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Lu J, Li Z, Yang Y, Wei F. Chronic exercise improves renal AT 1 and ETB receptor functions via modulating GRK4 expression in obese Zucker rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2024; 46:2323532. [PMID: 38471134 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2024.2323532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity has profound benefits on health, especially in patients with cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Exercise training can reduce oxidative stress, improve renal function, and thus lower blood pressure. However, the effect of exercise training on angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1R) and endothelin subtype B receptors (ETBR)-mediated diuresis and natriuresis in obese Zucker rats is unclear. METHODS Lean and obese Zucker rats were exercised or placed on a nonmoving treadmill for 8 weeks. Blood pressure was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography, and functions of AT1R and ETBR in the kidney were measured by natriuresis, respectively. RESULTS Our data showed that exercise training improved glucose and lipid metabolism, renal function and sodium excretion in obese Zucker rats, accompanied by decreased oxidative stress and GRK4 expression in obese Zucker rats. Moreover, exercise training reduced the Candesartan-induced an increase in diuresis and natriuresis and increased ETBR agonists (BQ3020)-mediated diuresis and natriuresis in obese Zucker rats, which were associated with decreased renal AT1R expression and ETBR phosphorylation levels. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that exercise training lowers blood pressure via improving renal AT1R and ETBR function through modulating GRK4 expression in Obese Zucker Rats and provides potentially effective targets for obesity-related hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Lu
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Secondary Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhengsheng Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Secondary Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yinan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Secondary Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Fangning Wei
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang F, Armando I, Jose PA, Zeng C, Yang J. G protein-coupled receptor kinases in hypertension: physiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic targets. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:2317-2336. [PMID: 38961282 PMCID: PMC11374685 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-024-01763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate cellular responses to a myriad of hormones and neurotransmitters that play vital roles in the regulation of physiological processes such as blood pressure. In organs such as the artery and kidney, hormones or neurotransmitters, such as angiotensin II (Ang II), dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine exert their functions via their receptors, with the ultimate effect of keeping normal vascular reactivity, normal body sodium, and normal blood pressure. GPCR kinases (GRKs) exert their biological functions, by mediating the regulation of agonist-occupied GPCRs, non-GPCRs, or non-receptor substrates. In particular, increasing number of studies show that aberrant expression and activity of GRKs in the cardiovascular system and kidney inhibit or stimulate GPCRs (e.g., dopamine receptors, Ang II receptors, and α- and β-adrenergic receptors), resulting in hypertension. Current studies focus on the effect of selective GRK inhibitors in cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. Moreover, genetic studies show that GRK gene variants are associated with essential hypertension, blood pressure response to antihypertensive medicines, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes of antihypertensive treatment. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of GRK-mediated regulation of blood pressure, role of GRKs in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and highlight potential strategies for the treatment of hypertension. Schematic representation of GPCR desensitization process. Activation of GPCRs begins with the binding of an agonist to its corresponding receptor. Then G proteins activate downstream effectors that are mediated by various signaling pathways. GPCR signaling is halted by GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation, which causes receptor internalization through β-arrestin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuwei Zhang
- Research Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ines Armando
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jian Yang
- Research Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
- Department of Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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Xiang H, Huang J, Song A, Liu F, Xiong J, Zhang C. GRK5 promoted renal fibrosis via HDAC5/Smad3 signaling pathway. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23422. [PMID: 38206179 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301595rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a common pathological feature of chronic kidney diseases (CKD), poses a significant burden in the aging population, and is a major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In this study, we investigated the role of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) 5 in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. GRK5 is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. GRK5 has been shown to play a role in various diseases including cardiac disorders and cancer. However, the role of GRK5 in renal fibrosis remains largely unknown. Our finding revealed that GRK5 was significantly overexpressed in renal fibrosis. Specifically, GRK5 was transferred into the nucleus via its nuclear localization sequence to regulate histone deacetylases (HDAC) 5 expression under renal fibrosis. GRK5 acted as an upstream regulator of HDAC5/Smad3 signaling pathway. HDAC5 regulated and prevented the transcriptional activity of myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A) to repress the transcription of Smad7 which leading to the activation of Smad3. These findings first revealed that GRK5 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of renal fibrosis. Inhibition of GRK5 activity may be a promising strategy to attenuate the progression of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Xiang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anni Song
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Katsukunya JN, Soko ND, Naidoo J, Rayner B, Blom D, Sinxadi P, Chimusa ER, Dandara M, Dzobo K, Jones E, Dandara C. Pharmacogenomics of Hypertension in Africa: Paving the Way for a Pharmacogenetic-Based Approach for the Treatment of Hypertension in Africans. Int J Hypertens 2023; 2023:9919677. [PMID: 38633331 PMCID: PMC11022520 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9919677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In Africa, the burden of hypertension has been rising at an alarming rate for the last two decades and is a major cause for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and morbidity. Hypertension is characterised by elevated blood pressure (BP) ≥ 140/90 mmHg. Current hypertension guidelines recommend the use of antihypertensives belonging to the following classes: calcium channel blockers (CCB), angiotensin converting inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), diuretics, β-blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), to manage hypertension. Still, a considerable number of hypertensives in Africa have their BP uncontrolled due to poor drug response and remain at the risk of CVD events. Genetic factors are a major contributing factor, accounting for 20% to 80% of individual variability in therapy and poor response. Poor response to antihypertensive drug therapy is characterised by elevated BPs and occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). As a result, there have been numerous studies which have examined the role of genetic variation and its influence on antihypertensive drug response. These studies are predominantly carried out in non-African populations, including Europeans and Asians, with few or no Africans participating. It is important to note that the greatest genetic diversity is observed in African populations as well as the highest prevalence of hypertension. As a result, this warrants a need to focus on how genetic variation affects response to therapeutic interventions used to manage hypertension in African populations. In this paper, we discuss the implications of genetic diversity in CYP11B2, GRK4, NEDD4L, NPPA, SCNN1B, UMOD, CYP411, WNK, CYP3A4/5, ACE, ADBR1/2, GNB3, NOS3, B2, BEST3, SLC25A31, LRRC15 genes, and chromosome 12q loci on hypertension susceptibility and response to antihypertensive therapy. We show that African populations are poorly explored genetically, and for the few characterised genes, they exhibit qualitative and quantitative differences in the profile of pharmacogene variants when compared to other ethnic groups. We conclude by proposing prioritization of pharmacogenetics research in Africa and possible adoption of pharmacogenetic-guided therapies for hypertension in African patients. Finally, we outline the implications, challenges, and opportunities these studies present for populations of non-European descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N. Katsukunya
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- UCT/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nyarai D. Soko
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- UCT/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jashira Naidoo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian Rayner
- UCT/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dirk Blom
- UCT/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Lipidology and Cape Heart Institute, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Phumla Sinxadi
- UCT/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emile R. Chimusa
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, Tyne and Wear NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Michelle Dandara
- UCT/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin Dzobo
- Medical Research Council-SA Wound Healing Unit, Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Anzio Road Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Erika Jones
- UCT/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- UCT/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 causes renal angiotensin II type 2 receptor dysfunction by increasing its phosphorylation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:989-1003. [PMID: 35695067 PMCID: PMC9793447 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) induces diuresis and natriuresis. Increased expression or/and activity of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 (GRK4) or genetic variants (e.g., GRK4γ142V) cause sodium retention and hypertension. Whether GRK4 plays a role in the regulation of AT2R in the kidney remains unknown. In the present study, we found that spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) had increased AT2R phosphorylation and impaired AT2R-mediated diuretic and natriuretic effects, as compared with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. The regulation by GRK4 of renal AT2R phosphorylation and function was studied in human (h) GRK4γ transgenic mice. hGRK4γ142V transgenic mice had increased renal AT2R phosphorylation and impaired AT2R-mediated natriuresis, relative to hGRK4γ wild-type (WT) littermates. These were confirmed in vitro; AT2R phosphorylation was increased and AT2R-mediated inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase activity was decreased in hGRK4γ142V, relative to hGRK4γ WT-transfected renal proximal tubule (RPT) cells. There was a direct physical interaction between renal GRK4 and AT2R that was increased in SHRs, relative to WKY rats. Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction of renal GRK4 decreased the renal AT2R phosphorylation and restored the impaired AT2R-mediated diuresis and natriuresis in SHRs. In vitro studies showed that GRK4 siRNA reduced AT2R phosphorylation and reversed the impaired AT2R-mediated inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase activity in SHR RPT cells. Our present study shows that GRK4, at least in part, impairs renal AT2R-mediated diuresis and natriuresis by increasing its phosphorylation; inhibition of GRK4 expression and/or activity may be a potential strategy to improve the renal function of AT2R.
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