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Targeting Wee1 kinase as a therapeutic approach in Hematological Malignancies. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 107:103203. [PMID: 34390915 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies include various diseases that develop from hematopoietic stem cells of bone marrow or lymphatic organs. Currently, conventional DNA-damage-based chemotherapy drugs are approved as standard therapeutic regimens for these malignancies. Although many improvements have been made, patients with relapsed or refractory hematological malignancies have a poor prognosis. Therefore, novel and practical therapeutic approaches are required for the treatment of these diseases. Interestingly several studies have shown that targeting Wee1 kinase in the Hematological malignancies, including AML, ALL, CML, CLL, DLBCL, BL, MCL, etc., can be an effective therapeutic strategy. It plays an essential role in regulating the cell cycle process by abrogating the G2-M cell-cycle checkpoint, which provides time for DNA damage repair before mitotic entry. Consistently, Wee1 overexpression is observed in various Hematological malignancies. Also, in healthy normal cells, repairing DNA damages occurs due to G1-S checkpoint function; however, in the cancer cells, which have an impaired G1-S checkpoint, the damaged DNA repair process depends on the G2-M checkpoint function. Thus, Wee1 inhibition could be a promising target in the presence of DNA damage in order to potentiate multiple therapeutic drugs. This review summarized the potentials and challenges of Wee1 inhibition combined with other therapies as a novel effective therapeutic strategy in Hematological malignancies.
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2
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Medulloblastoma drugs in development: Current leads, trials and drawbacks. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113268. [PMID: 33636537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Current treatment for MB includes surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Despite significant progress in its management, a portion of children relapse and tumor recurrence carries a poor prognosis. Based on their molecular and clinical characteristics, MB patients are clinically classified into four groups: Wnt, Hh, Group 3, and Group 4. With our increased understanding of relevant molecular pathways disrupted in MB, the development of targeted therapies for MB has also increased. Targeted drugs have shown unique privileges over traditional cytotoxic therapies in balancing efficacy and toxicity, with many of them approved and widely used clinically. The aim of this review is to present the recent progress on targeted chemotherapies for the treatment of all classes of MB.
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GO Nanosheets: Promising Nano Carrier for the S29, 1-(2-Chloro-2-(4-chlorophenyl-ethyl)- N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidin-4-amine, Therapeutic Agent in Neuroblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176430. [PMID: 32899395 PMCID: PMC7503945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) derivatives are reported as a valid alternative to conventional carriers of therapeutic agents, because they have a large surface area, an excellent electrical and thermal conductivity and a great capacity for selective binding of drugs and therapeutics, due to the functionalization of their surfaces, edges and sides. In this work GO nanosheets, synthesized by electrochemical exfoliation of graphite (patent N 102015000023739, Tor Vergata University), were investigated as possible carriers of an anticancer drug, the S29, an inhibitor of a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase (c-SRC) on a neuroblastoma cell line (SK N BE 2 cells). Neuroblastoma is a heterogenous tumor whose characteristics range from spontaneous regression to aggressive phenotypes that are due to different mutations that often occur in SRC family kinases. Inhibitors of tyrosine kinases are currently investigated for their anti-tumoral effects on aggressive neuroblastomas, but their uptake in cells and pharmacokinetics needs to be improved. In this work S29 was stably conjugated with highly water-dispersible GO nanoparticles. S29/GO complex formation was induced by 1h sonication and its stability was analyzed by chromatography coupled with spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry. The synthesized composite (GO-S29) was delivered into SK N BE 2 cells and its effects on cell viability, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and migration were studied. The results show that the compound GO-S29 exerts anti-tumoral effects on the neuroblastoma cell line, higher than both GO and S29 do alone and that GO has an additive effect on S29.
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4
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Wei J, Ma L, Li C, Pierson CR, Finlay JL, Lin J. Targeting Upstream Kinases of STAT3 in Human Medulloblastoma Cells. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:571-582. [PMID: 30332965 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666181016165604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Despite improvement in overall survival rate, it still lacks an effective targeted treatment strategy. The Janus family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases (JAKs) and Src kinases, upstream protein kinases of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), play important roles in medulloblastoma pathogenesis and therefore represent potential therapeutic targets. METHODS In this report, we examined the inhibitory efficacy of the JAK1/2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib, the JAK3 inhibitor, tofacitinib and two Src inhibitors, KX2-391 and dasatinib. RESULTS These small molecule drugs significantly reduce cell viability and inhibit cell migration and colony formation in human medulloblastoma cells in vitro. Src inhibitors have more potent efficacy than JAK inhibitors in inhibiting medulloblastoma cell migration ability. The Src inhibitors can inhibit both phosphorylation of STAT3 and Src while JAK inhibitors reduce JAK/STAT3 phosphorylation. We also investigated the combined effect of the Src inhibitor, dasatinib with cisplatin. The results show that dasatinib exerts synergistic effects with cisplatin in human medulloblastoma cells through the inhibition of STAT3 and Src. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the small molecule inhibitors of STAT3 upstream kinases, ruxolitinib, tofacitinib, KX2-391, and dasatinib could be novel and attractive candidate drugs for the treatment of human medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wei
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Chenglong Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Department of Pathology and Department of Biomedical Education & Anatomy, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Jonathan L Finlay
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and BMT, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Jiayuh Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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5
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Zhou W, Yang H, Wang H. Inverse in silico-in vitro fishing of unexpected paroxetine kinase targets from tumor druggable kinome. J Mol Model 2020; 26:197. [PMID: 32623519 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor paroxetine has been clinically observed to reposition a significant suppressing potency on human tumors by unexpectedly targeting diverse kinase pathways involved in tumorigenesis. Here, we describe an inverse in silico-in vitro strategy to fish potential kinase targets using the paroxetine as bait. This is different (inverse) to the traditional drug discovery process that commonly screens small-molecule inhibitors for a specific kinase target. In the procedure, cell viability assays demonstrate that paroxetine has strong cytotoxicity on human tumor cell lines. Various protooncogene protein kinases are ontologically/manually enriched to define a druggable kinome, and a systematic interaction profile of paroxetine with the kinome is created, which indicates that paroxetine can potentially bind to some known targets or key regulators of human tumors. Kinase assays determine that paroxetine can effectively inhibit c-Src family kinases at nanomolar or micromolar levels. It is observed that the paroxetine ligand forms a tightly packed interface against the active site of these unexpected kinase targets to constitute several specific hydrogen bonds/π-π/cation-π stackings and a number of nonspecific hydrophobic/vdW contacts, while exposing a portion of molecular surface to solvent. More significantly, the ligand adopts two distinct binding modes (i.e., class I and class II) to interact with different kinases; the class-I mode has a higher stability and inhibitory activity than class-II mode. Steric clash seems to cause the ligand flipping from class I to class II. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Zhou
- Department of Gynaecology, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and the Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, 223002, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Department of Gynaecology, Huai'an Maternal and Child Health Care Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University Medical College, Huai'an, 223000, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Gynaecology, Huai'an Maternal and Child Health Care Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University Medical College, Huai'an, 223000, China.
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Src Inhibitors Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines, Si306 and Pro-Si306, Inhibit Focal Adhesion Kinase and Suppress Human Glioblastoma Invasion In Vitro and In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061570. [PMID: 32545852 PMCID: PMC7352231 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), as the most aggressive brain tumor, displays a high expression of Src tyrosine kinase, which is involved in the survival, migration, and invasiveness of tumor cells. Thus, Src emerged as a potential target for GBM therapy. The effects of Src inhibitors pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines, Si306 and its prodrug pro-Si306 were investigated in human GBM cell lines (U87 and U87-TxR) and three primary GBM cell cultures. Primary GBM cells were more resistant to Si306 and pro-Si306 according to the 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. However, the ability of all GBM cells to degrade the extracellular matrix was considerably compromised after Si306 and pro-Si306 applications. Besides reducing the phosphorylation of Src and its downstream signaling pathway components, both compounds decreased the phosphorylated form of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression, showing the potential to suppress the aggressiveness of GBM. In vivo, Si306 and pro-Si306 displayed an anti-invasive effect against U87 xenografts in the zebrafish embryo model. Considering that Si306 and pro-Si306 are able to cross the blood–brain barrier and suppress the spread of GBM cells, we anticipate their clinical testing in the near future. Moreover, the prodrug showed similar efficacy to the drug, implying the rationality of its use in clinical settings.
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Synthesis and characterization of new pyrido- and pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives using 2-substituted vinamidinium salts. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-019-02582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Levels Are Detectable in the Serum of Patients with Lung Cancer and May Be Exploited as Screening Biomarkers. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:8970645. [PMID: 31534455 PMCID: PMC6724438 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8970645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Since early detection improves overall survival in lung cancer, identification of screening biomarkers for patients at risk represents an area of intense investigation. Tumor liberated protein (TLP) has been previously described as a tumor-associated antigen (complex) present in the sera from lung cancer patients. Here, we set out to identify the nature of TLP to develop this as a potential biomarker for lung cancer screening. Materials and Methods Beginning from the peptide epitope RTNKEASI previously identified from the TLP complex, we produced a rabbit anti-RTNKEASI serum and evaluated it in the lung cancer cell line A549 by means of immunoblot and peptide completion assay (PCA). The TLP sequence identification was conducted by mass spectrometry. The detected protein was, then, analyzed in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and benign lung pathologies and healthy donors, by ELISA. Results The anti-RTNKEASI antiserum detected and immunoprecipitated a 55 kDa protein band in the lysate of A549 cells identified as aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform 1A1, revealing the molecular nature of at least one component of the previously described TLP complex. Next, we screened blood samples from a non-tumor cohort of 26 patients and 45 NSCLC patients with different disease stages for the presence of ALDH1A1 and global ALDH. This analysis indicated that serum positivity was highly restricted to patients with NSCLC (ALDH p < 0.001; ALDH1A1 p=0.028). Interestingly, the global ALDH test resulted positive in more NSCLC samples compared to the ALDH1A1 test, suggesting that other ALDH isoforms might add to the sensitivity of the assay. Conclusion Our data indicate that ALDH levels are elevated in the sera of NSCLC patients, even with early stage disease, and may thus be evaluated as part of a marker panel for non-invasive detection of NSCLC.
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A New Strategy for Glioblastoma Treatment: In Vitro and In Vivo Preclinical Characterization of Si306, a Pyrazolo[3,4- d]Pyrimidine Dual Src/P-Glycoprotein Inhibitor. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060848. [PMID: 31248184 PMCID: PMC6628362 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and other ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in multidrug resistant (MDR) cancer cells is responsible for the reduction of intracellular drug accumulation, thus decreasing the efficacy of chemotherapeutics. P-gp is also found at endothelial cells' membrane of the blood-brain barrier, where it limits drug delivery to central nervous system (CNS) tumors. We have previously developed a set of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines and their prodrugs as novel Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), showing a significant activity against CNS tumors in in vivo. Here we investigated the interaction of the most promising pair of drug/prodrug with P-gp at the cellular level. The tested compounds were found to increase the intracellular accumulation of Rho 123, and to enhance the efficacy of paclitaxel in P-gp overexpressing cells. Encouraging pharmacokinetics properties and tolerability in vivo were also observed. Our findings revealed a novel role of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines which may be useful for developing a new effective therapy in MDR cancer treatment, particularly against glioblastoma.
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10
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Calandro P, Iovenitti G, Zamperini C, Candita F, Dreassi E, Chiariello M, Angelucci A, Schenone S, Botta M, Mancini A. Plasmin-Binding Tripeptide-Decorated Liposomes Loading Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidines for Targeting Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:646-651. [PMID: 30034594 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most fatal cancer types worldwide. HCC cells were proved to overexpress c-Src and Sgk1, a tyrosine and a serine-threonine kinase, respectively, whose role is crucial for the development and progression of the tumor. Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives are a class of tyrosine kinase inhibitors that have shown good activity against HepG2. HCC cells were also proved to overexpress plasmin, which is localized on the cell surface bound to its receptors. In this study, a tripeptide with sequence d-Ala-Phe-Lys, which binds a specific reactive site of plasmin, was synthesized and characterized. This tripeptide was used to decorate liposomes encapsulating three selected pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines. Liposomes bearing tripeptide have been characterized, not showing remarkable differences with respect to the corresponding tripeptide-free liposomes. In vitro HepG2 cell uptake profiles and cytotoxicities showed that the presence of the tripeptide on the liposomal membrane surface improves the cell-penetrating ability of liposomes and increases the activity of two of the three tested compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Calandro
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica and Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Core Research Laboratory, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Iovenitti
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Zamperini
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, 53019 Castelnuovo Berardenga, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Candita
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mario Chiariello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica and Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Core Research Laboratory, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Adriano Angelucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, 53019 Castelnuovo Berardenga, Siena, Italy
- Biotechnology College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Biolife Science Building, Suite 333, 1900 N 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Arianna Mancini
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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11
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Vignaroli G, Iovenitti G, Zamperini C, Coniglio F, Calandro P, Molinari A, Fallacara AL, Sartucci A, Calgani A, Colecchia D, Mancini A, Festuccia C, Dreassi E, Valoti M, Musumeci F, Chiariello M, Angelucci A, Botta M, Schenone S. Prodrugs of Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines: From Library Synthesis to Evaluation as Potential Anticancer Agents in an Orthotopic Glioblastoma Model. J Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28650650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines are potent protein kinase inhibitors with promising antitumor activity but suboptimal aqueous solubility, consequently worth being further optimized. Herein, we present the one-pot two-step procedure for the synthesis of a set of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine prodrugs (1a-8a and 9a-e) with higher aqueous solubility and enhanced pharmacokinetic and therapeutic properties. ADME studies demonstrated for the most promising prodrugs a better aqueous solubility, a favorable hydrolysis in human and murine serum, and an increased ability to cross cell membranes with respect to the parental drugs, explaining their better 24 h in vitro cytotoxicity against human glioblastoma U87 cell line. Finally, the 4-4a couple of drug/prodrug was also evaluated in vivo, revealing a profitable pharmacokinetic profile of the prodrug associated with a good efficacy. The application of the prodrug approach demonstrated to be a successful strategy for improving aqueous solubility of the parental drugs, determining a positive impact also in their biological efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vignaroli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l. , via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Iovenitti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l. , via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Zamperini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l. , via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019 Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Coniglio
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l. , via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019 Siena, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Calandro
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessio Molinari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Fallacara
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Calgani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università dell'Aquila , Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - David Colecchia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Core Research Laboratory , Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università dell'Aquila , Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università dell'Aquila , Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Genova , Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Chiariello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Core Research Laboratory , Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Adriano Angelucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università dell'Aquila , Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l. , via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019 Siena, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University , BioLife Science Building, Suite 333, 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Core Research Laboratory , Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Mishra CB, Mongre RK, Kumari S, Jeong DK, Tiwari M. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of novel 1-(4-imino-1-substituted-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-5(4H)-yl)urea derivatives. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26939c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine and urea hybrids have been designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Bhushan Mishra
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research
- University of Delhi
- India
| | - Raj Kumar Mongre
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Advance Next Generation Convergence
- Faculty of Biotechnology
- Jeju National University
- Republic of Korea
| | - Shikha Kumari
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research
- University of Delhi
- India
| | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Advance Next Generation Convergence
- Faculty of Biotechnology
- Jeju National University
- Republic of Korea
| | - Manisha Tiwari
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research
- University of Delhi
- India
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A positive feedback loop between Gli1 and tyrosine kinase Hck amplifies shh signaling activities in medulloblastoma. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e176. [PMID: 26619401 PMCID: PMC4670963 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is critical during normal development, and the abnormal activation of the Shh pathway is involved in many human cancers. As a target gene of the Shh pathway and as a transcription activator downstream of Shh signaling, Gli1 autoregulates and increases Shh signaling output. Gli1 is one of the key oncogenic factors in Shh-induced tumors such as medulloblastoma. Gli1 is posttranslationally modified, but the nature of the active form of Gli1 was unclear. Here we identified a Src family kinase Hck as a novel activator of Gli1. In Shh-responsive NIH3T3 cells, Hck interacts with Gli1 and phosphorylates multiple tyrosine residues in Gli1. Gli1-mediated target gene activation was significantly enhanced by Hck with both kinase activity-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We provide evidence showing that Hck disrupts the interaction between Gli1 and its inhibitor Sufu. In both NIH3T3 cells and cerebellum granule neuron precursors, the Hck gene is also a direct target of Gli1. Therefore, Gli1 and Hck form a positive feedback loop that amplifies Shh signaling transcription outcomes. In Shh-induced medulloblastoma, Hck is highly expressed and Gli1 is tyrosine phosphorylated, which may enhance the tumorigenic effects of the Gli1 oncogene. RNAi-mediated inhibition of Hck expression significantly repressed medulloblastoma cell growth. In summary, a novel positive feedback loop contributes to maximal Gli1 oncogenic activities in Shh-induced tumors such as medulloblastoma.
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Yang K, Wang X, Liu Z, Lu L, Mao J, Meng H, Wang Y, Hu Y, Zeng Y, Zhang X, Chen Q, Liu Y, Shen W. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein promotes macrophage lipid accumulation via the toll-like receptor 4-Src pathway. Circ J 2015; 79:2509-16. [PMID: 26399924 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-15-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by macrophages is recognized as a crucial step in the development of atherosclerosis, whereas the precise molecular mechanisms involving it remain to be elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS This study focused on determining the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and Src kinase in macrophage lipid accumulation. oxLDL significantly enhanced Src kinase activity and intracellular lipid contents in RAW264.7 macrophages, whereas the small interference RNA-mediated knockdown of TLR4 and Src or chemical inhibition of Src activity blocked oxLDL-induced lipid accumulation. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that TLR4 was associated with Src on the plasma membrane upon oxLDL stimulation. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest an essential role of TLR4-Src signaling in macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine
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Cozzi M, Giorgi F, Marcelli E, Pentimalli F, Forte IM, Schenone S, D’Urso V, De Falco G, Botta M, Giordano A, Indovina P. Antitumor activity of new pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine SRC kinase inhibitors in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines and its enhancement by WEE1 inhibition. Cell Cycle 2014; 11:1029-39. [DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.5.19519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Petersen W, Liu J, Yuan L, Zhang H, Schneiderjan M, Cho YJ, MacDonald TJ. Dasatinib suppression of medulloblastoma survival and migration is markedly enhanced by combining treatment with the aurora kinase inhibitor AT9283. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:68-76. [PMID: 25107642 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) expresses Src kinase, while aurora kinase A overexpression correlates with poor survival. We thus investigated novel combination treatment with dasatinib and AT9283, inhibitors of Src and aurora kinase, respectively, on MB growth in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with each drug significantly reduced cell viability and combined treatment markedly potentiated this response. AT9283 induced p53 expression, autophagy, and G2/M cell-cycle arrest, while combined treatment induced S phase arrest. Dasatinib treatment caused tumor regression in vivo. Activated Src was detected in 44% MB analyzed. We conclude that further evaluation of this combination therapy for MB is highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Petersen
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, HSRB E-384, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, HSRB E-384, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Liangping Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, HSRB E-384, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, HSRB E-384, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Matthew Schneiderjan
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tobey J MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, HSRB E-384, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Zamperini C, Dreassi E, Vignaroli G, Radi M, Dragoni S, Schenone S, Musumeci F, Valoti M, Antiochia R, Botta M. CYP-dependent Metabolism of Antitumor Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine Derivatives Is Characterized by an Oxidative Dechlorination Reaction. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 29:433-40. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-13-rg-094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Synthesis of 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines via solid-phase Aza-Wittig/electrocyclic ring closure reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chauhan M, Kumar R. Medicinal attributes of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines: A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5657-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as inhibitor of anti-coagulation and inflammation activities of phospholipase A 2 : insight from molecular docking studies. J Biol Phys 2013; 39:419-38. [PMID: 23860918 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-013-9299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), isolated from Daboia russelli pulchella (Russell's viper), is enzymatically active as well as induces several pharmacological disorders including neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, anti-coagulant, hemolytic, and platelet effects. Indomethacin reduces the effects of anti-coagulant and pro-inflammatory actions of PLA2. Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines constitute a class of naturally occurring fused uracils that posses diverse biological activities. The in-silico docking studies of nine pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine molecules have been carried out with the X-ray crystal structure of Russell's viper PLA2 (PDB ID: 3H1X) to predict the binding affinity, molecular recognition, and to explicate the binding modes, using AUTODOCK and GLIDE (Standard precision and Extra precision) modules, respectively. Docking results through each method make obvious that pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine molecules with trimethylene linker can bind with both anti-coagulation and enzymatic regions of PLA2.
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Vo DT, Subramaniam D, Remke M, Burton TL, Uren PJ, Gelfond JA, de Sousa Abreu R, Burns SC, Qiao M, Suresh U, Korshunov A, Dubuc AM, Northcott PA, Smith AD, Pfister SM, Taylor MD, Janga SC, Anant S, Vogel C, Penalva LOF. The RNA-binding protein Musashi1 affects medulloblastoma growth via a network of cancer-related genes and is an indicator of poor prognosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1762-72. [PMID: 22985791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Musashi1 (Msi1) is a highly conserved RNA-binding protein that is required during the development of the nervous system. Msi1 has been characterized as a stem cell marker, controlling the balance between self-renewal and differentiation, and has also been implicated in tumorigenesis, being highly expressed in multiple tumor types. We analyzed Msi1 expression in a large cohort of medulloblastoma samples and found that Msi1 is highly expressed in tumor tissue compared with normal cerebellum. Notably, high Msi1 expression levels proved to be a sign of poor prognosis. Msi1 expression was determined to be particularly high in molecular subgroups 3 and 4 of medulloblastoma. We determined that Msi1 is required for tumorigenesis because inhibition of Msi1 expression by small-interfering RNAs reduced the growth of Daoy medulloblastoma cells in xenografts. To characterize the participation of Msi1 in medulloblastoma, we conducted different high-throughput analyses. Ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation followed by microarray analysis (RIP-chip) was used to identify mRNA species preferentially associated with Msi1 protein in Daoy cells. We also used cluster analysis to identify genes with similar or opposite expression patterns to Msi1 in our medulloblastoma cohort. A network study identified RAC1, CTGF, SDCBP, SRC, PRL, and SHC1 as major nodes of an Msi1-associated network. Our results suggest that Msi1 functions as a regulator of multiple processes in medulloblastoma formation and could become an important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat T Vo
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA
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Abstract
c-Src and Bcr-Abl are two cytoplasmatic tyrosine kinases (TKs) involved in the development of malignancies. In particular, Bcr-Abl is the etiologic agent of chronic myeloid leukemia, where Src is also involved; the latter is hyperactivated in several solid tumors. Because of the structural homology between Src and Abl, several compounds originally synthesized as Src inhibitors have also been shown to be Abl inhibitors, useful in overcoming the onset of some types of chronic myeloid leukemia resistances, which frequently appear in the advanced phases of pathology. In recent years, the development of such compounds has been promoted by both excellent preclinical and clinical results, and by the theory that dual or multi-targeted inhibitors might be more effective than selective inhibitors. This review is an update on the most important dual inhibitors already in clinical trials and includes information regarding compounds that have appeared in the literature in recent years.
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Bocci G, Fioravanti A, La Motta C, Orlandi P, Canu B, Di Desidero T, Mugnaini L, Sartini S, Cosconati S, Frati R, Antonelli A, Berti P, Miccoli P, Da Settimo F, Danesi R. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity of CLM3, a novel multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor, alone and in combination with SN-38 on endothelial and cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:1309-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Navarra M, Celano M, Maiuolo J, Schenone S, Botta M, Angelucci A, Bramanti P, Russo D. Antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects afforded by novel Src-kinase inhibitors in human neuroblastoma cells. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:602. [PMID: 21050441 PMCID: PMC2992519 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroblastoma (NB) is the second most common solid malignancy of childhood that usually undergoes rapid progression with a poor prognosis upon metastasis. The Src-family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are a group of proteins involved in cancer development and invasiveness that seem to play an important role in the NB carcinogenesis. Methods To determine cell proliferation, the growth rate was evaluated by both MTT test and cells counted. Analysis of DNA content was performed for the evaluation of the cell cycle and apoptosis. To characterize the mechanisms underlying the antiproliferative effects induced by SI 34, a novel pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivative provided with Src inhibitory activity, the involvement of some cellular pathways that are important for cell proliferation and survival was investigated by western blot assays. In particular, the contribution of cyclins, Src and ERK were examined. Finally, experiments of cell adhesion and invasiveness were performed. Results Treatment of SH-SY5Y human NB cells and CHP100 human neuroepithelioma (NE) cultures with three novel pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives, namely SI 34, SI 35 and SI 83, inhibits the cell proliferation in a time and concentration-dependent manner. The maximal effect was obtained after 72 hours incubation with SI 34 10 μM. Fluorescence microscopy experiments, flow cytometry analysis and determination of caspase-3 activity by fluorimetric assays showed that SI 34 induced SH-SY5Y apoptosis. Moreover, SI 34 determined cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, paralleled by a decreased expression of cyclin D1. Furthermore, our data indicate that SI 34 reduces the SH-SY5Y cells adhesion and invasiveness. Evidence that SI 34 inhibits the Src and the ERK-phosphorylation, suggests the mechanism through which it exerts its effects in SH-SY5Y cells. Conclusions Our study shows the ability of this pyrazolo-pyrimidine Src inhibitor in reducing the growth and the invasiveness of human NB cells, suggesting a promising role as novel drug in the treatment of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Navarra
- Pharmaco-Biological Department, University of Messina, viale Annunziata, 98100 Messina, Italy.
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