1
|
Xu T, Huangfu B, He X, Huang K. Exosomes as mediators of signal transmitters in biotoxins toxicity: a comprehensive review. Cell Biol Toxicol 2024; 40:27. [PMID: 38693223 PMCID: PMC11062979 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-024-09867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Small membranes known as exosomes surround them and are released by several cell types both in vitro and in vivo. These membranes are packed with a variety of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and non-coding RNA (ncRNA). As a source of biological nanomaterials, exosomes play a role in information and substance transmission between cells and have been identified as a general method of facilitating communication during interactions between the body, target organs, and toxins.. In order to understand the changes and mechanism of the composition and level of exosomes after biotoxin infection, this review focuses on current findings on the exosomes and highlights their novel uses in the toxicity mechanism. Exosomes are mainly used as a delivery carrier or mediated by receptors, and play an immune role after the toxin enters the body. This review expounds on the importance of exosomes in the toxicological mechanism of biotoxins and provides new insights for further diagnosis of toxic biomarkers, detoxification, and treatment development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongxiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bingxin Huangfu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Feng H, Yue Y, Zhang Y, Liang J, Liu L, Wang Q, Feng Q, Zhao H. Plant-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles: Emerging Nanosystems for Enhanced Tissue Engineering. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1189-1204. [PMID: 38344437 PMCID: PMC10859124 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s448905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering holds great potential for tissue repair and rejuvenation. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) have recently emerged as a promising avenue in tissue engineering. However, there is an urgent need to understand how plant ELNs can be therapeutically applied in clinical disease management, especially for tissue regeneration. In this review, we comprehensively examine the properties, characteristics, and isolation techniques of plant ELNs. We also discuss their impact on the immune system, compatibility with the human body, and their role in tissue regeneration. To ensure the suitability of plant ELNs for tissue engineering, we explore various engineering and modification strategies. Additionally, we provide insights into the progress of commercialization and industrial perspectives on plant ELNs. This review aims to highlight the potential of plant ELNs in regenerative medicine by exploring the current research landscape and key findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Feng
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Honghui Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi, 710054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Honghui Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi, 710054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Honghui Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi, 710054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingqi Liang
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Honghui Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi, 710054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Honghui Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi, 710054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Honghui Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi, 710054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongmou Zhao
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Honghui Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi, 710054, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang H, Zeng W, Zhao MM, Wang J, Wang Q, Chen T, Zhang Y, Lee W, Chen S, Zhang Y, Lan X, Xiang Y. Caenorhabditis elegans LIN-24, a homolog of bacterial pore-forming toxin, protects the host from microbial infection. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23162. [PMID: 37682220 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300063r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerolysin-like pore-forming protein (af-PFP) superfamily members are double-edge swords that assist the bacterial infection but shied bacteria from the host by various mechanisms in some species including the toad Bombina maxima and zebrafish. While members of this family are widely expressed in all kingdoms, especially non-bacteria species, it remains unclear whether their anti-bacterial function is conserved. LIN-24 is an af-PFP that is constitutively expressed throughout the Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan. Here, we observed that LIN-24 knockdown reduced the maximum lifespan of worms. RNA-seq analysis identified 323 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) post-LIN-24 knockdown that were enriched in "immune response" and "lysosome pathway," suggesting a possible role for LIN-24 in resisting microbial infection. In line with this, we found that Pseudomonas aeruginosa 14 (PA14) infection induced LIN-24 expression, and that survival after PA14 infection was significantly reduced by LIN-24 knockdown. In contrast, LIN-24 overexpression (LIN-24-OE) conferred protection against PA14 infection, with worms showing longer survival time and reduced bacterial load. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis of LIN-24-OE worms showed that the highest correlation module was enriched in factors related to immunity and the defense response. Finally, by predicting transcription factors from RNA-seq data and knocking down candidate transcription factors in LIN-24-OE worms, we revealed that LIN-24 may protect worms against bacterial infection by stimulating DAF-16-mediated immune responses. These findings agree with our previous studies showing an anti-microbial role for the amphibian-derived af-PFP complex βγ-CAT, suggesting that af-PFPs may play a conserved role in combatting microbial infections. Further research is needed to determine the roles this protein family plays in other physio-pathological processes, such as metabolism, longevity, and aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhang
- Metabolic Control and Aging, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, China
| | - Weirong Zeng
- Metabolic Control and Aging, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Metabolic Control and Aging, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiquan Wang
- Metabolic Control and Aging, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Metabolic Control and Aging, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wenhui Lee
- Metabolic Control and Aging, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, China
| | - Shenghan Chen
- Metabolic Control and Aging, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xinqiang Lan
- Metabolic Control and Aging, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Metabolic Control and Aging, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu LZ, Liu L, Shi ZH, Bian XL, Si ZR, Wang QQ, Xiang Y, Zhang Y. Amphibian pore-forming protein βγ-CAT drives extracellular nutrient scavenging under cell nutrient deficiency. iScience 2023; 26:106598. [PMID: 37128610 PMCID: PMC10148134 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient acquisition is essential for animal cells. βγ-CAT is a pore-forming protein (PFP) and trefoil factor complex assembled under tight regulation identified in toad Bombina maxima. Here, we reported that B. maxima cells secreted βγ-CAT under glucose, glutamine, and pyruvate deficiency to scavenge extracellular proteins for their nutrient supply and survival. AMPK signaling positively regulated the expression and secretion of βγ-CAT. The PFP complex selectively bound extracellular proteins and promoted proteins uptake through endolysosomal pathways. Elevated intracellular amino acids, enhanced ATP production, and eventually prolonged cell survival were observed in the presence of βγ-CAT and extracellular proteins. Liposome assays indicated that high concentration of ATP negatively regulated the opening of βγ-CAT channels. Collectively, these results uncovered that βγ-CAT is an essential element in cell nutrient scavenging under cell nutrient deficiency by driving vesicular uptake of extracellular proteins, providing a new paradigm for PFPs in cell nutrient acquisition and metabolic flexibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Xian-Ling Bian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- School of Life Science, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zi-Ru Si
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- School of Life Science, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qi-Quan Wang
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bian X, Si Z, Wang Q, Liu L, Shi Z, Tian C, Lee W, Zhang Y. IgG Fc-binding protein positively regulates the assembly of pore-forming protein complex βγ-CAT evolved to drive cell vesicular delivery and transport. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104717. [PMID: 37068610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell membranes form barriers for molecule exchange between the cytosol and the extracellular environments. βγ-CAT, a complex of pore-forming protein (PFP) BmALP1 (two βγ-crystallin domains with an aerolysin pore-forming domain) and the trefoil factor BmTFF3, has been identified in toad Bombina maxima. It plays pivotal roles, via inducing channel formation in various intra- or extra- cellular vesicles, as well as in nutrient acquisition, maintaining water balance, and antigen presentation. Thus, such a protein machine should be tightly regulated. Indeed, BmALP3 (a paralog of BmALP1) oxidizes BmALP1 to form a water-soluble polymer, leading to dissociation of the βγ-CAT complex and loss of biological activity. Here, we found that the B. maxima IgG Fc-binding protein (FCGBP), a well-conserved vertebrate mucin-like protein with unknown functions, acted as a positive regulator for βγ-CAT complex assembly. The interactions among FCGBP, BmALP1, and BmTFF3 were revealed by co-immunoprecipitation assays. Interestingly, FCGBP reversed the inhibitory effect of BmALP3 on the βγ-CAT complex. Furthermore, FCGBP reduced BmALP1 polymers and facilitated the assembly of βγ-CAT with the biological pore-forming activity in the presence of BmTFF3. Our findings define the role of FCGBP in mediating the assembly of a PFP machine evolved to drive cell vesicular delivery and transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianling Bian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ziru Si
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Qiquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Lingzhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Zhihong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Changlin Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Wenhui Lee
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A pore-forming protein drives macropinocytosis to facilitate toad water maintaining. Commun Biol 2022; 5:730. [PMID: 35869260 PMCID: PMC9307623 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining water balance is a real challenge for amphibians in terrestrial environments. Our previous studies with toad Bombina maxima discovered a pore-forming protein and trefoil factor complex βγ-CAT, which is assembled under tight regulation depending on environmental cues. Here we report an unexpected role for βγ-CAT in toad water maintaining. Deletion of toad skin secretions, in which βγ-CAT is a major component, increased animal mortality under hypertonic stress. βγ-CAT was constitutively expressed in toad osmoregulatory organs, which was inducible under the variation of osmotic conditions. The protein induced and participated in macropinocytosis in vivo and in vitro. During extracellular hyperosmosis, βγ-CAT stimulated macropinocytosis to facilitate water import and enhanced exosomes release, which simultaneously regulated aquaporins distribution. Collectively, these findings uncovered that besides membrane integrated aquaporin, a secretory pore-forming protein can facilitate toad water maintaining via macropinocytosis induction and exocytosis modulation, especially in responses to osmotic stress. In addition to membrane-integrated aquaporins, a novel secretory pore-forming protein, βγ-CAT, can facilitate toad water maintaining via macropinocytosis induction and exocytosis modulation, especially in responses to osmotic stress.
Collapse
|
7
|
Shi ZH, Zhao Z, Liu LZ, Bian XL, Zhang Y. Pore-forming protein βγ-CAT promptly responses to fasting with capacity to deliver macromolecular nutrients. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22533. [PMID: 36065711 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200528r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During animal fasting, the nutrient supply and metabolism switch from carbohydrates to a new reliance on the catabolism of energy-dense lipid stores. Assembled under tight regulation, βγ-CAT (a complex of non-lens βγ-crystallin and trefoil factor) is a pore-forming protein and trefoil factor complex identified in toad Bombina maxima. Here, we determined that this protein complex is a constitutive component in toad blood, that actively responds to the animal fasting. The protein complex was able to promote cellular albumin and albumin-bound fatty acid (FA) uptake in a variety of epithelial and endothelial cells, and the effects were attenuated by a macropinocytosis inhibitor. Endothelial cell-derived exosomes containing largely enriched albumin and FAs, called nutrisomes, were released in the presence of βγ-CAT. These specific nutrient vesicles were readily taken up by starved myoblast cells to support their survival. The results uncovered that pore-forming protein βγ-CAT is a fasting responsive element able to drive cell vesicular import and export of macromolecular nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xian-Ling Bian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,School of Life Science, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu L, Deng CJ, Duan YL, Ye CJ, Gong DH, Guo XL, Lee WH, Zhou J, Li SA, Zhang Y. An Aerolysin-like Pore-Forming Protein Complex Targets Viral Envelope to Inactivate Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:888-901. [PMID: 34290105 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Because most of animal viruses are enveloped, cytoplasmic entry of these viruses via fusion with cellular membrane initiates their invasion. However, the strategies in which host cells counteract cytoplasmic entry of such viruses are incompletely understood. Pore-forming toxin aerolysin-like proteins (ALPs) exist throughout the animal kingdom, but their functions are mostly unknown. In this study, we report that βγ-crystallin fused aerolysin-like protein and trefoil factor complex (βγ-CAT), an ALP and trefoil factor complex from the frog Bombina maxima, directly blocks enveloped virus invasion by interfering with cytoplasmic entry. βγ-CAT targeted acidic glycosphingolipids on the HSV type 1 (HSV-1) envelope to induce pore formation, as indicated by the oligomer formation of protein and potassium and calcium ion efflux. Meanwhile, βγ-CAT formed ring-like oligomers of ∼10 nm in diameter on the liposomes and induced dye release from liposomes that mimic viral envelope. Unexpectedly, transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the βγ-CAT-treated HSV-1 was visibly as intact as the vehicle-treated HSV-1, indicating that βγ-CAT did not lyse the viral envelope. However, the cytoplasmic entry of the βγ-CAT-treated HSV-1 into HeLa cells was totally hindered. In vivo, topical application of βγ-CAT attenuated the HSV-1 corneal infection in mice. Collectively, these results uncovered that βγ-CAT possesses the capacity to counteract enveloped virus invasion with its featured antiviral-acting manner. Our findings will also largely help to illustrate the putative antiviral activity of animal ALPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ya-Li Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chen-Jun Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dao-Hua Gong
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Long Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lee
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jumin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China;
| | - Sheng-An Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China; and
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Secretory pore-forming proteins (PFPs) have been identified in organisms from all kingdoms of life. Our studies with the toad species Bombina maxima found an interaction network among aerolysin family PFPs (af-PFPs) and trefoil factors (TFFs). As a toad af-PFP, BmALP1 can be reversibly regulated between active and inactive forms, with its paralog BmALP3 acting as a negative regulator. BmALP1 interacts with BmTFF3 to form a cellular active complex called βγ-CAT. This PFP complex is characterized by acting on endocytic pathways and forming pores on endolysosomes, including stimulating cell macropinocytosis. In addition, cell exocytosis can be induced and/or modulated in the presence of βγ-CAT. Depending on cell contexts and surroundings, these effects can facilitate the toad in material uptake and vesicular transport, while maintaining mucosal barrier function as well as immune defense. Based on experimental evidence, we hereby propose a secretory endolysosome channel (SELC) pathway conducted by a secreted PFP in cell endocytic and exocytic systems, with βγ-CAT being the first example of a SELC protein. With essential roles in cell interactions and environmental adaptations, the proposed SELC protein pathway should be conserved in other living organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China. E-mail:
| | - Qi-Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| |
Collapse
|