Glycyrrhizic acid improves tacrolimus-induced renal injury by regulating autophagy

Fangji Huangqi Decoction alleviates rheumatoid arthritis through regulating HIF-1α mediated the angiogenesis and the balance between autophagy and apoptosis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Fangji Huangqi Decoction (FHD) is frequently prescribed for the clinical treatment of wind-cold and wind-dampness pathogenic superficial deficiency syndrome. It also has a notable curative effect on rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study aimed to explore the possible mechanism of FHD against RA and provided a theoretical basis for alternative therapies for RA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We used UPLC-Q-TOF-MS to analysis the ingredients and absorbed blood components of FHD. At the same time, the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model was established to estimate the therapeutic effects on FHD by considering body weight, arthritis score, paw swelling, autonomous movement ability, and synovial microvessel counts. Subsequently, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot were employed to detect the anti-angiogenic capacity of FHD in vivo, as well as the levels of apoptosis and autophagy in the synovial tissue. In addition, flow cytometry and Western blot were used to assess the effects of FHD on apoptosis and autophagy in MH7A cells. The effects of FHD on the proliferation and migration of MH7A cells were measured by CCK8 assay, cell migration and, invasion experiments. Finally, a tube formation assay was performed to evaluate the angiogenic capacity of FHD in co-cultures of MH7A cells and HUVEC cells.

RESULTS

Through testing of FHD's original formula, a total of 26 active ingredients have been identified, with 17 of them being absorbed into the bloodstream. FHD significantly improved the pathological symptoms and synovial hyperplasia of CIA rats. FHD could suppress the expression of HIF-1α, promote apoptosis in CIA rat synovial tissue, and suppress autophagy and angiogenesis. In vitro experiments showed that serum containing FHD inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of MH7A cells, and also suppressed the expression of autophagy-related proteins while promoting apoptosis. FHD markedly repressed the expression of HIF-1α protein in TNF-α-stimulated MH7A cells and inhibited the tube formation capacity induced by MH7A cells in HUVEC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The study had proven that FHD played an excellent anti-RA role, which may be attributed to its potential mechanism of regulating the balance between autophagy and apoptosis in RA FLS by suppressing the HIF-1α, thus contributing to its anti-angiogenic activities.

Autophagy: A Silent Protagonist in Kidney Transplantation

Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent regulated mechanism that recycles unnecessary cytoplasmic components. It is now known that autophagy dysfunction may have a pathogenic role in several human diseases and conditions, including kidney transplantation. Both defective and excessive autophagy may induce or aggravate several complications of kidney transplantation, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, alloimmune response, and immunosuppressive treatment and side effects. Although it is still complicated to measure autophagy levels in clinical practice, more attention should be paid to the factors that may influence autophagy. In kidney transplantation, the association of low doses of a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor with low doses of a calcineurin inhibitor may be of benefit for autophagy modulation. However, further studies are needed to explore the role of other autophagy regulators.

Glycyrrhizic acid attenuates sorafenib resistance by inducing ferroptosis via targeting mTOR signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most malignant cancer worldwide. Sorafenib (SRF) is a common therapeutic drug used for patients with advanced HCC. Nevertheless, drug resistance frequently occurs in patients treated with sorafenib. Glycyrrhizic acid (GRA) is a natural compound that is identified to exhibit anti-cancer effects. In this work, we aimed to investigate the effects of GRA on SRF-resistant HCC cells and the potential regulatory mechanisms.

METHODS

We established SRF-resistant HCC cell lines and administrated GRA treatment. We performed CCK-8 and colony formation experiments to detect cell proliferation. The accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron levels were measured to evaluate ferroptosis. The protein levels of ferroptosis suppressor glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and SLC7A11, and the activation of AKT and mTOR were measured with western blotting assay.

RESULTS

GRA treatment notably suppressed the viability and proliferation of SRF-resistant HCC cells. SRF-resistant HCC cells exhibited repressed ferroptosis level activated AKT/mTOR cascade, and GRA treatment reversed these effects. Inhibition of ferroptosis and activation of mTOR reversed the anti-proliferation effects of GRA on SRF-resistant HCC cells.

CONCLUSION

Treatment with GRA could effectively reverse the SRF resistance of HCC cells via inducing ferroptosis and inactivating the AKT/mTOR cascade.

Lysosome passivation triggered by silver nanoparticles enhances subcellular-targeted drug therapy

Frequently, subcellular-targeted drugs tend to accumulate in lysosomes after cellular absorption, a process termed the lysosomal trap. This accumulation often interferes with the drug's ability to bind to its target, resulting in decreased efficiency. Existing methods for addressing lysosome-induced drug resistance mainly involve improving the structures of small molecules or enveloping drugs in nanomaterials. Nonetheless, these approaches can lead to changes in the drug structure or potentially trigger unexpected reactions within organisms. To address these issues, we introduced a strategy that involves inactivating the lysosome with the use of Ag nanoparticles (Cy3.5@Ag NPs). In this method, the Cy3.5@Ag NPs gradually accumulate inside lysosomes, leading to permeation of the lysosomal membrane and subsequent lysosomal inactivation. In addition, Cy3.5@Ag NPs also significantly affected the motility of lysosomes and induced the occurrence of lysosome passivation. Importantly, coincubating Cy3.5@Ag NPs with various subcellular-targeted drugs was found to significantly increase the efficiency of these treatments. Our strategy illustrates the potential of using lysosomal inactivation to enhance drug efficacy, providing a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer.

Autophagy of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells induced by rapamycin conduces to pro-angiogenic function of the conditioned medium

Angiogenesis is critical for wound healing and tissue repair. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs)-conditioned medium has certain actions to promote angiogenesis, and is expected for wound healing and tissue repair. However, recent studies showed that the pro-angiogenic efficacy of unprocessed MSCs-conditioned medium is low, and insufficient for tissue repair. Autophagy is a process for protein recycling and a contributor for cell exocrine, which may enhance pro-angiogenic efficacy of the conditioned medium by stimulating cytokine release from UCMSCs. Therefore, in this study we attempted to obtain enhanced autophagy in UCMSCs using different concentrations of rapamycin and compared pro-angiogenic functions of the conditioned media. The in vitro data showed that although 100 nM-10 μM rapamycin all could induce autophagy in UCMSCs, 100 nM was the best dose to optimize the angiogenic effect of the conditioned medium. The in vivo data also showed that pro-angiogenic effect of the optimized conditioned medium was more obvious than that of the control conditioned medium (0 nM group) in the injected matrigel plaques. Further, the expressions of VEGF, FGF-2, MMP-9, PDGF-α and PDGF-β were markedly increased in UCMSCs treated with 100 nM rapamycin. In conclusion, appropriately enhancing autophagy of UCMSC can improve pro-angiogenic efficacy of the conditioned medium, which may optimize therapeutic applications of UCMSCs-conditioned medium in wound healing and tissue repair.

A comprehensive update of the metabolic and toxicological considerations for immunosuppressive drugs used during pancreas transplantation

INTRODUCTION

Despite significant advancements in immunosuppressive regimens and surgical techniques, the prevalence of adverse events related to immunosuppression remains a major challenge affecting the long-term survival rates of pancreas and kidney allografts.

AREAS COVERED

This article presents a comprehensive review of the literature and knowledge (Jan/2012-Feb/2023) concerning glucose metabolism disorders and nephrotoxicity associated with tacrolimus and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi). Novel signaling pathways potentially implicated in these adverse events are discussed. Furthermore, we extensively examine the findings from clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus, mTORi, and steroid minimization.

EXPERT OPINION

Tacrolimus-based regimens continue to be the standard treatment following pancreas transplants. However, prolonged use of tacrolimus and mTORi may lead to hyperglycemia and nephrotoxicity. Understanding and interpreting experimental data, particularly concerning novel signaling pathways beyond calcineurin-NFAT and mTOR pathways, can offer valuable insights for therapeutic interventions to mitigate hyperglycemia and nephrotoxicity. Additionally, critically analyzing clinical trial results can identify opportunities for personalized safety-based approaches to minimize side effects. It is imperative to conduct randomized-controlled studies to assess the impact of mTORi use and steroid-free protocols on pancreatic allograft survival. Such studies will aid in tailoring treatment strategies for improved transplant outcomes.