Cystathionine gamma-lyase/H2 S signaling facilitates myogenesis under aging and injury condition

Systematic analysis of the global characteristics and reciprocal effects of S-nitrosylation and S-persulfidation in the human proteome

Gasotransmitter-mediated cysteine post-translational modifications, including S-nitrosylation (SNO) and S-persulfidation (SSH), play crucial roles and interact in various biological processes. However, there has been a delay in appreciating the interactional rules between SNO and SSH. Here, all human S-nitrosylated and S-persulfidated proteomic data were curated, and comprehensive analyses from multiple perspectives, including sequence, structure, function, and exact protein impacts (e.g., up-/down-regulation), were performed. Although these two modifications collectively regulated a wide array of proteins to jointly maintain redox homeostasis, they also exhibited intriguing differences. First, SNO tended to be more accessible and functionally clustered in pathways associated with cell damage repair and other protein modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Second, SSH preferentially targeted cysteines in disulfide bonds and modulated tissue development and immune-related pathways. Finally, regardless of whether SNO and SSH occupied the same position of a given protein, their combined effect tended to be suppressive when acting synergistically; otherwise, SNO likely inhibited while SSH activated the target protein. Indeed, a side-by-side comparison of SNO and SSH shed light on their globally reciprocal effects and provided a reference for further research on gasotransmitter-mediated biological effects.

Simultaneous activation of the hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis genes (CBS and CSE) induces sex-specific geroprotective effects in Drosophila melanogaster

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is one of the most important gasotransmitters that affect lifespan and provide resistance to adverse environmental conditions. Here we investigated geroprotective effects of the individual and simultaneous overexpression of genes encoding key enzymes of H₂S biosynthesis - cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) on D. melanogaster model. Simultaneous overexpression of CBS and CSE resulted in additive (in males) and synergistic (in females) beneficial effects on median lifespan. Individual overexpression of CBS was associated with increased thermotolerance and decreased transcription level of genes encoding stress-responsive transcription factors HIF1 and Hsf, while individual overexpression of CSE was associated with increased resistance to paraquat. Simultaneous overexpression of both genes increased resistance to hyperthermia in old females or paraquat in old males. The obtained results suggest sex-specific epistatic interaction of CBS and CSE overexpression effects on longevity and stress resistance.

H2S-based fluorescent imaging for pathophysiological processes

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as an important endogenous signaling molecule, plays a vital role in many physiological processes. The abnormal behaviors of hydrogen sulfide in organisms may lead to various pathophysiological processes. Monitoring the changes in hydrogen sulfide is helpful for pre-warning and treating these pathophysiological processes. Fluorescence imaging techniques can be used to observe changes in the concentration of analytes in organisms in real-time. Therefore, employing fluorescent probes imaging to investigate the behaviors of hydrogen sulfide in pathophysiological processes is vital. This paper reviews the design strategy and sensing mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide-based fluorescent probes, focusing on imaging applications in various pathophysiological processes, including neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, organ injury, and diabetes. This review not only demonstrates the specific value of hydrogen sulfide fluorescent probes in preclinical studies but also illuminates the potential application in clinical diagnostics.

Exercise restores endogenous H2 S synthesis and mitochondrial function in the heart of old rats

BACKGROUND

Ageing is accompanied by a decrease in endogenous hydrogen sulphide (H₂ S) synthesis and the development of mitochondrial dysfunction. The aim of our work was to study the possible participation of exercise training-induced regulation of endogenous H₂ S production in the restoration of mitochondrial function in old rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Male rats were divided into three groups: adult, old and exercise-trained old. Exercise training of old rats was performed for 4 weeks. The mRNA expression cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) were determined using reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Mitochondrial dysfunction was determined by mPTP opening, which was investigated by spectrophotometric registration of the swelling of mitochondria isolated from the rat heart. We also studied the effect of exercise on H₂ S content, oxidative stress and mtNOS activity.

RESULTS

Exercise training in old animals significantly increased the expression of H₂ S-synthesizing enzymes CSE and 3-MST and restored endogenous H₂ S production in cardiac tissue and cardiac mitochondria to levels of adult animals. In addition, the training significantly reduced oxidative stress in old rats, in particular the rate of formation of •O₂ ^- and H₂ O₂ , diene conjugates and malondialdehyde levels in the mitochondria of the heart. Simultaneously, in the hearts of these animals, resistance of mPTP to the inducer of its opening of calcium ions was increased.

CONCLUSIONS

Thus, exercise training restores endogenous H₂ S production, and significantly reduces oxidative stress in cardiac mitochondria of old rats that are associated with the inhibition of calcium-induced mPTP opening as an indicator of mitochondrial dysfunction.

H2S Protects Against Immobilization-Induced Muscle Atrophy via Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are major triggers of the imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation during the pathogenesis of immobilization-induced muscle atrophy. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gas transmitter with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, on immobilization-induced muscle atrophy. Mice were allocated to control and immobilization (IM) groups, which were treated with slow (GYY4137) or rapid (NaHS) H2S releasing donors for 14 days. The results showed that both GYY4137 and NaHS treatment reduced the IM-induced muscle loss, and increased muscle mass. The IM-induced expressions of Muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) and atrogin-1, two muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases, were decreased by administration of GYY4137 or NaHS. Both GYY4137 and NaHS treatments alleviated the IM-induced muscle fibrosis, as evidenced by decreases in collagen deposition and levels of tissue fibrosis biomarkers. Moreover, administration of GYY4137 or NaHS alleviated the IM-induced infiltration of CD45 + leukocytes, meanwhile inhibited the expressions of the pro-inflammatory biomarkers in skeletal muscles. It was found that administration of either GYY4137 or NaHS significantly attenuated immobilization-induced oxidative stress as indicated by decreased H2O2 levels and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) immunoreactivity, as well as increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and NRF2 downstream anti-oxidant targets levels in skeletal muscles. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that treatment with either slow or rapid H2S releasing donors protected mice against immobilization-induced muscle fibrosis and atrophy. The beneficial effects of H2S on immobilization-induced skeletal muscle atrophy might be due to both the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of H2S.

A fluorescent probe derived from Berberrubine for detecting hydrogen polysulfide in food samples

In this work, we chose the fluorophore Berberrubine to develop a selective probe for hydrogen polysulfide (H₂S_n), and applied it into the detection in both food samples and living cells. The developed probe, HER9SS, suggested practical steadiness and serviceability, especially for multi-scene detection. The detecting system was stable in relatively wide pH (7.0-11.0) and temperature (25-45 °C) ranges. Both the storage of BER9SS in solid or in solution could maintain the steadiness over 7 d. BER9SS also indicated advantages including rapid response (within 15 min), high sensitivity (LOD = 0.02 μM; LOQ = 0.01 μM), long linear range (0-15.0 equivalent) and high selectivity among competing analytes. The recovery ranging in 95.23% - 104.8% in the applications in food sources samples (including water and plants) and food samples inferred the practical potential of BER9SS. In biological imaging, BER9SS could achieve both the dose-dependent monitoring and the β-lapachone-induced generation of H₂S_n. Therefore, the information in this work might be useful for the development of fluorescent probes from natural products for multi-scene applications in future, especially with the corresponding attentions on the practicability and serviceability.

Hydrogen sulfide as a therapeutic option for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and other muscle-related diseases

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has been known for years as a poisoning gas and until recently evoked mostly negative associations. However, the discovery of its gasotransmitter functions suggested its contribution to various physiological and pathological processes. Although H₂S has been found to exert cytoprotective effects through modulation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and pro-angiogenic responses in a variety of conditions, its role in the pathophysiology of skeletal muscles has not been broadly elucidated so far. The classical example of muscle-related disorders is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common and severe type of muscular dystrophy. Mutations in the DMD gene that encodes dystrophin, a cytoskeletal protein that protects muscle fibers from contraction-induced damage, lead to prominent dysfunctions in the structure and functions of the skeletal muscle. However, the main cause of death is associated with cardiorespiratory failure, and DMD remains an incurable disease. Taking into account a wide range of physiological functions of H₂S and recent literature data on its possible protective role in DMD, we focused on the description of the 'old' and 'new' functions of H₂S, especially in muscle pathophysiology. Although the number of studies showing its essential regulatory action in dystrophic muscles is still limited, we propose that H₂S-based therapy has the potential to attenuate the progression of DMD and other muscle-related disorders.