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Li Q, Zhang Z, Chen G, Hu Y, Mao R, Xie L, Chen S, Lao Y, Gao J. Clinical manifestations and imaging and pathological features of giant cell angioblastoma: Report of four cases and literature review. Front Surg 2023; 9:1062309. [PMID: 36684227 PMCID: PMC9849588 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1062309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant cell angioblastoma is a relatively rare vasogenic tumour. To date, studies on its clinical manifestations, imaging characteristics, pathological features, and prognosis are extremely limited and unknown, with only a few cases recorded. In this study, four cases of giant cell angioblastoma confirmed by pathological examination were reported to improve our understanding and deep exploration of the tumour spectrum. All cases in our study were male, including two adults and two boys. The lesions were located in the lower segment of the femur, medial condyle of the femur, knee joint, and popliteal fossa. Regarding the imaging characteristics, two patients with lesions in bone showed bone destruction, while the other two had lesions that invaded soft tissues, showing irregular, abnormal signal shadows and obvious enhancement. Histopathological analysis revealed that the nodular tumour tissue was mainly composed of oval and spindle cells, with varying numbers of osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells, and the interstitial tissues were often filled with blood vessels of different sizes. The immunophenotype demonstrates that endothelial cells of small vessels in nodules expressed CD31, SMA, and ERG, while osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells and histiocytes expressed CD68 and CD163, and the surrounding cells expressed SMA. All four patients were treated with surgical resection. One of them relapsed 1 month after surgery and received a second surgical resection. No distant metastasis or death occurred during the follow-up period. This study indicates that giant cell angioblastoma is a local invasive vascular tumour that can develop both in children and adults with skin, mucous membrane, soft tissue, and bone involvement. Imaging characteristics show bone destruction and irregular, abnormal signal shadows; in addition, obvious pathological morphological features can be observed. Currently, the treatment is mainly surgical resection, and interferons may be used as adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China,Department of Orthopaedics, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Guocai Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China,Department of Orthopaedics, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Yongbo Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China,Department of Orthopaedics, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Rongjun Mao
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Le Xie
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Shaoluan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Yongqiang Lao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China,Department of Orthopaedics, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China,Correspondence: Yongqiang Lao Junqing Gao
| | - Junqing Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China,Department of Orthopaedics, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China,Correspondence: Yongqiang Lao Junqing Gao
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Abstract
This overview of mesenchymal tumors presenting in the skin and/or subcutis in children brings together the range of neoplasms and hamartomas which are seen in this age-group. It is not surprising from the perspective of the pediatric or general surgical pathologist that vascular anomalies, including true neoplasms and vascular malformations, are the common phenotypic category. Since there is considerable morphologic overlap among these lesions, clinicopathologic correlation may be more important than for many of the other mesenchymal tumors. The skin and subcutis are the most common sites of clinical presentation for the infantile myofibroma which is the most common of fibrous mesenchymal tumors in children. Several of the other mesenchymal tumors are more common adults-like dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, but nonetheless have an important presence in children, even as a congenital neoplasm. A lipomatous tumor in a young child should be considered as a possible manifestation of an overgrowth syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P Dehner
- 1 Lauren V. Ackerman Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri.,2 Dermatopathology Center and Division of Dermatology, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alejandro A Gru
- 3 Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,4 Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Yu L, Lao IW, Wang J. Giant cell angioblastoma of bone: four new cases provide further evidence of its distinct clinical and histopathological characteristics. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:95-103. [PMID: 25820372 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Giant cell angioblastoma is a rare locally aggressive vascular neoplasm that occurs predominantly in the soft tissue of infants and children. As very few cases have been reported, the diagnostic criteria of this tumor type have not been clearly defined. The majority of earlier reported cases occurred in soft tissues, only one case being reported to arise in bone. In this study, we describe four additional cases of giant cell angioblastoma with primary presentation in bone. Two cases occurred in males: one in a 23-month-old baby and the other in an 8-year-old boy. The other two cases occurred in adult females, at an age of 37 and 56 years, respectively. The involved sites were right femur, left hip and knee joint, lumbar vertebra, left metacarpus, and phalange. The main presenting symptoms were skeletal pain (n = 3) and limping (n = 1). Clinically, three cases were suspected as tuberculosis and one case as fibrous dysplasia. Histologically, all tumors were composed of infiltrative nodules composed of angiomatous vessels surrounded by spindled-to-ovoid cells and variable numbers of histiocytoid and multinucleate giant cells. By immunohistochemistry, the angiomatous vessels were positive for endothelial markers, whereas surrounding pericytes were positive for actin. The variable histiocytoid cells and multinucleate giant cells showed a histiocytic phenotype. Follow-up revealed no signs of local recurrence or metastasis after surgery, but the follow-up periods were of limited duration. This study illustrates that giant cell angioblastoma represents a locally aggressive endothelial neoplasm characterized by nodular proliferation of small vessels with scattered multinucleate giant cells. It can occur in bone and also in adults, although very rarely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Street, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Crivelli-Ochsner S, Bode-Lesniewska B, Nussbaumer-Ochsner Y, Fuchs B. Giant cell angioblastoma in an adult: a unique presentation. Rare Tumors 2013; 5:e27. [PMID: 24179639 PMCID: PMC3804802 DOI: 10.4081/rt.2013.e27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant cell angioblastoma is a very rare, locally destructive vascular tumor of intermediate malignancy without metastatic potential. There are only a few cases reported in the literature exclusively in the soft tissue of children. For the first time, we report on an adult patient with a giant cell angioblastoma in the popliteal fossa. The therapy included tumor resection with favorable clinical, oncological and functional outcome. Due to its locally destructive nature, surgery remains the mainstay of treatment. Histologically, giant cell angioblastoma is comprised of nodular aggregates of histiocytoid cells arranged around bland angiomatous spaces. Because of insufficient available data in regard to the definition of the entity, diagnostic criteria and its biological potential, it is not included in the new World Health Organization classification of tumors of soft tissue and bone. The differential diagnosis includes plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor, myofibroma and giant cell fibroblastoma.
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Mao RJ, Jiang ZM, Zhang HZ, Zhu XZ, Zhang QL. Clinical and pathological characteristics of giant cell angioblastoma: a case report. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:113. [PMID: 22929620 PMCID: PMC3533724 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant cell angioblastoma (GCAB) is an extremely rare soft tissue tumor of early childhood and only five cases have been described to date. As such the clinical, pathological, and prognostic features are poorly defined. We prensent here a new case of GCAB in bone of a child aged 4-years old. The lesion was composed of dense and loose cell regions. The dense regions were characterized by nodular, linear, and plexiform aggregates of oval- to spindle-shaped tumor cells around small vascular channels and interspersed with large mononuclear cells and multinucleate giant cells. The loose cell areas were characterized by distributed fibroblasts and abundant myxoid matrix, which diminished with patient age. Infiltrative growth was observed in some areas. Oval-to-spindle cells showed positivity for Vimentin, CD31 and CD34 staining, and partial positivity for smooth muscle actin. Mononuclear cells and multinucleate giant cells showed Vimentin and CD68 positivity. Seventeen months after thorough curettage of the lesion, a local recurrence was found. Based upon the clinical, histological and immunohistochemical findings, infiltrate condition, and prognosis, we classified GCAB into two subtypes. Type I does not infiltrate surrounding tissues and has good prognosis. Type II infiltrates the surrounding tissues, relapses earlier, and has worse prognosis. This report augments the limited GCAB literature to promote our understanding and guide therapy of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jun Mao
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, People’s Republic of China
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Bruder E, Alaggio R, Kozakewich HPW, Jundt G, Dehner LP, Coffin CM. Vascular and perivascular lesions of skin and soft tissues in children and adolescents. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2012; 15:26-61. [PMID: 22420724 DOI: 10.2350/11-11-1119-pb.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vascular anomalies in children and adolescents are the most common soft tissue lesions and include reactive, malformative, and neoplastic tumefactions, with a full spectrum of benign, intermediate, and malignant neoplasms. These lesions are diagnostically challenging because of morphologic complexity and recent changes in classification systems, some of which are based on clinical features and others on pathologic findings. In recent decades, there have been significant advances in clinical diagnosis, development of new therapies, and a better understanding of the genetic aspects of vascular biology and syndromes that include unusual vascular proliferations. Most vascular lesions in children and adolescents are benign, although the intermediate locally aggressive and intermediate rarely metastasizing neoplasms are important to distinguish from benign and malignant mimics. Morphologic recognition of a vasoproliferative lesion is straightforward in most instances, and conventional morphology remains the cornerstone for a specific diagnosis. However, pathologic examination is enhanced by adjunctive techniques, especially immunohistochemistry to characterize the type of vessels involved. Multifocality may cause some uncertainty regarding the assignment of "benign" or "malignant." However, increased interest in vascular anomalies, clinical expertise, and imaging technology have contributed greatly to our understanding of these disorders to the extent that in most vascular malformations and in many tumors, a diagnosis is made clinically and biopsy is not required for diagnosis. The importance of close collaboration between the clinical team and the pathologist cannot be overemphasized. For some lesions, a diagnosis is not possible from evaluation of histopathology alone, and in a subset of these, a specific diagnosis may not be possible even after all assembled data have been reviewed. In such instances, a consensus diagnosis in conjunction with clinical colleagues guides therapy. The purpose of this review is to delineate the clinicopathologic features of vascular lesions in children and adolescents with an emphasis on their unique aspects, use of diagnostic adjuncts, and differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Bruder
- Institute for Pathology, Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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