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Meng Z, Yang Y, Li S, Huang L, Yao Z, Chen Y, Wang J, Shen Y, Liang P, Zhang H, Wang W, Wang F. GSE1 promotes the proliferation and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells by downregulating KLF6 expression. Cell Biol Int 2024. [PMID: 38886911 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent human cancers with a high lethality rate worldwide. In this study, we demonstrated that GSE1 (genetic suppressor element 1) expression is aberrantly upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma and that GSE1 depletion inhibits the proliferation and migration of both A549 and H1299 cells. Immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that GSE1 interacts with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and other BRAF-HDAC complex (BHC) components in cells. The transcriptome of GSE1-knockdown A549 cells indicated that 207 genes were upregulated and 159 were downregulated based on a p-value < .05 and fold change ≥ 1.5. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that 140 differentially expressed genes harbor binding sites for HDAC1, including the tumor suppressor gene KLF6 (Kruppel-like factor 6). Indeed, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis revealed that GSE1 could inhibit the transcription of KLF6 in lung cancer cells. In conclusion, GSE1 cooperates with HDAC1 to promote the proliferation and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer cells through the downregulation of KLF6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Meng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Yingqian Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Shupei Li
- College of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liguo Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Zhoujuan Yao
- College of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yixuan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Junkun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Yiru Shen
- College of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pingping Liang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Fengsong Wang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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2
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Yang L, Yin H, Bai L, Yao W, Tao T, Zhao Q, Gao Y, Teng J, Xu Z, Lin Q, Diao S, Pan Z, Guan D, Li B, Zhou H, Zhou Z, Zhao F, Wang Q, Pan Y, Zhang Z, Li K, Fang L, Liu GE. Mapping and functional characterization of structural variation in 1060 pig genomes. Genome Biol 2024; 25:116. [PMID: 38715020 PMCID: PMC11075355 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural variations (SVs) have significant impacts on complex phenotypes by rearranging large amounts of DNA sequence. RESULTS We present a comprehensive SV catalog based on the whole-genome sequence of 1060 pigs (Sus scrofa) representing 101 breeds, covering 9.6% of the pig genome. This catalog includes 42,487 deletions, 37,913 mobile element insertions, 3308 duplications, 1664 inversions, and 45,184 break ends. Estimates of breed ancestry and hybridization using genotyped SVs align well with those from single nucleotide polymorphisms. Geographically stratified deletions are observed, along with known duplications of the KIT gene, responsible for white coat color in European pigs. Additionally, we identify a recent SINE element insertion in MYO5A transcripts of European pigs, potentially influencing alternative splicing patterns and coat color alterations. Furthermore, a Yorkshire-specific copy number gain within ABCG2 is found, impacting chromatin interactions and gene expression across multiple tissues over a stretch of genomic region of ~200 kb. Preliminary investigations into SV's impact on gene expression and traits using the Pig Genotype-Tissue Expression (PigGTEx) data reveal SV associations with regulatory variants and gene-trait pairs. For instance, a 51-bp deletion is linked to the lead eQTL of the lipid metabolism regulating gene FADS3, whose expression in embryo may affect loin muscle area, as revealed by our transcriptome-wide association studies. CONCLUSIONS This SV catalog serves as a valuable resource for studying diversity, evolutionary history, and functional shaping of the pig genome by processes like domestication, trait-based breeding, and adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Hongwei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenye Yao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianyi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yahui Gao
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Jinyan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuqi Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangyuan Pan
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dailu Guan
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bingjie Li
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Roslin Institute Building, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zhongyin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Fuping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qishan Wang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuchun Pan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kui Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lingzhao Fang
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - George E Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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3
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Zhang X, Wang S, Zhang J, Wang H. Memory induced-mechanism of noise attenuator of myosin V molecular motors. Biosystems 2024; 237:105139. [PMID: 38336223 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Depending on the chemical energy from ATP hydrolysis, myosin V can drive the multistep and continuous coupled cycling process to transport cellular cargo to targeted regions. However, it is still obscure how the molecular memory induced by the multistep coupled transported process could regulate the dynamic behavior of the motor state of myosin V. Here, we propose a novel non-Markovian polymorphic mechanochemical model to investigate the effect of the molecular memory on the mechanic of noise attenuation of myosin V system. We first define an effective transition rate for a multistep coupled reaction process which is the function of memory and system states to transform equivalently the non-Markovian process into the classical Markov process. By noise decomposition technology, it is observed that both the intrinsic and extrinsic noises of the ADP-myosin V bound state (AM ⋅ ADP) exhibit a monotonically decreasing trend with lengthening the molecular memory. Molecular memory as a regulation factor can amplify the contribution of intrinsic noise to the overall noise while reducing the influence of extrinsic noise on the AM ⋅ ADP. Moreover, the modulation of molecular memory could induce stochastic focusing. These results indicate that the role of molecular memory in the myosin V state transition can not only offer a handle to maintain the robustness of the motion system but also serve as a paradigm for studying more complex molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China; Hainan University, Key Laboratory of Engineering Modeling and Statistical Computation of Hainan Province, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sizhe Wang
- The School of Mathematics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China; School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China; Hainan University, Key Laboratory of Engineering Modeling and Statistical Computation of Hainan Province, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haohua Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China; Hainan University, Key Laboratory of Engineering Modeling and Statistical Computation of Hainan Province, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Kimura S, Hatakeyama T, Koutaka T, Kubo K, Morita S, Eguchi K, Saitoh K, Yamauchi K, Imai S, Kashimura A, Inenaga T, Matsumoto H. PMEL p.Leu18del dilutes coat color of Kumamoto sub-breed of Japanese Brown cattle. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:694. [PMID: 36207673 PMCID: PMC9541072 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08916-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coat color is important for registration and maintenance of livestock. Standard coat color of Kumamoto sub-breed of Japanese Brown cattle is solid brown, but individuals with diluted coat color have been observed recently. In this study, we attempted to identify polymorphism(s) responsible for coat color dilution by whole genome analysis. Results One of the diluted cattle possessed 7302 exonic polymorphisms which could affect genes’ function. Among them, 14 polymorphisms in 10 coat color-related genes were assumed to be specific for the diluted cattle. Subsequent genotyping with three diluted cattle and 74 standard cattle elucidated that PMEL p.Leu18del was the causative polymorphism for coat color dilution in this sub-breed. Individuals with del/del type of this polymorphism showed diluted coat color, but coat color of heterozygotes were intermediate with various dilution rates. Conclusions Coat color dilution of Kumamoto sub-breed was caused by PMEL p.Leu18del. The causative del allele has been detected in several genetically distant cattle breeds, suggesting that PMEL p.Leu18del can be used as a DNA marker to control cattle coat color. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08916-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kimura
- Course of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Touko Hatakeyama
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Koutaka
- Kumamoto Office, Phoenix College, Tokai University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kubo
- Kumamoto Office, Phoenix College, Tokai University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Morita
- Kumamoto Prefectural Agricultural University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Eguchi
- Kumamoto Prefectural Agricultural Research Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kohji Saitoh
- Kumamoto Prefectural Agricultural Research Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamauchi
- Kumamoto Station, National Livestock Breeding Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Saki Imai
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kashimura
- Course of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Inenaga
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Matsumoto
- Course of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, Japan. .,Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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5
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Aboul-Naga AM, Alsamman AM, El Allali A, Elshafie MH, Abdelal ES, Abdelkhalek TM, Abdelsabour TH, Mohamed LG, Hamwieh A. Genome-wide analysis identified candidate variants and genes associated with heat stress adaptation in Egyptian sheep breeds. Front Genet 2022; 13:898522. [PMID: 36263427 PMCID: PMC9574253 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.898522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress caused by climatic changes is one of the most significant stresses on livestock in hot and dry areas. It has particularly adverse effects on the ability of the breed to maintain homeothermy. Developing countries are advised to protect and prepare their animal resources in the face of potential threats such as climate change. The current study was conducted in Egypt’s three hot and dry agro-ecological zones. Three local sheep breeds (Saidi, Wahati, and Barki) were studied with a total of 206 ewes. The animals were exercised under natural heat stress. The heat tolerance index of the animals was calculated to identify animals with high and low heat tolerance based on their response to meteorological and physiological parameters. Genomic variation in these breeds was assessed using 64,756 single nucleotide polymorphic markers (SNPs). From the perspective of comparative adaptability to harsh conditions, our objective was to investigate the genomic structure that might control the adaptability of local sheep breeds to environmental stress under hot and dry conditions. In addition, indices of population structure and diversity of local breeds were examined. Measures of genetic diversity showed a significant influence of breed and location on populations. The standardized index of association (rbarD) ranged from 0.0012 (Dakhla) to 0.026 (Assuit), while for the breed, they ranged from 0.004 (Wahati) to 0.0103 (Saidi). The index of association analysis (Ia) ranged from 1.42 (Dakhla) to 35.88 (Assuit) by location and from 6.58 (Wahati) to 15.36 (Saidi) by breed. The most significant SNPs associated with heat tolerance were found in the MYO5A, PRKG1, GSTCD, and RTN1 genes (p ≤ 0.0001). MYO5A produces a protein widely distributed in the melanin-producing neural crest of the skin. Genetic association between genetic and phenotypic variations showed that OAR1_18300122.1, located in ST3GAL3, had the greatest positive effect on heat tolerance. Genome-wide association analysis identified SNPs associated with heat tolerance in the PLCB1, STEAP3, KSR2, UNC13C, PEBP4, and GPAT2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel M. Aboul-Naga
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Adel M. Aboul-Naga, ; Alsamman M. Alsamman,
| | - Alsamman M. Alsamman
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Adel M. Aboul-Naga, ; Alsamman M. Alsamman,
| | - Achraf El Allali
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Mohmed H. Elshafie
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ehab S. Abdelal
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek M. Abdelkhalek
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Taha H. Abdelsabour
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Layaly G. Mohamed
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aladdin Hamwieh
- International Center For Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Giza, Egypt
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6
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Davoudi P, Do DN, Rathgeber B, Colombo SM, Sargolzaei M, Plastow G, Wang Z, Karimi K, Hu G, Valipour S, Miar Y. Genome-wide detection of copy number variation in American mink using whole-genome sequencing. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:649. [PMID: 36096727 PMCID: PMC9468235 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variations (CNVs) represent a major source of genetic diversity and contribute to the phenotypic variation of economically important traits in livestock species. In this study, we report the first genome-wide CNV analysis of American mink using whole-genome sequence data from 100 individuals. The analyses were performed by three complementary software programs including CNVpytor, DELLY and Manta. RESULTS A total of 164,733 CNVs (144,517 deletions and 20,216 duplications) were identified representing 5378 CNV regions (CNVR) after merging overlapping CNVs, covering 47.3 Mb (1.9%) of the mink autosomal genome. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of 1391 genes that overlapped CNVR revealed potential role of CNVs in a wide range of biological, molecular and cellular functions, e.g., pathways related to growth (regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and cAMP signaling pathways), behavior (axon guidance, circadian entrainment, and glutamatergic synapse), lipid metabolism (phospholipid binding, sphingolipid metabolism and regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes), and immune response (Wnt signaling, Fc receptor signaling, and GTPase regulator activity pathways). Furthermore, several CNVR-harbored genes associated with fur characteristics and development (MYO5A, RAB27B, FGF12, SLC7A11, EXOC2), and immune system processes (SWAP70, FYN, ORAI1, TRPM2, and FOXO3). CONCLUSIONS This study presents the first genome-wide CNV map of American mink. We identified 5378 CNVR in the mink genome and investigated genes that overlapped with CNVR. The results suggest potential links with mink behaviour as well as their possible impact on fur quality and immune response. Overall, the results provide new resources for mink genome analysis, serving as a guideline for future investigations in which genomic structural variations are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Davoudi
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Duy Ngoc Do
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Bruce Rathgeber
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Stefanie M Colombo
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Mehdi Sargolzaei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Select Sires Inc., Plain City, OH, USA
| | - Graham Plastow
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zhiquan Wang
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karim Karimi
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Guoyu Hu
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Shafagh Valipour
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Younes Miar
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada.
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