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Hamza A, Cho JY, Cap KC, Hossain AJ, Kim JG, Park JB. Extracellular pyruvate kinase M2 induces cell migration through p-Tyr42 RhoA-mediated superoxide generation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:614-629. [PMID: 37722568 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment (TME), communication between cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) through secreted extracellular proteins promotes cancer progression. Here, we observed that co-culturing cancer cells (4T1) and macrophage cells (Raw264.7) significantly enhanced superoxide production in both cell types. Using MALDI-TOF, we identified PKM2 as a highly secreted protein by Raw264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived monocytes. The extracellular recombinant PKM2 protein not only enhanced cancer cell migration and invasion but also increased superoxide production. Additionally, PKM2 was found to associate with the cell surface, and its binding to integrin α5/β1 receptor was inhibited by antibodies specifically targeting it. Furthermore, we investigated downstream signaling pathways involved in PKM2-induced superoxide production. We found that knock-down of RhoA and p47phox using siRNAs effectively abolished superoxide generation in response to extracellular PKM2. Notably, extracellular PKM2 triggered the phosphorylation of p47phox at Ser345 residue and RhoA at Tyr42 residue (p-Tyr42 RhoA). Moreover, extracellular PKM2 exerted regulatory control over the expression of key epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, including ZEB1, Snail1, vimentin, and E-cadherin. Interestingly, p-Tyr42 RhoA translocated to the nucleus, where it bound to the ZEB1 promoter region. In light of these findings, we propose that extracellular PKM2 within the TME plays a critical role in tumorigenesis by promoting cancer cell migration and invasion through RhoA/p47phox signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hamza
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yoon Cho
- Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Kim Cuong Cap
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea; Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Abu Jubayer Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea; Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea; Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea; Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Pan Y, Zhang Y, Hu X, Li S. Construction of a Novel Cuproptosis-Related ceRNA Network-SNHG3/miR-1306-5p/PDHA1 and Identification of SNHG3 as a Prognostic Biomarker in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38690-38703. [PMID: 37867671 PMCID: PMC10586270 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The crucial role of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in the malignant biological behavior of tumors has been certificated. Nevertheless, the detailed function and molecular mechanism of ceRNA associated with cuproptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains dismal. In this study, we first constructed a protein-protein interaction network and identified the module with the highest degree of aggregation degree. DLAT and PDHA1 were screened out of the module after differential expression and survival analysis. Next, we reverse-predicted the upstream miRNA and lncRNA from mRNA (DLAT, PDHA1) and successfully established the ceRNA network-SNHG3/miR-1306-5p/PDHA1. SNHG3 was identified to be an independent prognostic biomarker based on the outcome of univariate and multivariate Cox analyses. Subsequently, we implemented methylation, immune infiltration, and drug sensitivity analysis to investigate the potential biological functions of SNHG3 in HCC. In addition, SNHG3 expression was upregulated in liver cancer cell lines. In vitro functional assay revealed that SNHG3 knockdown significantly attenuated proliferation, migration, and invasion of liver cancer cells. In summary, SNHG3 exhibited oncogenic characterization via sponging miR-1306-5p to regulate PDHA1, which might function as a promising prognostic indicator and a potential therapeutic target for HCC and shed new light on the molecular mechanism of HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pan
- Department
of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 739 Dingshen Rd, Zhoushan
City 316021, China
| | - Yiru Zhang
- Department
of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 739 Dingshen Rd, Zhoushan
City 316021, China
- State
Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases,
The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang
University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou
City 310003, China
| | - Xiaodan Hu
- Department
of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 739 Dingshen Rd, Zhoushan
City 316021, China
| | - Shibo Li
- Department
of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 739 Dingshen Rd, Zhoushan
City 316021, China
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Suzuki K, Kubota Y, Kaneko K, Kamata CC, Furuyama K. CLPX regulates mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation in liver cells. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105210. [PMID: 37660922 PMCID: PMC10556790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (β-oxidation) is an essential metabolic process for energy production in eukaryotic cells, but the regulatory mechanisms of this pathway are largely unknown. In the present study, we found that several enzymes involved in β-oxidation are associated with CLPX, the AAA+ unfoldase that is a component of the mitochondrial matrix protease ClpXP. The suppression of CLPX expression increased β-oxidation activity in the HepG2 cell line and in primary human hepatocytes without glucagon treatment. However, the protein levels of enzymes involved in β-oxidation did not significantly increase in CLPX-deleted HepG2 cells (CLPX-KO cells). Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the protein level in the immunoprecipitates of each antibody changed after the treatment of WT cells with glucagon, and a part of these changes was also observed in the comparison of WT and CLPX-KO cells without glucagon treatment. Although the exogenous expression of WT or ATP-hydrolysis mutant CLPX suppressed β-oxidation activity in CLPX-KO cells, glucagon treatment induced β-oxidation activity only in CLPX-KO cells expressing WT CLPX. These results suggest that the dissociation of CLPX from its target proteins is essential for the induction of β-oxidation in HepG2 cells. Moreover, specific phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and a decrease in the expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 were observed in CLPX-KO cells, suggesting that CLPX might participate in the regulation of the cytosolic signaling pathway for β-oxidation. The mechanism for AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation remains elusive; however, our results uncovered the hitherto unknown role of CLPX in mitochondrial β-oxidation in human liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Kubota
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kiriko Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | | | - Kazumichi Furuyama
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan.
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Hossain AJ, Islam R, Seo JB, Park HS, Kim JI, Kumar V, Lee KW, Park JB. Association of Phosphorylated Pyruvate Dehydrogenase with Pyruvate Kinase M2 Promotes PKM2 Stability in Response to Insulin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13697. [PMID: 37761999 PMCID: PMC10531280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a crucial signalling molecule that primarily functions to reduce blood glucose levels through cellular uptake of glucose. In addition to its role in glucose homeostasis, insulin has been shown to regulate cell proliferation. Specifically, insulin enhances the phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α (PDHA1) at the Ser293 residue and promotes the proliferation of HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Furthermore, we previously observed that p-Ser293 PDHA1 bound with pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) as confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. In this study, we used an in silico analysis to predict the structural conformation of the two binding proteins. However, the function of the protein complex remained unclear. To investigate further, we treated cells with si-PDHA1 and si-PKM2, which led to a reduction in PKM2 and p-Ser293 PDHA1 levels, respectively. Additionally, we found that the PDHA S293A dephospho-mimic reduced PKM2 levels and its associated enzyme activity. Treatment with MG132 and leupeptin impeded the PDHA1 S293A-mediated PKM2 reduction. These results suggest that the association between p-PDHA1 and PKM2 promotes their stability and protects them from protein degradation. Of interest, we observed that p-PDHA1 and PKM2 were localized in the nucleus in liver cancer patients. Under insulin stimulation, the knockdown of both PDHA1 and PKM2 led to a reduction in the expression of common genes, including KDMB1. These findings suggest that p-PDHA1 and PKM2 play a regulatory role in these proteins' expression and induce tumorigenesis in response to insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Jubayer Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (A.J.H.); (R.I.)
| | - Rokibul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (A.J.H.); (R.I.)
- Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Jong-Bok Seo
- Korea Basic Science Institute Seoul Center, Anamro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hwee-Seon Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.P.); (J.-I.K.)
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.P.); (J.-I.K.)
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Division of Life Science, Department of Bio and Medical Big-Data (BK4 Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (V.K.); (K.W.L.)
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Science, Department of Bio and Medical Big-Data (BK4 Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (V.K.); (K.W.L.)
- Angel i-Drug Design (AiDD), 33-3 Jinyangho-ro 44, Jinju 52650, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (A.J.H.); (R.I.)
- Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Glycyrrhizic Acid and Its Derivatives: Promising Candidates for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231910988. [PMID: 36232291 PMCID: PMC9569462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231910988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, which is characterized by hyperglycemia, chronic insulin resistance, progressive decline in β-cell function, and defect in insulin secretion. It has become one of the leading causes of death worldwide. At present, there is no cure for T2DM, but it can be treated, and blood glucose levels can be controlled. It has been reported that diabetic patients may suffer from the adverse effects of conventional medicine. Therefore, alternative therapy, such as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), can be used to manage and treat diabetes. In this review, glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and its derivatives are suggested to be promising candidates for the treatment of T2DM and its complications. It is the principal bioactive constituent in licorice, one type of TCM. This review comprehensively summarized the therapeutic effects and related mechanisms of GL and its derivatives in managing blood glucose levels and treating T2DM and its complications. In addition, it also discusses existing clinical trials and highlights the research gap in clinical research. In summary, this review can provide a further understanding of GL and its derivatives in T2DM as well as its complications and recent progress in the development of potential drugs targeting T2DM.
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Hossain AJ, Islam R, Kim JG, Dogsom O, Cap KC, Park JB. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase A1 Phosphorylated by Insulin Associates with Pyruvate Kinase M2 and Induces LINC00273 through Histone Acetylation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061256. [PMID: 35740278 PMCID: PMC9220252 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin potently promotes cell proliferation and anabolic metabolism along with a reduction in blood glucose levels. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) plays a pivotal role in glucose metabolism. Insulin increase PDH activity by attenuating phosphorylated Ser293 PDH E1α (p-PDHA1) in normal liver tissue. In contrast to normal hepatocytes, insulin enhanced p-PDHA1 level and induced proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Here, we attempted to find a novel function of p-PDHA1 in tumorigenesis upon insulin stimulation. We found that p-Ser293 E1α, but not the E2 or E3 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), co-immunoprecipitated with pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) upon insulin. Of note, the p-PDHA1 along with PKM2 translocated to the nucleus. The p-PDHA1/PKM2 complex was associated with the promoter of long intergenic non-protein coding (LINC) 00273 gene (LINC00273) and recruited p300 histone acetyl transferase (HAT) and ATP citrate lyase (ACL), leading to histone acetylation. Consequently, the level of transcription factor ZEB1, an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker, was promoted through increased levels of LINC00273, resulting in cell migration upon insulin. p-PDHA1, along with PKM2, may be crucial for transcriptional regulation of specific genes through epigenetic regulation upon insulin in hepatocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Jubayer Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Kangwon-do, Korea; (A.J.H.); (R.I.); (J.-G.K.); (O.D.); (K.C.C.)
- Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Rokibul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Kangwon-do, Korea; (A.J.H.); (R.I.); (J.-G.K.); (O.D.); (K.C.C.)
- Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Kangwon-do, Korea
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Jae-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Kangwon-do, Korea; (A.J.H.); (R.I.); (J.-G.K.); (O.D.); (K.C.C.)
- Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Oyungerel Dogsom
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Kangwon-do, Korea; (A.J.H.); (R.I.); (J.-G.K.); (O.D.); (K.C.C.)
- Department of Biology, School of Bio-Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Kim Cuong Cap
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Kangwon-do, Korea; (A.J.H.); (R.I.); (J.-G.K.); (O.D.); (K.C.C.)
- Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Kangwon-do, Korea
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Jae-Bong Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Kangwon-do, Korea; (A.J.H.); (R.I.); (J.-G.K.); (O.D.); (K.C.C.)
- Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Kangwon-do, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-248-2542; Fax: +82-33-244-8425
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GSK3 as a Regulator of Cytoskeleton Architecture: Consequences for Health and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082092. [PMID: 34440861 PMCID: PMC8393567 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) was initially isolated as a critical protein in energy metabolism. However, subsequent studies indicate that GSK-3 is a multi-tasking kinase that links numerous signaling pathways in a cell and plays a vital role in the regulation of many aspects of cellular physiology. As a regulator of actin and tubulin cytoskeleton, GSK3 influences processes of cell polarization, interaction with the extracellular matrix, and directional migration of cells and their organelles during the growth and development of an animal organism. In this review, the roles of GSK3–cytoskeleton interactions in brain development and pathology, migration of healthy and cancer cells, and in cellular trafficking of mitochondria will be discussed.
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Triglycerides in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Guilty Until Proven Innocent. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:183-190. [PMID: 33468321 PMCID: PMC10065162 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
End-stage liver disease (ESLD) is a rare but often fatal complication of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In NAFLD, insulin resistance, which is clinically defined as the impairment of insulin's ability to maintain glucose homeostasis, is associated with perturbations in insulin action that promote triglyceride accumulation, such as increasing de novo lipogenesis. However, the key step in the development of ESLD is not the accumulation of triglycerides, but hepatocyte injury. Whether and how triglycerides promote hepatocyte injury remains unclear. Consequently, it is difficult to predict whether drugs designed to reduce hepatic triglycerides will prevent the most important complications of NAFLD.
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Kim JG, Mahmud S, Min JK, Lee YB, Kim H, Kang DC, Park HS, Seong J, Park JB. RhoA GTPase phosphorylated at tyrosine 42 by src kinase binds to β-catenin and contributes transcriptional regulation of vimentin upon Wnt3A. Redox Biol 2020; 40:101842. [PMID: 33388549 PMCID: PMC7788234 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Wnt canonical pathway, Wnt3A has been known to stabilize β-catenin. In the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway, Wnt is known to activate Rho GTPases. The correlation between canonical and non-canonical pathways by Wnt signaling, however, has not been well elucidated. Here, we identified that Wnt3A promoted superoxide generation, leading to Tyr42 phosphorylation of RhoA through activations of c-Src and Rho-dependent coiled coil kinase 2 (ROCK2) and phosphorylation of p47phox, a component of NADPH oxidase. Wnt3A also induced accumulation of β-catenin along with activations of RhoA and ROCK1. Concurrently, ROCK1 was able to phosphorylate GSK-3β at Ser9, which phosphorylated Src at Ser51 and Ser492 residues, leading to Src inactivation through dephosphorylation of Tyr416 during the late period of Wnt3A treatment. Meanwhile, p-Tyr42 RhoA bound to β-catenin via the N-terminal domain of β-catenin, thereby leading to the nuclear translocation of p-Tyr42 RhoA/β-catenin complex. Notably, p-Tyr42 RhoA as well as β-catenin was associated with the promoter of Vim, leading to increased expression of vimentin. In addition, stomach cancer patients harboring higher expressed p-Tyr42 Rho levels revealed the much poorer survival probability. Therefore, we propose that p-Tyr42 RhoA is crucial for transcriptional regulation of specific target genes in the nucleus by binding to their promoters and involved in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hallymdaehag-Gil 1, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 24252, Republic of Korea; Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shohel Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hallymdaehag-Gil 1, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 24252, Republic of Korea; National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Jung Ki Min
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hallymdaehag-Gil 1, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Beom Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hallymdaehag-Gil 1, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbin Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis Treatment Care of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chul Kang
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang-si, 14066, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwee-Seon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hallymdaehag-Gil 1, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Seong
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis Treatment Care of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hallymdaehag-Gil 1, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 24252, Republic of Korea; Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea; Hallym Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Republic of Korea; ELmed Co. Room 3419, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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