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Danyukova T, Schöneck K, Pohl S. Site-1 and site-2 proteases: A team of two in regulated proteolysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119138. [PMID: 34619164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The site-1 and site-2 proteases (S1P and S2P) were identified over 20 years ago, and the functions of both have been addressed in numerous studies ever since. Whereas S1P processes a set of substrates independently of S2P, the latter acts in concert with S1P in a mechanism, called regulated intramembrane proteolysis, that controls lipid metabolism and response to unfolded proteins. This review summarizes the molecular roles that S1P and S2P jointly play in these processes. As S1P and S2P deficiencies mainly affect connective tissues, yet with varying phenotypes, we discuss the segregated functions of S1P and S2P in terms of cell homeostasis and maintenance of the connective tissues. In addition, we provide experimental data that point at S2P, but not S1P, as a critical regulator of cell adaptation to proteotoxicity or lipid imbalance. Therefore, we hypothesize that S2P can also function independently of S1P activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Danyukova
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Kenneth Schöneck
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Pohl
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Matsuhisa K, Cai L, Saito A, Sakaue F, Kamikawa Y, Fujiwara S, Asada R, Kudo Y, Imaizumi K. Toxic effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress transducer BBF2H7-derived small peptide fragments on neuronal cells. Brain Res 2020; 1749:147139. [PMID: 33010207 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation, fibril formation, and deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) protein are believed to be the central pathogeneses of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Numerous studies have shown that fibril formation is promoted by preformed seeds at the beginning of the aggregation process. Therefore, aggregated molecules that promote fibrillization of Aβ protein as seeds could affect the pathology. We recently found that approximately 40 amino acid hydrophobic peptides, BBF2H7-derived small peptide (BSP) fragments, are generated via intramembranous cleavage under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. Interestingly, similar to Aβ protein, the fragments exhibit a high aggregation propensity and form fibril structures. It has been noted that ER stress is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. In this study, we examined the effect of BSP fragments on aggregation and cytotoxicity of Aβ1-40 protein, which is generated as a major species of Aβ protein, but has a lower aggregative property than Aβ1-42 protein. We demonstrated that BSP fragments promote aggregation of Aβ1-40 protein. Aggregates of Aβ1-40 protein mediated by BSP fragments also exhibited potent neurotoxicity. Our findings suggest the possibility that BSP fragments affect accumulation of Aβ proteins and are involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Matsuhisa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; Department of Stress Protein Processing, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Longjie Cai
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; Department of Stress Protein Processing, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Fumika Sakaue
- Department of Stress Protein Processing, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yasunao Kamikawa
- Department of Stress Protein Processing, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Sachiko Fujiwara
- Department of Stress Protein Processing, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Rie Asada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yukitsuka Kudo
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazunori Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
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