Australia
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7
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Zampini R, Sequeira S, Argañaraz ME, Apichela SA. SL15: A seminal plasma-derived lectin from the sperm of llama (Lama glama
). Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:576-584. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Zampini
- INSIBIO (Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas); CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Tucumán Argentina
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular; Facultad de Bioquímica; Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Tucumán Argentina
| | - Sabrina Sequeira
- INSIBIO (Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas); CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Tucumán Argentina
| | - Martin E. Argañaraz
- INSIBIO (Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas); CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Tucumán Argentina
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular; Facultad de Bioquímica; Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Tucumán Argentina
| | - Silvana A. Apichela
- INSIBIO (Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas); CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Tucumán Argentina
- Cátedra de Zootecnia General I; Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Tucumán Argentina
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8
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Torres MA, Ravagnani GM, Leal DF, Martins SMMK, Muro BBD, Meirelles FV, Papa FO, Dell'aqua JA, Alvarenga MA, Moretti AS, De Andrade AFC. Seminal plasma arising from the whole boar sperm-rich fraction increases the stability of sperm membrane after thawing. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:1906-12. [PMID: 27285688 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Boar spermatozoa arising from the sperm-rich ejaculate fraction are reported to have a more stable plasma membrane and are more resistant to cold shock and premature acrosome reaction than spermatozoa from the whole ejaculate. Furthermore, seminal plasma (SP) can increase the cryotolerance of boar spermatozoa, and in other domestic species, it has the ability to reverse cryopreservation damage. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of boar SP arising from the whole sperm-rich ejaculate fraction (SP-SRF) on the integrity, stability, and peroxidation of sperm membranes after thawing. Each ejaculate ( = 24) was divided among 4 treatments: control (CT), centrifuged and suspended in autologous SP-SRF (CS), centrifuged with withdrawn SP-SRF (CW), and post-thawed SP arising from the whole sperm-rich fraction addition to CW (CWSP). After thawing, all treatments were incubated for 5, 60, and 120 min and were analyzed for membrane integrity, fluidity, and peroxidation by flow cytometer. The absence of SP-SRF increased the lipid disorder ( < 0.05) but had no effect on lipid peroxidation ( > 0.05) or membrane integrity ( > 0.05). However, the increase in lipid disorder by withdrawal of SP-SRF was reversed by SP-SRF addition ( < 0.05) to the post-thawing medium, whereas plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity ( > 0.05) and lipid peroxidation ( > 0.05) were unchanged. In conclusion, despite the centrifugation effects, the addition of SP arising from the whole sperm-rich fraction to post-thawed boar semen decreased sperm lipid disorder without an influence of the sperm membrane integrity and peroxidation.
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9
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Leahy T, Gadella BM. New insights into the regulation of cholesterol efflux from the sperm membrane. Asian J Androl 2016; 17:561-7. [PMID: 25926609 PMCID: PMC4492045 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.153309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of the mammalian plasma membrane because it promotes membrane stability without comprising membrane fluidity. Given this important cellular role, cholesterol levels are tightly controlled at multiple levels. It has been clearly shown that cholesterol redistribution and depletion from the sperm membrane is a key part of the spermatozoon's preparation for fertilization. Some factors that regulate these events are described (e.g., bicarbonate, calcium) but the mechanisms underlying cholesterol export are poorly understood. How does a hydrophobic cholesterol molecule inserted in the sperm plasma membrane enter the energetically unfavorable aqueous surroundings? This review will provide an overview of knowledge in this area and highlight our gaps in understanding. The overall aim is to better understand cholesterol redistribution in the sperm plasma membrane, its relation to the possible activation of a cholesterol transporter and the role of cholesterol acceptors. Armed with such knowledge, sperm handling techniques can be adapted to better prepare spermatozoa for in vitro and in vivo fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart M Gadella
- Department of Farm Animal Health and of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Somashekar L, Selvaraju S, Parthipan S, Ravindra JP. Profiling of sperm proteins and association of sperm PDC-109 with bull fertility. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2015; 61:376-87. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2015.1094837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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11
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Rodríguez-Villamil P, Hoyos-Marulanda V, Martins JAM, Oliveira AN, Aguiar LH, Moreno FB, Velho ALMCS, Monteiro-Moreira AC, Moreira RA, Vasconcelos IM, Bertolini M, Moura AA. Purification of binder of sperm protein 1 (BSP1) and its effects on bovine in vitro embryo development after fertilization with ejaculated and epididymal sperm. Theriogenology 2015; 85:540-54. [PMID: 26553567 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated functional aspects of binder of sperm 1 (BSP1) in the bovine species. In a first experiment, cumulus-oocyte complexes (n = 1274) were incubated with frozen-thawed ejaculated sperm (18 hours) in Fert-TALP medium containing: heparin, 10, 20, or 40 μg/mL BSP1. Heparin followed by gelatin affinity chromatography was used for purification of BSP1 from bovine seminal vesicle fluid. With ejaculated sperm, cleavage rates were similar when Fert-TALP medium was incubated with heparin (74.1 ± 2.7%), 10 μg/mL BSP1 (77.8 ± 3.1%), or 20 μg/mL BSP1 (74 ± 2.0%). Day-7 blastocyst rates were equivalent after incubations with heparin (40.8 ± 5.0%) and 10 μg/mL BSP1 (34.1 ± 4.4%), but reduced after 20 μg/mL BSP1 (22.4 ± 2.9%) and 40 μg/mL BSP1 (19.3 ± 4.1%; P < 0.05). In the second experiment, cumulus-oocyte complexes (n = 1213) were incubated with frozen-thawed cauda epididymal sperm (18 hours) in Fert-TALP medium containing: no heparin, heparin, 10, 20, or 40 μg/mL. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were similar after treatments with heparin (68.5 ± 1.3% and 24.7 ± 3.2%, respectively) or without heparin (65.5 ± 1.8% and 27.3 ± 1.6%, respectively). Cleavage was higher after treatment with any BSP1 concentrations (74.2 ± 2.7%-79.0 ± 1.1%) than without heparin (P < 0.05). Also, cleavage was better after Fert-TALP medium incubation with 40 μg/mL BSP1 (79.0 ± 1.1%) than with heparin (68.5 ± 1.3%; P < 0.05). Embryo development was higher (P < 0.05) after treatment with 20 μg/mL BSP1 (35.6 ± 2.5%) and 40 μg/mL (41.1 ± 2%) than after incubations with heparin (24.7 ± 3.2%) or without heparin (27.3 ± 1.6%). Interestingly, BSP1 did not cause reductions in blastocyst rates after fertilization with epididymal sperm, as observed with ejaculated sperm. On the basis of immunocytochemistry, there was BSP1 binding to frozen-thawed ejaculated but not to epididymal sperm. Also, anti-BSP1 reaction remained on ejaculated sperm (as expected) and appeared on epididymal sperm after incubation with purified BSP1. Acrosome reaction of ejaculated and epididymal sperm was induced after incubation with purified BSP1 as well, indicating an effect of BSP1 on capacitation. In conclusion, purified BSP1 from bull seminal vesicles was able to bind to and induce capacitation of ejaculated and epididymal sperm. Also, BSP1 added to fertilization media and allowed proper cleavage and embryo development, with the effects being modulated by previous exposure or not of spermatozoa to seminal plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rodríguez-Villamil
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - V Hoyos-Marulanda
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - J A M Martins
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - A N Oliveira
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - L H Aguiar
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Laboratory, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - F B Moreno
- School of Pharmacy, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - A L M C S Velho
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - R A Moreira
- School of Pharmacy, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - I M Vasconcelos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - M Bertolini
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Laboratory, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - A A Moura
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.
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Evolution and function of mammalian binder of sperm proteins. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:105-127. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2289-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Plante G, Lusignan MF, Lafleur M, Manjunath P. Interaction of milk proteins and Binder of Sperm (BSP) proteins from boar, stallion and ram semen. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:92. [PMID: 26272219 PMCID: PMC4536704 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian semen contains a family of closely related proteins known as Binder of SPerm (BSP proteins) that are added to sperm at ejaculation. BSP proteins extract lipids from the sperm membrane thereby extensively modifying its composition. These changes can ultimately be detrimental to sperm storage. We have demonstrated that bovine BSP proteins interact with major milk proteins and proposed that this interaction could be the basis of sperm protection by milk extenders. In the present study, we investigated if homologous BSP proteins present in boar, stallion and ram seminal plasma display a similar affinity for the milk proteins in order to assess whether the mechanism of sperm protection by milk for these species could be general. METHODS Skim milk was incubated with seminal plasma proteins (boar, stallion and ram), chromatographed on a Sepharose CL-4B column and protein fractions were analyzed by immunoblotting. RESULTS Boar, stallion and ram BSP proteins displayed affinity for a milk protein fraction (F1) mainly composed of α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and κ-casein. They also had affinity for another milk protein fraction (F2) composed mostly of casein micelles. However, stallion BSP showed higher affinity for the fraction (F1). CONCLUSIONS These results further extend our view that the association of BSP proteins with milk proteins could be a general feature of the mechanism of mammalian sperm protection by milk to prevent detrimental effect of prolonged exposure of sperm to seminal plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Plante
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7.
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, 5415 L'Assomption blvd, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H1T 2M4.
| | - Marie-France Lusignan
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7.
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, 5415 L'Assomption blvd, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H1T 2M4.
| | - Michel Lafleur
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7.
| | - Puttaswamy Manjunath
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7.
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, 5415 L'Assomption blvd, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H1T 2M4.
- Puttaswamy Manjunath, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, 5415 L'Assomption blvd, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H1T 2M4.
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Plante G, Therien I, Lachance C, Leclerc P, Fan J, Manjunath P. Implication of the human Binder of SPerm Homolog 1 (BSPH1) protein in capacitation. Mol Hum Reprod 2014; 20:409-21. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Plante G, Fan J, Manjunath P. Murine Binder of SPerm Homolog 2 (BSPH2): The Black Sheep of the BSP Superfamily1. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:20. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.114272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Srivastava N, Srivastava SK, Ghosh SK, Jerome A, Das GK, Mehrotra S. Sequestration of PDC-109 Protein by Specific Antibodies and Egg Yolk Cryoprotects Bull Spermatozoa. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 48:724-31. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Srivastava
- Animal Reproduction Division; Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar; UP; India
| | - SK Srivastava
- Animal Reproduction Division; Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar; UP; India
| | - SK Ghosh
- Animal Reproduction Division; Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar; UP; India
| | - A Jerome
- Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes; Hisar; Hariana; UP; India
| | - GK Das
- Animal Reproduction Division; Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar; UP; India
| | - S Mehrotra
- Animal Reproduction Division; Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar; UP; India
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Madej M, Hansen C, Johannisson A, Madej A. Heparin-binding proteins from boar seminal plasma affecting the release of prostaglandins and interleukin-6 by porcine endometrial and cervical cells and bovine endometrial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ns.2013.57a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Caballero I, Parrilla I, Almiñana C, del Olmo D, Roca J, Martínez EA, Vázquez JM. Seminal plasma proteins as modulators of the sperm function and their application in sperm biotechnologies. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 3:12-21. [PMID: 22681294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Seminal plasma (SP) is known to play an important role in mammalian fertilization. However, the variability found in its composition among species, males and even fractions of the same ejaculate has made difficult to completely understand its effect in sperm function. Proteins are one of the major SP components that modulate sperm functionality. During the last years, intensive work has been performed to characterize the role of these proteins. They have been found to influence sperm capacitation, formation of the oviductal sperm reservoir and sperm-oocyte interaction. Sperm biotechnologies, such as sperm cryopreservation and flow cytometric sex-sorting, that involve a substantial dilution of the SP are detrimental to sperm quality. Attempts to improve the outcome of these biotechnologies include the restoration of SP, which has produced contradictory results. To overcome this variability, different research groups have proposed the application of isolated SP proteins. Herein, we will review the current knowledge in the role of the major SP proteins as modulators of sperm functionality. Furthermore, we will discuss the possible applications of the SP proteins in sperm cryopreservation and flow cytometric sex-sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Caballero
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Human Metabolism, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Leahy T, de Graaf SP. Seminal plasma and its effect on ruminant spermatozoa during processing. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 4:207-13. [PMID: 22827372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Seminal plasma can both inhibit and stimulate sperm function, making its use as a supportive medium somewhat contradictory. These effects are directed by the multifunctional action of numerous inorganic and organic components, but it is the direct association of seminal plasma proteins with the sperm membrane that is thought to exert the most significant response. In vitro handling of spermatozoa in preparation for artificial insemination may involve washing, dilution, cooling, freezing, re-warming and sex-sorting. These processes can alter proteins of the sperm surface and reduce seminal plasma in the sperm environment. This, among other factors, may destabilize the sperm membrane and reduce the fertilizable lifespan of spermatozoa. Such handling-induced damage may be prevented or reversed through supplementation of seminal plasma, but the effectiveness of this technique differs with species, and the source and subsequent treatment of both spermatozoa and seminal plasma. Seminal plasma appears to act as a protective medium during in vitro processing of ram spermatozoa, but this does not appear to be the case for bull spermatozoa. The reasons for this divergent effect will be discussed with particular emphasis on the influence of the major proteins of ruminant seminal plasma, known as BSP proteins. The biochemical and biophysical properties of these proteins are well documented, and this information has provided greater insight into the signalling pathways of capacitation and the protective action of extender components.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Leahy
- Faculty of Science, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia.
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Plante G, Thérien I, Manjunath P. Characterization of recombinant murine binder of sperm protein homolog 1 and its role in capacitation. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:20, 1-11. [PMID: 22539676 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.096644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm capacitation is a maturation step that is deemed to be essential for sperm to fertilize an oocyte. A family of proteins, the binder of sperm (BSP), are known to bind choline phospholipids on sperm membranes and promote capacitation in bulls and boars. Recently, BSP-homologous genes have been identified in the epididymal tissues of human (BSPH1) and mouse (Bsph1, Bsph2). The aim of this study was to determine the binding characteristics of the murine binder of sperm protein homolog 1 (BSPH1) and evaluate its effects on sperm capacitation. Since it is not possible to purify the native BSP proteins from human and mouse in sufficient quantity, a murine recombinant BSPH1 (rec-BSPH1) was produced and used for the functional studies. Similarly to BSP proteins from other species, rec-BSPH1 bound to gelatin, heparin, phosphatidylcholine liposomes, and sperm. Both native BSPH1 and rec-BSPH1 were detected on the head and the midpiece region of sperm, although a stronger signal was detected on the midpiece region when sperm were incubated in a capacitating media containing bovine serum albumin. More importantly, murine rec-BSPH1 was able to capacitate sperm, but was unable to induce the acrosome reaction. These results show that murine epididymal BSPH1 shares many biochemical and functional characteristics with BSP proteins secreted by seminal vesicles of ungulates, and suggest that it might play a similar role in sperm functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Plante
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Leahy T, Gadella BM. Sperm surface changes and physiological consequences induced by sperm handling and storage. Reproduction 2011; 142:759-78. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-11-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spermatozoa interact with their immediate environment and this contact remodels the sperm surface in preparation for fertilisation. These fundamental membrane changes will be critically covered in this review with special emphasis on the very specific surface destabilisation event, capacitation. This process involves very subtle and intricate modifications of the sperm membrane including removal of suppression (decapacitation) factors and changes in the lateral organisation of the proteins and lipids of the sperm surface. Processing of sperm for assisted reproduction (storage, sex-sorting, etc.) subjects spermatozoa to numerous stressors, and it is possible that this processing overrides such delicate processes resulting in sperm instability and cell damage. To improve sperm quality, novel mechanisms must be used to stabilise the sperm surface during handling. In this review, different types of membrane stress are considered, as well as novel surface manipulation methods to improve sperm stability.
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Leahy T, Gadella BM. Capacitation and Capacitation-like Sperm Surface Changes Induced by Handling Boar Semen. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 46 Suppl 2:7-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Sperm treatment affects capacitation parameters and penetration ability of ejaculated and epididymal boar spermatozoa. Theriogenology 2010; 74:1327-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Alghamdi AS, Funnell BJ, Bird SL, Lamb GC, Rendahl AK, Taube PC, Foster DN. Comparative studies on bull and stallion seminal DNase activity and interaction with semen extender and spermatozoa. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 121:249-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Vadnais ML, Roberts KP. Seminal plasma proteins inhibit in vitro- and cooling-induced capacitation in boar spermatozoa. Reprod Fertil Dev 2010; 22:893-900. [DOI: 10.1071/rd09274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilute boar seminal plasma (SP) has been shown to inhibit in vitro capacitation and cooling-induced capacitation-like changes in boar spermatozoa, as assessed by the ability of the spermatozoa to undergo an ionophore-induced acrosome reaction. We hypothesised that the protein component of SP is responsible for this effect. To test this hypothesis, varying concentrations of total SP protein or SP proteins fractionated by heparin binding were assayed for their ability to inhibit in vitro capacitation, as well as cooling- and cryopreservation-induced capacitation-like changes. In vitro capacitation and cooling-induced capacitation-like changes were prevented by 10% whole SP, as well as by total proteins extracted from SP at concentrations greater than 500 μg mL−1. No amount of SP protein was able to prevent cryopreservation-induced capacitation-like changes. Total SP proteins were fractionated based on their heparin-binding properties and the heparin-binding fraction was shown to possess capacitation inhibitory activity at concentrations as low as 250 µg mL−1. The proteins in the heparin-binding fraction were subjected to mass spectrometry and identified. The predominant proteins were three members of the spermadhesin families, namely AQN-3, AQN-1 and AWN, and SP protein pB1. We conclude that one or more of these heparin-binding SP proteins is able to inhibit in vitro capacitation and cooling-induced capacitation-like changes, but not cryopreservation-induced capacitation-like changes, in boar spermatozoa.
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Lefebvre J, Boileau G, Manjunath P. Recombinant expression and affinity purification of a novel epididymal human sperm-binding protein, BSPH1. Mol Hum Reprod 2008; 15:105-14. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gan077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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