1
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Zhang Y, Yu C, Li X. Kidney Aging and Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6585. [PMID: 38928291 PMCID: PMC11204319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The process of aging inevitably leads to an increase in age-related comorbidities, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). In many aspects, CKD can be considered a state of accelerated and premature aging. Aging kidney and CKD have numerous common characteristic features, ranging from pathological presentation and clinical manifestation to underlying mechanisms. The shared mechanisms underlying the process of kidney aging and the development of CKD include the increase in cellular senescence, the decrease in autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the alterations of epigenetic regulation, suggesting the existence of potential therapeutic targets that are applicable to both conditions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the common characteristics between aging kidney and CKD, encompassing morphological changes, functional alterations, and recent advancements in understanding the underlying mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies for targeting senescent cells in both the aging process and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China;
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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2
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Sisto M, Lisi S. Epigenetic Regulation of EMP/EMT-Dependent Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2775. [PMID: 38474021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis represents a process characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. It often represents the evolution of pathological conditions, causes organ failure, and can, in extreme cases, compromise the functionality of organs to the point of causing death. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fibrotic evolution and to identify possible therapeutic strategies. Great interest has been aroused by the discovery of a molecular association between epithelial to mesenchymal plasticity (EMP), in particular epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and fibrogenesis, which has led to the identification of complex molecular mechanisms closely interconnected with each other, which could explain EMT-dependent fibrosis. However, the result remains unsatisfactory from a therapeutic point of view. In recent years, advances in epigenetics, based on chromatin remodeling through various histone modifications or through the intervention of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), have provided more information on the fibrotic process, and this could represent a promising path forward for the identification of innovative therapeutic strategies for organ fibrosis. In this review, we summarize current research on epigenetic mechanisms involved in organ fibrosis, with a focus on epigenetic regulation of EMP/EMT-dependent fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Sisto
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Lisi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, I-70124 Bari, Italy
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3
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Huang R, Fu P, Ma L. Kidney fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapeutic medicines. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:129. [PMID: 36932062 PMCID: PMC10023808 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01379-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated to affect 10-14% of global population. Kidney fibrosis, characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition leading to scarring, is a hallmark manifestation in different progressive CKD; However, at present no antifibrotic therapies against CKD exist. Kidney fibrosis is identified by tubule atrophy, interstitial chronic inflammation and fibrogenesis, glomerulosclerosis, and vascular rarefaction. Fibrotic niche, where organ fibrosis initiates, is a complex interplay between injured parenchyma (like tubular cells) and multiple non-parenchymal cell lineages (immune and mesenchymal cells) located spatially within scarring areas. Although the mechanisms of kidney fibrosis are complicated due to the kinds of cells involved, with the help of single-cell technology, many key questions have been explored, such as what kind of renal tubules are profibrotic, where myofibroblasts originate, which immune cells are involved, and how cells communicate with each other. In addition, genetics and epigenetics are deeper mechanisms that regulate kidney fibrosis. And the reversible nature of epigenetic changes including DNA methylation, RNA interference, and chromatin remodeling, gives an opportunity to stop or reverse kidney fibrosis by therapeutic strategies. More marketed (e.g., RAS blockage, SGLT2 inhibitors) have been developed to delay CKD progression in recent years. Furthermore, a better understanding of renal fibrosis is also favored to discover biomarkers of fibrotic injury. In the review, we update recent advances in the mechanism of renal fibrosis and summarize novel biomarkers and antifibrotic treatment for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongshuang Huang
- Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Liang Ma
- Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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4
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Cui B, Hou X, Liu M, Li Q, Yu C, Zhang S, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhuang S, Liu F. Pharmacological inhibition of SMYD2 protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:829630. [PMID: 36046818 PMCID: PMC9421052 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.829630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone methyltransferase SET and MYND domain protein 2 (SMYD2) has been implicated in tumorigenesis through methylating histone H3 at lysine36 (H3K36) and some non-histone substrates. Currently, the role of SMYD2 in acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of AZ505, a highly selective inhibitor of SMYD2, on the development of AKI and the mechanisms involved in a murine model of cisplatin-induced AKI. SMYD2 and trimethylated histone H3K36 (H3K36Me3) were highly expressed in the kidney following cisplatin treatment; administration of AZ505 remarkedly inhibited their expression, along with improving kidney function and ameliorating kidney damage. AZ505 also attenuated kidney tubular cell injury and apoptosis as evidenced by diminished the expression of neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule (Kim-1), reduced the number of TUNEL positive cells, decreased the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and the BAX/BCL-2 ratio in injured kidneys. Moreover, AZ505 inhibited cisplatin-induced phosphorylation of p53, a key driver of kidney cell apoptosis and reduced expression of p21, a cell cycle inhibitor. Meanwhile, AZ505 promoted expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin D1, two markers of cell proliferation. Furthermore, AZ505 was effective in suppressing the phosphorylation of STAT3 and NF-κB, two transcriptional factors associated with kidney inflammation, attenuating the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and reducing infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages to the injured kidney. Finally, in cultured HK-2 cells, silencing of SMYD2 by specific siRNA inhibited cisplatin-induced apoptosis of kidney tubular epithelial cells. Collectively, these results suggests that SMYD2 is a key determinant of cisplatin nephrotoxicity and targeting SMYD2 protects against cisplatin-induced AKI by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation and promoting cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiying Hou
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenglei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- *Correspondence: Shougang Zhuang, ; Feng Liu,
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shougang Zhuang, ; Feng Liu,
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5
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Zhao YB, Wei W, Lin XX, Chai YF, Jin H. The Role of Histone H3 Methylation in Acute Kidney Injury. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:2453-2461. [PMID: 35941926 PMCID: PMC9356748 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s376673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome in which kidney function declines sharply due to various reasons. Although the morbidity and mortality of AKI are high, the mechanism of occurrence and development of AKI has not been fully elucidated, and precise prevention and treatment measures are lacking. Epigenetics is a branch of genetics that provides a new perspective to explore the pathophysiology of AKI and renal repair. A large amount of literature shows that the methylation mechanism of H3 in histones is closely related to the development of kidney diseases. The sorting out of histone H3 methylation mechanism in AKI and kidney repair can help understand the pathophysiological process of the disease more deeply. It may also provide new ideas for diagnosing and treating of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bo Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xi Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Fen Chai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Jin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Heng Jin; Yan-Fen Chai, Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300000, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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6
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Li LX, Agborbesong E, Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhou JX, Li X. Crosstalk between lysine methyltransferase Smyd2 and TGF-β-Smad3 signaling promotes renal fibrosis in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F227-F242. [PMID: 35759739 PMCID: PMC9359663 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00452.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an inherited genetic disorder, which is caused by mutations of PKD1 or PKD2 gene and is characterized by renal fluid-filled cyst formation and interstitial fibrosis. PKD1 gene mutation results in the upregulation of SET and MYND domain-containing lysine methyltransferase 2 (SMYD2) in Pkd1 mutant mouse and ADPKD patient kidneys. However, the role and mechanism of Smyd2 in the regulation of renal fibrosis in ADPKD remains elusive. In this study, we show that: 1) the expression of Smyd2 can be regulated by TGF-β-Smad3 in normal rat kidney 49F (NRK-49F) cells and mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 cells; 2) knockdown of Smyd2 and inhibition of Smyd2 with its specific inhibitor, AZ505, decreases TGF-β-induced expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, collagens 1 and 3 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1( PAI1) in NRK-49F cells; 3) Smyd2 regulates the transcription of fibrotic marker genes through binding on the promoters of those genes or through methylating histone H3 to indirectly regulate the expression of those genes; and 4) knockout and inhibition of Smyd2 significantly decreases renal fibrosis in Pkd1 knockout mice, supporting that targeting Smyd2 can not only delay cyst growth but also attenuate renal fibrosis in ADPKD. This study identifies a crosstalk between TGF-β signaling and Smyd2 in the regulation of fibrotic gene transcription and the activation of fibroblasts in cystic kidneys, suggesting that targeting Smyd2 with AZ505 is a potential therapeutic strategy for ADPKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ewud Agborbesong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Julie Xia Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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7
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Cheng Y, Chen Y, Wang G, Liu P, Xie G, Jing H, Chen H, Fan Y, Wang M, Zhou J. Protein Methylation in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:736006. [PMID: 35647002 PMCID: PMC9133329 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.736006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by persistent urine aberrations, structural abnormalities, or impaired excretory renal function. Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD. Their common pathological manifestation is renal fibrosis. Approximately half of all patients with type 2 diabetes and one-third with type 1 diabetes will develop CKD. However, renal fibrosis mechanisms are still poorly understood, especially post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. And an unmet need remains for innovative treatment strategies for preventing, arresting, treating, and reversing diabetic kidney disease (DKD). People believe that protein methylation, including histone and non-histone, is an essential type of post-translational modification (PTM). However, prevalent reviews mainly focus on the causes such as DNA methylation. This review will take insights into the protein part. Furthermore, by emphasizing the close relationship between protein methylation and DKD, we will summarize the clinical research status and foresee the application prospect of protein methyltransferase (PMT) inhibitors in DKD treatment. In a nutshell, our review will contribute to a more profound understanding of DKD’s molecular mechanism and inspire people to dig into this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanna Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiling Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Eighth People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youlin Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Gaoming People’s Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zhou,
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8
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Zhou X, Chen H, Li J, Shi Y, Zhuang S, Liu N. The Role and Mechanism of Lysine Methyltransferase and Arginine Methyltransferase in Kidney Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:885527. [PMID: 35559246 PMCID: PMC9086358 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.885527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation can occur in both histones and non-histones. Key lysine and arginine methyltransferases under investigation for renal disease treatment include enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), G9a, disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like protein (DOT1L), and protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMT) 1 and 5. Recent studies have shown that methyltransferases expression and activity are also increased in several animal models of kidney injury, such as acute kidney injury(AKI), obstructive nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy and lupus nephritis. The inhibition of most methyltransferases can attenuate kidney injury, while the role of methyltransferase in different animal models remains controversial. In this article, we summarize the role and mechanism of lysine methyltransferase and arginine methyltransferase in various kidney diseases and highlight methyltransferase as a potential therapeutic target for kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinqing Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingfeng Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Zhang X, Li LX, Yu C, Nath KA, Zhuang S, Li X. Targeting lysine-specific demethylase 1A inhibits renal epithelial-mesenchymal transition and attenuates renal fibrosis. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22122. [PMID: 34958158 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101566r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1) as the first identified histone/lysine demethylase regulates gene expression and protein functions in diverse diseases. In this study, we show that the expression of LSD1 is increased in mouse kidneys with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and in cultured NRK-52E cells undergoing TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Inhibition of LSD1 with its specific inhibitor ORY1001 attenuated renal EMT and fibrosis, which was associated with decreased the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and the expression of fibrotic markers, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fibronectin, and the recovery of E-cadherin expression and decrease of N-cadherin expression in UUO kidneys and in NRK-52E cells induced with TGF-β1. Targeting LSD1 also decreased the expression of Snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (Snail-1) and its interaction with LSD1 in UUO kidneys and in NRK-52E cells treated with TGF-β1. In addition, we identified a novel LSD1-14-3-3ζ-PKCα axis in the regulation of the activation of AKT and Stat3 and then the activation of fibroblasts. This study suggests that LSD1 plays a critical role in regulation of renal EMT and fibrosis through activation of diverse signaling pathways and places an emphasis that LSD1 has potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linda Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Karl A Nath
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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10
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Yan H, Xu J, Xu Z, Yang B, Luo P, He Q. Defining therapeutic targets for renal fibrosis: Exploiting the biology of pathogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112115. [PMID: 34488081 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a failed wound-healing process of the kidney tissue after chronic, sustained injury, which is a common pathway and pathological marker of virtually every type of chronic kidney disease (CKD), regardless of cause. However, there is a lack of effective treatment specifically targeting against renal fibrosis per se to date. The main pathological feature of renal fibrosis is the massive activation and proliferation of renal fibroblasts and the excessive synthesis and secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposited in the renal interstitium, leading to structural damage, impairment of renal function, and eventually end-stage renal disease. In this review, we summarize recent advancements regarding the participation and interaction of many types of kidney residents and infiltrated cells during renal fibrosis, attempt to comprehensively discuss the mechanism of renal fibrosis from the cellular level and conclude by highlighting novel therapeutic targets and approaches for development of new treatments for patients with renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiangxin Xu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhifei Xu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peihua Luo
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Qiaojun He
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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