1
|
Zorzetto M, Ferrari S, Saracino L, Inghilleri S, Stella GM. MET genetic lesions in non-small-cell lung cancer: pharmacological and clinical implications. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 1:194-207. [PMID: 25806181 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2012.09.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death for solid tumors worldwide with an annual mortality of over one million. Lung carcinoma includes a series of different diseases which are roughly divided into two groups based on clinical and histo-pathological features: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), accounting for almost 80% of lung cancer diagnosis and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) responsible for the remaining 20%. The NSCLC molecular profile has been deeply investigated; alterations in several oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and transcription factors have been detected, mainly in adenocarcinomas. Dissection of such a complex scenario represents a still open challenge for both researchers and clinicians. MET, the receptor for Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), has been recently identified as a novel promising target in several human malignancies, including NSCLC. Deregulation of the HGF/MET signaling pathway can occur via different mechanisms, including HGF and/or MET overexpression, MET gene amplification, mutations or rearrangements. While the role of MET mutations in NSCLC is not yet fully understood, MET amplification emerged as a critical event in driving cell survival, with preclinical data suggesting that MET-amplified cell lines are exquisitely sensitive to MET inhibition. True MET amplification, which has been associated with poor prognosis in different retrospective series, is a relatively uncommon event in NSCLC, occurring in 1-7% of unselected cases. Nevertheless, in highly selected cohorts of patients, such as those harboring somatic mutations of EGFR with acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, MET amplification can be observed in up to 20% of cases. Preclinical data suggested that a treatment approach including a combination of EGFR and MET tyrosine kinases could be an effective strategy in this setting and led to the clinical investigation of multiple MET inhibitors in combination with anti-EGFR agents. Results from ongoing and future trials will clarify the role of anti-MET molecules for the treatment of NSCLC and will provide insights into the most appropriate timing for their use. The present review recapitulates the current knowledge on the role of MET signaling in NSCLC mainly focusing on its implications in molecular diagnostic approach and on the novel targeted inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Zorzetto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, - Section of Pneumology, Laboratory of Biochemistry & Genetics; University and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia- Italy
| | - Simona Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, - Section of Pneumology, Laboratory of Biochemistry & Genetics; University and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia- Italy
| | - Laura Saracino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, - Section of Pneumology, Laboratory of Biochemistry & Genetics; University and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia- Italy
| | - Simona Inghilleri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, - Section of Pneumology, Laboratory of Biochemistry & Genetics; University and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia- Italy
| | - Giulia M Stella
- Department of Molecular Medicine, - Section of Pneumology, Laboratory of Biochemistry & Genetics; University and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han X, Yu R, Ji L, Zhen D, Tao S, Li S, Sun Y, Huang L, Feng Z, Li X, Han G, Schmidt M, Han L. InlB-mediated Listeria monocytogenes internalization requires a balanced phospholipase D activity maintained through phospho-cofilin. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:860-80. [PMID: 21722201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Internalization of Listeria monocytogenes into non-phagocytic cells is tightly controlled by host cell actin dynamics and cell membrane alterations. However, knowledge about the impact of phosphatidylcholine cleavage driven by host cell phospholipase D (PLD) on Listeria internalization into epithelial cells is limited. Here, we report that L. monocytogenes activates PLD in Vero cells during the internalization. With immunostaining it was shown that both PLD1 and PLD2 surrounded partially or completely the phagocytic cup of most L. monocytogenes. Either up- or down-regulation of PLD expression (activity) diminished Listeria internalization. Both PLD1 and PLD2 in Vero cells were required for efficient Listeria internalization, and could substitute for each other in the regulation of Listeria internalization. Further, exogenous InlB activated host cell PLD1 and PLD2 via the Met receptor, and restored host PLD activation by InlB-deficient L. monocytogenes. InlB-induced PLD activation and Listeria internalization were tightly controlled by phospho-cycling of cofilin. PLD1, but not PLD2, was involved in cofilin-mediated PLD activation and Listeria internalization. These data indicate that cofilin-dependent PLD activation induced by InlB may represent a novel regulation mechanism for efficient Listeria internalization into epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Han
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nagi FM, Omar AAM, Mostafa MG, Mohammed EA, Abd-Elwahed Hussein MR. The expression pattern of Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein, MET proto-oncogene, and TFE3 transcription factor oncoprotein in renal cell carcinoma in Upper Egypt. Ultrastruct Pathol 2011; 35:79-86. [PMID: 21299348 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2010.544844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic alterations in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) involve tumor suppressor genes such as Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL); proto-oncogenes such as MET and transcription factors such as TFE3 oncoprotein. AIM To examine the clinicopathologic features and the expression of some oncogenic molecules in various RCCs in patients from Upper Egypt. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors examined the expression pattern of pVHL; MET; and TFE3 proteins in 59 RCC using immunoperoxidase staining methods. The study group consisted of clear cell RCCs (CRCC); papillary RCCs type 1 (PRCC1); papillary RCCs type 2 (PRCC2); Xp11-2 translocation RCCs (XP11.2RCC); chromophobe RCCs (ChRCC); and sarcomatoid RCCs (SRCC). RESULTS Variations were found in the expression of these molecules in the different types of RCCs. The mean age of RCCs among Egyptians was 52.70 ± 1.73 years; with male sex predominance. Mass lesion; pain; and hematuria were the main presenting features. Metastatic disease was more frequent with CRCC variant. pVHL expression was strong in PCRCC2; Xp11.2RCC; and ChRCC; moderate in CRCC; and weak in both PRCC1 and sarcomatoid RCC. MET protein expression was moderate in Xp11.2RCC; PRCC1; PRCC2; and sarcomatoid RCC. TFE3 protein expression was strong in Xp11.2RCC and PRCC2 variants. The expression was moderate in PRCC1; CRCC; ChRCC; and sarcomatoid RCC. Positive correlation was found in the expression of the different proteins (pVHL; MET; and TFE3) and some histological features (tumor grade; inflammation; necrosis and metastasis) and the presence of metastasis and some histological features (inflammation and/or necrosis). CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first indication about the clinicopathologic features of RCCs in Upper Egypt. The variable expression of these molecules in the different variants of RCC suggests that several oncogenic pathways are operational in their development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fayed Mohamad Nagi
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stella GM, Benvenuti S, Comoglio PM. Targeting the MET oncogene in cancer and metastases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:1381-94. [PMID: 20868306 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.522988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD 'Invasive growth' is a genetic program involved in embryonic development and adult organ regeneration and usurped by cancer cells. Although its control is complex, tumor- and context-specific and regulated by several cytokines and growth factors, the role played by the MET oncogene is well documented. In human cancers the contribution of MET to invasive growth is mainly through overexpression, driven by unfavorable microenvironmental conditions. MET activation confers a selective advantage to neoplastic cells in tumor progression and drug resistance. A subset of tumors feature alterations of the MET gene and a consequent MET-addicted phenotype. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The molecular basis and rationale of MET inhibition in cancer and metastases are discussed. A number of molecules designed to block MET signaling are under development and several Phase II trials are ongoing. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Knowledge of the state of the art of anti-MET targeted approaches and the molecular basis and strategies to select patients eligible for treatment with MET inhibitors. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Due to its versatile functions MET is a promising candidate for cancer therapy. Understanding molecular mechanisms of sensitization and resistance to MET inhibitors is a priority to guide tailored therapies and select patients that are most likely to achieve a clinical benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia M Stella
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University of Turin Medical School, I-10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kellermann G, Boudechiche L, Weber A, Hadchouel M. Increased engraftment of hepatic progenitors after activation of the hepatocyte growth factor signaling pathway by protein transduction. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:1102-8. [PMID: 19546353 DOI: 10.3181/0901-rm-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation has become a major focus in biomedical research. However, efficient engraftment in solid tissues remains a challenge. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling increases survival, proliferation, migration, and invasion of many cell types through Met, its cell surface receptor. Therefore, activation of this signaling pathway may improve the ability of many cells to be transplanted. We constructed a constitutively activated form of Met (Tpr-Met) fused to the protein transduction domain of HIV-TAT to activate the HGF/Met pathway for a few hours following cell injection. Matrix-assisted refolding was used to renature TAT-Tpr-Met protein, which was efficiently delivered into cells and recapitulated several biological functions of Met in vitro. Furthermore, treatment of hepatic progenitors with this molecule for one hour before transplantation significantly improved engraftment efficiency (31% untreated cells, 58% treated cells). These findings suggest that the transient transfer of Tpr-Met may provide a new approach to increase the proportion of successfully engrafted cells.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gouzi JY, Moog-Lutz C, Vigny M, Brunet-de Carvalho N. Role of the subcellular localization of ALK tyrosine kinase domain in neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:5811-23. [PMID: 16317043 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase essentially and transiently expressed in specific areas of the developing central and peripheral nervous systems. We previously demonstrated that a membrane-bound and constitutively active form of the ALK protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) domain induced the neuron-like differentiation of PC12 cells through specific activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) pathway. Its PTK domain had been originally identified in a nucleo-cytosolic and constitutively active transforming protein, NPM-ALK. Downstream targets involved in oncogenic proliferation and survival processes have been proposed to include phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/AKT, STAT 3/5 and Src. We therefore postulated that activation of specific signaling pathways leading to differentiation or proliferation can be differently controlled depending on the subcellular localization of ALK PTK domain. To increase knowledge of its physiological role in the nervous system, we focused in the present study on the influence of its subcellular localization on neuronal differentiation. To achieve this goal, we characterized biological responses and transduction pathways in PC12 cells elicited by various constructs encoding membrane-bound (through transmembrane or myristyl sequences) or cytosolic ALK-derived proteins. In order to control the activation of their PTK domain, we used an inducible dimerization system. Here, we demonstrate that membrane attachment of the ALK PTK domain, in PC12 cells, is crucial for initiation of neurite outgrowth and proliferation arrest through a decrease of DNA synthesis. Furthermore, we show that this differentiation process relies on specific and sustained activation of ERK 1/2 proteins. By contrast, activation of the cytosolic form of this domain fails to induce MAP kinase activation and cell differentiation but promotes a PI 3-kinase/AKT-dependent PC12 cell proliferation. These data indicate that subcellular localization of the ALK PTK domain was a determinant for the control and specificity of downstream transduction cascades and was crucial for deciding the fate to which the neuronal cell will be committed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Y Gouzi
- INSERM, U706, Institut du Fer à Moulin, 17 rue du Fer à Moulin, Paris, F-75005, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bardelli C, Sala M, Cavallazzi U, Prat M. Agonist Met antibodies define the signalling threshold required for a full mitogenic and invasive program of Kaposi's Sarcoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:1172-9. [PMID: 16039997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that the Kaposi Sarcoma line KS-IMM express a functional Met tyrosine kinase receptor, which, upon HGF stimulation, activates motogenic, proliferative, and invasive responses. In this study, we investigated the signalling pathways activated by HGF, as well as by Met monoclonal antibodies (Mabs), acting as full or partial agonists. The full agonist Mab mimics HGF in all biological and biochemical aspects. It elicits the whole spectrum of responses, while the partial agonist Mab induces only wound healing. These differences correlated with a more prolonged and sustained tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor and MAPK evoked by HGF and by the full agonist Mab, relative to the partial agonist Mab. Since Gab1, JNK and PI 3-kinase are activated with same intensity and kinetics by HGF and by the two agonist antibodies, it is concluded that level and duration of MAPK activation by Met receptor are crucial for the induction of a full HGF-dependent mitogenic and invasive program in KS cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bardelli
- Dipt. Scienze Mediche, Università del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Higuchi T, Orita T, Katsuya K, Yamasaki Y, Akiyama K, Li H, Yamamoto T, Saito Y, Nakamura M. MUC20 suppresses the hepatocyte growth factor-induced Grb2-Ras pathway by binding to a multifunctional docking site of met. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:7456-68. [PMID: 15314156 PMCID: PMC506992 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.17.7456-7468.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a novel mucin protein, MUC20, was isolated as a gene that is up-regulated in the renal tissues of patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. We demonstrate here that the C terminus of MUC20 associates with the multifunctional docking site of Met without ligand activation, preventing Grb2 recruitment to Met and thus attenuating hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced transient extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 activation. Production of MUC20 reduced HGF-induced matrix metalloproteinase expression and proliferation, which require the Grb2-Ras pathway, whereas cell scattering, branching morphogenesis, and survival via the Gab1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways was not affected. Thus, MUC20 reduces HGF-induced activation of the Grb2-Ras pathway but not the Gab1/PI3K pathways. We further demonstrate that the cytoplasmic domain of MUC20 has the ability to oligomerize and that the oligomerization augments its affinity for Met. Taken together, these results suggest that MUC20 is a novel regulator of the Met signaling cascade which has a role in suppression of the Grb2-Ras pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Higuchi
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bierne H, Cossart P. InlB, a surface protein ofListeria monocytogenesthat behaves as an invasin and a growth factor. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:3357-67. [PMID: 12154067 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.115.17.3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecules from some pathogenic bacteria mimic natural host cell ligands and trigger engulfment of the bacterium after specifically interacting with cell-surface receptors. The leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing protein InlB of Listeria monocytogenes is one such molecule. It triggers bacterial entry by interacting with the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGF-R or Met)and two other cellular components: gC1q-R and proteoglycans. Recent studies point to significant similarities between the molecular mechanisms underlying InlB-mediated entry into cells and classic phagocytosis. In addition, InlB, in common with HGF, activates signaling cascades that are not involved in bacterial entry. Therefore, studies of InlB may help us to analyze the previously noticed similarities between growth factor receptor activation and phagocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bierne
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Trusolino L, Comoglio PM. Scatter-factor and semaphorin receptors: cell signalling for invasive growth. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2:289-300. [PMID: 12001990 DOI: 10.1038/nrc779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malignant disease occurs when neoplastic cells abandon their primary site of accretion, cross tissue boundaries and penetrate the vasculature to colonize distant sites. This process --metastasis--is the aberrant counterpart of a physiological programme for organ regeneration and maintenance. Scatter factors and semaphorins, together with their receptors, help to orchestrate this programme. What are the differences between physiological and pathological activation of these signalling molecules, and can we exploit them therapeutically to prevent metastasis?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livio Trusolino
- Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|