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Godavarthi SK, Hiramoto M, Ignatyev Y, Levin JB, Li HQ, Pratelli M, Borchardt J, Czajkowski C, Borodinsky LN, Sweeney L, Cline HT, Spitzer NC. Postsynaptic receptors regulate presynaptic transmitter stability through transsynaptic bridges. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318041121. [PMID: 38568976 PMCID: PMC11009644 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318041121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Stable matching of neurotransmitters with their receptors is fundamental to synapse function and reliable communication in neural circuits. Presynaptic neurotransmitters regulate the stabilization of postsynaptic transmitter receptors. Whether postsynaptic receptors regulate stabilization of presynaptic transmitters has received less attention. Here, we show that blockade of endogenous postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) at the neuromuscular junction destabilizes the cholinergic phenotype in motor neurons and stabilizes an earlier, developmentally transient glutamatergic phenotype. Further, expression of exogenous postsynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAA receptors) in muscle cells stabilizes an earlier, developmentally transient GABAergic motor neuron phenotype. Both AChR and GABAA receptors are linked to presynaptic neurons through transsynaptic bridges. Knockdown of specific components of these transsynaptic bridges prevents stabilization of the cholinergic or GABAergic phenotypes. Bidirectional communication can enforce a match between transmitter and receptor and ensure the fidelity of synaptic transmission. Our findings suggest a potential role of dysfunctional transmitter receptors in neurological disorders that involve the loss of the presynaptic transmitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha K. Godavarthi
- Neurobiology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
- Kavli Institute for Brain & Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Masaki Hiramoto
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Yuri Ignatyev
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg3400, Austria
| | - Jacqueline B. Levin
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology Shriners Hospital for Children Northern California, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA95817
| | - Hui-quan Li
- Neurobiology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
- Kavli Institute for Brain & Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Marta Pratelli
- Neurobiology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
- Kavli Institute for Brain & Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Jennifer Borchardt
- Neuroscience Department, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI53705
| | - Cynthia Czajkowski
- Neuroscience Department, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI53705
| | - Laura N. Borodinsky
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology Shriners Hospital for Children Northern California, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA95817
| | - Lora Sweeney
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg3400, Austria
| | - Hollis T. Cline
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Nicholas C. Spitzer
- Neurobiology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
- Kavli Institute for Brain & Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
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Woschitz V, Mei I, Hedlund E, Murray LM. Mouse models of SMA show divergent patterns of neuronal vulnerability and resilience. Skelet Muscle 2022; 12:22. [PMID: 36089582 PMCID: PMC9465884 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-022-00305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a form of motor neuron disease affecting primarily children characterised by the loss of lower motor neurons (MNs). Breakdown of the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) is an early pathological event in SMA. However, not all motor neurons are equally vulnerable, with some populations being lost early in the disease while others remain intact at the disease end-stage. A thorough understanding of the basis of this selective vulnerability will give critical insight into the factors which prohibit pathology in certain motor neuron populations and consequently help identify novel neuroprotective strategies. Methods To retrieve a comprehensive understanding of motor neuron susceptibility in SMA, we mapped NMJ pathology in 20 muscles from the Smn2B/- SMA mouse model and cross-compared these data with published data from three other commonly used mouse models. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating selective resilience and vulnerability, we analysed published RNA sequencing data acquired from differentially vulnerable motor neurons from two different SMA mouse models. Results In the Smn2B/- mouse model of SMA, we identified substantial NMJ loss in the muscles from the core, neck, proximal hind limbs and proximal forelimbs, with a marked reduction in denervation in the distal limbs and head. Motor neuron cell body loss was greater at T5 and T11 compared with L5. We subsequently show that although widespread denervation is observed in each SMA mouse model (with the notable exception of the Taiwanese model), all models have a distinct pattern of selective vulnerability. A comparison of previously published data sets reveals novel transcripts upregulated with a disease in selectively resistant motor neurons, including genes involved in axonal transport, RNA processing and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Conclusions Our work demonstrates that the Smn2B/- mouse model shows a pattern of selective vulnerability which bears resemblance to the regional pathology observed in SMA patients. We found drastic differences in patterns of selective vulnerability across the four SMA mouse models, which is critical to consider during experimental design. We also identified transcript groups that potentially contribute to the protection of certain motor neurons in SMA mouse models. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13395-022-00305-9.
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Meijboom KE, Sutton ER, McCallion E, McFall E, Anthony D, Edwards B, Kubinski S, Tapken I, Bünermann I, Hazell G, Ahlskog N, Claus P, Davies KE, Kothary R, Wood MJA, Bowerman M. Dysregulation of Tweak and Fn14 in skeletal muscle of spinal muscular atrophy mice. Skelet Muscle 2022; 12:18. [PMID: 35902978 PMCID: PMC9331072 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-022-00301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a childhood neuromuscular disorder caused by depletion of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. SMA is characterized by the selective death of spinal cord motor neurons, leading to progressive muscle wasting. Loss of skeletal muscle in SMA is a combination of denervation-induced muscle atrophy and intrinsic muscle pathologies. Elucidation of the pathways involved is essential to identify the key molecules that contribute to and sustain muscle pathology. The tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK)/TNF receptor superfamily member fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14) pathway has been shown to play a critical role in the regulation of denervation-induced muscle atrophy as well as muscle proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism in adults. However, it is not clear whether this pathway would be important in highly dynamic and developing muscle. METHODS We thus investigated the potential role of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in SMA muscle pathology, using the severe Taiwanese Smn-/-; SMN2 and the less severe Smn2B/- SMA mice, which undergo a progressive neuromuscular decline in the first three post-natal weeks. We also used experimental models of denervation and muscle injury in pre-weaned wild-type (WT) animals and siRNA-mediated knockdown in C2C12 muscle cells to conduct additional mechanistic investigations. RESULTS Here, we report significantly dysregulated expression of Tweak, Fn14, and previously proposed downstream effectors during disease progression in skeletal muscle of the two SMA mouse models. In addition, siRNA-mediated Smn knockdown in C2C12 myoblasts suggests a genetic interaction between Smn and the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway. Further analyses of SMA, Tweak-/-, and Fn14-/- mice revealed dysregulated myopathy, myogenesis, and glucose metabolism pathways as a common skeletal muscle feature, providing further evidence in support of a relationship between the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway and Smn. Finally, administration of the TWEAK/Fn14 agonist Fc-TWEAK improved disease phenotypes in the two SMA mouse models. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides mechanistic insights into potential molecular players that contribute to muscle pathology in SMA and into likely differential responses of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in developing muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina E Meijboom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Gene Therapy Center, UMass Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Emma R Sutton
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Eve McCallion
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Emily McFall
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Daniel Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin Edwards
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sabrina Kubinski
- Center for Systems Neuroscience and Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ines Tapken
- Center for Systems Neuroscience and Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,SMATHERIA - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ines Bünermann
- SMATHERIA - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gareth Hazell
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nina Ahlskog
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Claus
- Center for Systems Neuroscience and Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,SMATHERIA - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kay E Davies
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Melissa Bowerman
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK. .,Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, UK.
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Mole AJ, Bell S, Thomson AK, Dissanayake KN, Ribchester RR, Murray LM. Synaptic withdrawal following nerve injury is influenced by postnatal maturity, muscle-specific properties, and the presence of underlying pathology in mice. J Anat 2020; 237:263-274. [PMID: 32311115 PMCID: PMC7369188 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal and synaptic degeneration occur following nerve injury and during disease. Traumatic nerve injury results in rapid fragmentation of the distal axon and loss of synaptic terminals, in a process known as Wallerian degeneration (WD). Identifying and understanding factors that influence the rate of WD is of significant biological and clinical importance, as it will facilitate understanding of the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and identification of novel therapeutic targets. Here, we investigate levels of synaptic loss following nerve injury under a range of conditions, including during postnatal development, in a range of anatomically distinct muscles and in a mouse model of motor neuron disease. By utilising an ex vivo model of nerve injury, we show that synaptic withdrawal is slower during early postnatal development. Significantly more neuromuscular junctions remained fully innervated in the cranial nerve/muscle preparations analysed at P15 than at P25. Furthermore, we demonstrate variability in the level of synaptic withdrawal in response to injury in different muscles, with retraction being slower in abdominal preparations than in cranial muscles across all time points analysed. Importantly, differences between the cranial and thoracoabdominal musculature seen here are not consistent with differences in muscle vulnerability that have been previously reported in mouse models of the childhood motor neuron disease, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), caused by depletion of survival motor neuron protein (Smn). To further investigate the relationship between synaptic degeneration in SMA and WD, we induced WD in preparations from the Smn2B/− mouse model of SMA. In a disease‐resistant muscle (rostral band of levator auris longus), where there is minimal denervation, there was no change in the level of synaptic loss, which suggests that the process of synaptic withdrawal following injury is Smn‐independent. However, in a muscle with ongoing degeneration (transvs. abdominis), the level of synaptic loss significantly increased, with the percentage of denervated endplates increasing by 33% following injury, compared to disease alone. We therefore conclude that the presence of a die‐back can accelerate synaptic loss after injury in Smn2B/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alannah J Mole
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Bell
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alison K Thomson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kosala N Dissanayake
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard R Ribchester
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lyndsay M Murray
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Edinburgh, UK
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Kline RA, Dissanayake KN, Hurtado ML, Martínez NW, Ahl A, Mole AJ, Lamont DJ, Court FA, Ribchester RR, Wishart TM, Murray LM. Altered mitochondrial bioenergetics are responsible for the delay in Wallerian degeneration observed in neonatal mice. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104496. [PMID: 31176719 PMCID: PMC6704473 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders can manifest throughout the lifespan of an individual, from infant to elderly individuals. Axonal and synaptic degeneration are early and critical elements of nearly all human neurodegenerative diseases and neural injury, however the molecular mechanisms which regulate this process are yet to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, how the molecular mechanisms governing degeneration are impacted by the age of the individual is poorly understood. Interestingly, in mice which are under 3 weeks of age, the degeneration of axons and synapses following hypoxic or traumatic injury is significantly slower. This process, known as Wallerian degeneration (WD), is a molecularly and morphologically distinct subtype of neurodegeneration by which axons and synapses undergo distinct fragmentation and death following a range of stimuli. In this study, we first use an ex-vivo model of axon injury to confirm the significant delay in WD in neonatal mice. We apply tandem mass-tagging quantitative proteomics to profile both nerve and muscle between P12 and P24 inclusive. Application of unbiased in silico workflows to relevant protein identifications highlights a steady elevation in oxidative phosphorylation cascades corresponding to the accelerated degeneration rate. We demonstrate that inhibition of Complex I prevents the axotomy-induced rise in reactive oxygen species and protects axons following injury. Furthermore, we reveal that pharmacological activation of oxidative phosphorylation significantly accelerates degeneration at the neuromuscular junction in neonatal mice. In summary, we reveal dramatic changes in the neuromuscular proteome during post-natal maturation of the neuromuscular system, and demonstrate that endogenous dynamics in mitochondrial bioenergetics during this time window have a functional impact upon regulating the stability of the neuromuscular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Kline
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Euan McDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, UK; The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Kosala N Dissanayake
- Euan McDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Maica Llavero Hurtado
- Euan McDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, UK; The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Nicolás W Martínez
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander Ahl
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Alannah J Mole
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Euan McDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Douglas J Lamont
- Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
| | - Felipe A Court
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Richard R Ribchester
- Euan McDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Thomas M Wishart
- Euan McDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, UK; The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lyndsay M Murray
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Euan McDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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Theme 3 In vivo experimental models. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2018; 19:130-153. [DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2018.1510570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Somers E, Lees RD, Hoban K, Sleigh JN, Zhou H, Muntoni F, Talbot K, Gillingwater TH, Parson SH. Vascular Defects and Spinal Cord Hypoxia in Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:217-30. [PMID: 26506088 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a major inherited cause of infant death worldwide. It results from mutations in a single, ubiquitously expressed gene (SMN1), with loss of lower motor neurons being the primary pathological signature. Systemic defects have also been reported in SMA patients and animal models. We investigated whether defects associated with the vasculature contribute to motor neuron pathology in SMA. METHODS Development and integrity of the capillary bed was examined in skeletal muscle and spinal cord of SMA mice, and muscle biopsies from SMA patients and controls, using quantitative morphometric approaches on immunohistochemically labeled tissue. Pimonidazole hydrochloride-based assays were used to identify functional hypoxia. RESULTS The capillary bed in muscle and spinal cord was normal in presymptomatic SMA mice (postnatal day 1), but failed to match subsequent postnatal development in control littermates. At mid- and late-symptomatic time points, the extent of the vascular architecture observed in two distinct mouse models of SMA was ∼50% of that observed in control animals. Skeletal muscle biopsies from human patients confirmed the presence of developmentally similar, significant vascular depletion in severe SMA. Hypovascularity in SMA mouse spinal cord was accompanied by significant functional hypoxia and defects in the blood-spinal cord barrier. INTERPRETATION Our results indicate that vascular defects are a major feature of severe forms of SMA, present in both mouse models and patients, resulting in functional hypoxia of motor neurons. Thus, abnormal vascular development and resulting hypoxia may contribute to the pathogenesis of SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilidh Somers
- Center for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Euan MacDonald Center for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D Lees
- Center for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Hoban
- Center for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James N Sleigh
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Center, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Center, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Center for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Euan MacDonald Center for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon H Parson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Euan MacDonald Center for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Murray LM, Beauvais A, Bhanot K, Kothary R. Defects in neuromuscular junction remodelling in the Smn2B/− mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 49:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Bowerman M, Murray LM, Beauvais A, Pinheiro B, Kothary R. A critical smn threshold in mice dictates onset of an intermediate spinal muscular atrophy phenotype associated with a distinct neuromuscular junction pathology. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:263-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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