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Brady AL, Fuller CE, Patel S, Hall W, Banki K, Ghimire KB. Primary CNS ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma: A case report and review of the literature. Radiol Case Rep 2024; 19:393-399. [PMID: 38033666 PMCID: PMC10682537 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2023.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary central nervous system (CNS) ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare and enigmatic disease, with limited data available in the literature. This case report adds to the existing body of knowledge by describing a unique case of a 68-year-old, immunocompetent male who presented with a single ring-enhancing lesion, which upon further analysis proved to be an ALK-negative ALCL that was primary to the CNS. A comprehensive review of the existing literature is provided, highlighting the genetic characteristics and diverse neuroimaging findings of this disease entity. This report adds valuable information to the understanding of this rare disorder, and highlights the need for further research in the field of primary CNS ALK-negative ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Brady
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Sohil Patel
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Walter Hall
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Katalin Banki
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Krishna B. Ghimire
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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2
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Colamaria A, Leone A, Carbone F, Dallos Laguado YA, Fochi NP, Sacco M, Fesce C, Sanguedolce F, Giordano G, Iaconetta G, Spetzger U, Coppola L, De Santis E, Coppola G, De Notaris M. Primary Anaplastic-Lymphoma-Kinase-Positive Large-Cell Lymphoma of the Central Nervous System: Comprehensive Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7516. [PMID: 38137585 PMCID: PMC10743784 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12247516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary anaplastic-lymphoma-kinase (ALK)-positive large-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system (PCNS ALK-positive ALCL) is a rare entity, with a limited consensus reached regarding its management. While this pathology often presents as solitary lesions, the occurrence of multiple tumors within the brain is not uncommon. The lack of distinctive radiological features poses a diagnostic challenge, leading to delays in initiating targeted therapy. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search, identifying seventeen publications for qualitative analysis. RESULTS The management options and reported patient outcomes in the literature varied significantly, emphasizing the need for a patient-specific approach. The emergence of ALK-specific inhibitors represents a new frontier in this field, demonstrating promising results. CONCLUSION PCNS ALK-positive ALCL necessitates a comprehensive understanding and optimized management strategies. A tailored therapeutic approach, integrating surgical intervention with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, appears pivotal in addressing this pathology. The implementation of a therapeutic protocol is anticipated for further advancement in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Colamaria
- Division of Neurosurgery, Policlinico “Riuniti”, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Augusto Leone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; (A.L.); (F.C.); (U.S.)
- Faculty of Human Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Carbone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; (A.L.); (F.C.); (U.S.)
| | | | - Nicola Pio Fochi
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Matteo Sacco
- Division of Neurosurgery, “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Fesce
- Hematology Unit, University Hospital, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | | | - Guido Giordano
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Iaconetta
- Unit of Anatomy, Pathological Histology and Diagnostic Cytology, Department of Diagnostic and Pharma-Ceutical Services, Sandro Pertini Hospital, 00157 Rome, Italy; (G.I.); (L.C.)
| | - Uwe Spetzger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; (A.L.); (F.C.); (U.S.)
| | - Luigi Coppola
- Unit of Anatomy, Pathological Histology and Diagnostic Cytology, Department of Diagnostic and Pharma-Ceutical Services, Sandro Pertini Hospital, 00157 Rome, Italy; (G.I.); (L.C.)
| | - Elena De Santis
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic sciences, La Sapienza University, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Giulia Coppola
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, La Sapienza University, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Matteo De Notaris
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
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3
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Lannon M, Lu JQ, Chum M, Wang BH. ALK-negative CNS anaplastic large cell lymphoma: case report and review of literature. Br J Neurosurg 2023; 37:1245-1250. [PMID: 33253051 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2020.1839630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas frequently pose a diagnostic challenge to physicians. CNS anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare condition. A majority (80%) of ALCLs harbour anaplastic lymphoma kinase 1 (ALK-1) mutation with only a minority testing negative for this mutation. METHODS Here we report a rare case of ALK-negative CNS ALCL with dural involvement. We conducted a literature search using PubMed for published studies in English on cases of patients with ALCL of the brain. The keywords used were 'anaplastic large cell lymphoma', 'ALK' and 'primary central nervous system lymphoma'. RESULTS A 63-year-old man presents with waxing and waning cranial nerve and spinal cord symptoms. MRI revealed multiple intracranial and intra-spinal lesions that were highly steroid responsive. A wide range of serum and CSF tests were non-diagnostic during three months of workup before a lesion appeared in the cervical spine that required decompression and allowed us to obtain a tissue sample. Final pathology revealed ALK-negative ALCL. There are only 24 reported adult cases to date of CNS ALCL in the English literature. To our knowledge, this is the first case of ALK-negative ALCL with primarily CNS and meningeal involvement. CONCLUSIONS ALK-negative ALCL with CNS involvement is extremely rare, which frequently results in delayed diagnosis (average 40.5 days). The diagnostic challenge posed by this case highlights the importance of a team approach to workup and diligent patient follow-up for such a rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Lannon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jian-Qiang Lu
- Neuropathology Section, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Marvin Chum
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Bill Hao Wang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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4
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Wang T, Du G, Niu M, Liu R. A novel intergenic region (chr2: 30,193,816)-ALK fusion shows sensitivity to Alectinib in lung adenocarcinoma. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:60. [PMID: 36755262 PMCID: PMC9906856 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement, which is mostly showed as fused with echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 gene (EML4), accounts 3-7% of all common mutations in non-small lung cancer (NSCLC). An intergenic region (chr2: 30,193,816), which located on upstream of the adjacent ALK gene, was never been reported as a ALK patterner before. CASE PRESENTATION A 56-year-old female patient who had symptoms of persistent cough and shortness of breath visited our facility on April 24, 2022. The chest computerized tomography (CT) examination revealed a massive right hydrothorax. After draining pleural effusion, a hilar mass accompanied multiple nodules in both lungs could been seen in image. Tracheoscopy revealed neoplasm in the medial segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, and the patient was diagnosed as lung adenocarcinoma pathologically. It tested positive for cytokeratin (CK) 7, NapsinA, ALK, and thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1). Next generation sequence testing confirmed the presence of the intergenic region (chr2: 30,193,816)-ALK fusion in the tumor tissue. The patient was subsequently treated with Alectinib, and her symptoms are obviously relieved, the right hilar mass and metastatic nodule were reduced in the reexamination after three months. CONCLUSIONS The intergenic region (chr2: 30,193,816)-ALK fusion, which is firstly reported in lung adenocarcinoma, is a mutation with expression significance. It shows sensitivity to Alectinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an No.4 Hospital), No.21 Jiefang Road, Xi’an, 710004 China
| | - Ge Du
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Rehabilitation Center for Elderly, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144 China
| | - Man Niu
- Department of Pathology Medicine, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an No.4 Hospital), Xi’an, 710004 China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an No.4 Hospital), No.21 Jiefang Road, Xi'an, 710004, China.
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5
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A case of primary central nervous system anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma in the neurohypophysis and pineal gland. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2022.101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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6
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Ahrendsen JT, Ta R, Li J, Weinberg OK, Ferry JA, Hasserjian RP, Meredith DM, Varma H, Sadigh S, Michaels PD. Primary Central Nervous System Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, ALK Positive. Am J Clin Pathol 2022; 158:300-310. [PMID: 35460414 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primary central nervous system anaplastic large cell lymphoma, anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive (primary CNS ALCL, ALK+) is a rare CNS lymphoma whose description is limited to case reports. These tumors have a variable clinical course, and prognosis is primarily determined by age. We present the largest case series to date of primary CNS ALCL, ALK+, with observational data. METHODS A retrospective search of multiple academic centers was performed to identify cases of primary CNS ALCL, ALK+. We also performed a review of published cases of primary CNS ALCL, ALK+. Clinical history, radiography, pathology, and genetic testing data were obtained to determine the prognostic implications in the context of clinical course. RESULTS We identified three cases of primary CNS ALCL, ALK+ from our databases. A literature review identified 30 published reports of 31 individual cases. Clinical features for the combined 34 cases included a median age of 18.5 years, with a male to female ratio of 4.7:1, and the most common symptom was headache. Genetic studies demonstrated an ALK rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and a gene fusion assay confirmed an NPM1-ALK gene fusion in one case. CONCLUSIONS We present the largest case series to date of a rare primary CNS lymphoma with additional diagnostic and clinical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared T Ahrendsen
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Oklahoma City Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Robert Ta
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olga K Weinberg
- University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Judith A Ferry
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David M Meredith
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hemant Varma
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sam Sadigh
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Phillip D Michaels
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Mellacheruvu S, Sayegh MN, Sica RA, Cheng H, Santos-Zabala ML, Gebrael JH, Hermanto U, Rosen NL. Lymphomatous Meningitis From Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase+ Anaplastic Large T-Cell Lymphoma Treated With Lorlatinib: A Case Report. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2100250. [PMID: 35138917 PMCID: PMC8865515 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Mellacheruvu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St John's Riverside Hospital, Yonkers, NY.,Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Mark N Sayegh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St John's Riverside Hospital, Yonkers, NY
| | - R Alejandro Sica
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Haiying Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Jacob H Gebrael
- Department of Radiology, St John's Riverside Hospital, Yonkers, NY
| | - Ulrich Hermanto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Yonkers Radiation Oncology, Yonkers, NY
| | - Norman L Rosen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St John's Riverside Hospital, Yonkers, NY
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8
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Shen D, Song H, Zhang J, Liao C, Wang Y, Fang M, Tang Y. Treatment of Relapsed and Refractory ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma With ALK-Specific Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Children: A Case Series. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 44:e1-e4. [PMID: 33661174 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Relapsed and refractory ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) has a poor prognosis. In this report, we present 3 relapsed/refractory pediatric ALCL patients, 1 of these with central nervous system involvement. All 3 patients were treated with ALK inhibitor and achieved complete response. Both crizotinib and alectinib have shown significant activity in pediatric patients with refractory ALK-positive ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diying Shen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Center, Pediatric Leukemia Diagnosis and Therapeutic Technology Research Center of Zhejiang Province, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Central nervous system ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma with IRF4/DUSP22 rearrangement. Brain Tumor Pathol 2021; 39:25-34. [PMID: 34791573 PMCID: PMC8752532 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-021-00415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) are mature T-cell neoplasms, approximately half of which harbor rearrangements of the ALK gene that confer a good prognosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that a significant proportion of ALK-negative ALCLs demonstrate rearrangements of the IRF4/DUSP22 locus that also are typically associated with a favorable prognosis. ALCL with primary involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) is extremely rare. We report what may be the first case of ALK-negative ALCL with IRF4/DUSP22 rearrangement involving the brain in a 55-year-old man. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated signal abnormalities in the periventricular region, corpus callosum and cingulate gyrus. Biopsy revealed a diffuse parenchymal and angiocentric infiltrate of CD30-positive cells that showed IRF4/DUSP22 rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization. We also review the clinical and pathologic features of primary CNS ALK-negative ALCLs in the literature and highlight the need for awareness of this entity to optimize appropriate management.
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10
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Hirano Y, Miyawaki S, Tanaka S, Taoka K, Hongo H, Teranishi Y, Takami H, Takayanagi S, Kurokawa M, Saito N. Clinical Features and Prognostic Factors for Primary Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma of the Central Nervous System: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174358. [PMID: 34503168 PMCID: PMC8431692 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Primary anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a subtype of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). ALCL is divided into anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive ALCL and ALK-negative ALCL, according to ALK expression. ALK-positive cancers tend to develop at a younger age and tend to have a better prognosis. Almost all past articles on primary ALCL of the CNS have been case reports and there have been no randomized trials or cohort studies on this subject. We thus performed a systematic review of primary ALCL of the CNS. According to the author’s survey, 36 case reports have been published in English-language journals. In this paper, we have summarized the clinical features and prognostic factors for primary ALCL of the CNS based on previous studies. Abstract Primary anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a subtype of primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL). There are very few comprehensive reports on this extremely rare tumor. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the clinical features and prognostic factors for primary ALCL of the CNS. We performed a systematic review of the published literature. Past cases were comprehensively searched using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Clinical information, such as age, sex, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) status, lesion sites, treatment methods, and survivorship were extracted. Thirty-nine cases with information on ALK status and treatment course were identified. The average observation period was 13 months, and the overall 2-year survival rate was 58%. Univariate analyses showed a statistically significantly better prognosis among patients < 40 years of age (p = 0.039, HR 0.32 (0.11–0.95)) and in relation to ALK positivity (p = 0.010, HR 0.24 (0.08–0.71) and methotrexate treatment (p = 0.003, HR 0.17 (0.05–0.56)). Because of the sparsity of cases, it is necessary to accumulate cases in order to perform more detailed analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Hirano
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (Y.H.); (S.T.); (H.H.); (Y.T.); (H.T.); (S.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Satoru Miyawaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (Y.H.); (S.T.); (H.H.); (Y.T.); (H.T.); (S.T.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-35-800-8853
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (Y.H.); (S.T.); (H.H.); (Y.T.); (H.T.); (S.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Kazuki Taoka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (K.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Hiroki Hongo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (Y.H.); (S.T.); (H.H.); (Y.T.); (H.T.); (S.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Yu Teranishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (Y.H.); (S.T.); (H.H.); (Y.T.); (H.T.); (S.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Hirokazu Takami
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (Y.H.); (S.T.); (H.H.); (Y.T.); (H.T.); (S.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Shunsaku Takayanagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (Y.H.); (S.T.); (H.H.); (Y.T.); (H.T.); (S.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Mineo Kurokawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (K.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Nobuhito Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (Y.H.); (S.T.); (H.H.); (Y.T.); (H.T.); (S.T.); (N.S.)
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11
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Strosberg C, Sagatys EM. Primary anaplastic large cell lymphoma of the CNS as initial presentation of HIV infection: A case report. HUMAN PATHOLOGY: CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehpc.2021.200513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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12
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Liu Q, Chen X, Li G, Ye Y, Liu W, Zhao S, Zhang W. Primary central nervous system ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma with CD56 abnormally expression in a Chinese child: Challenge in diagnostic practice. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 34:2058738420941756. [PMID: 32664812 PMCID: PMC7364798 DOI: 10.1177/2058738420941756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK + ALCL) is most frequent in youth and possesses a broad morphologic spectrum. However, involvement in central nervous system (CNS) is definitely rare. The case we presented was a 12-year-old Chinese male who presented with headache and emesis for a couple of days. The neoplastic component was smaller cells resembling starry-sky growth pattern and immunohistochemical stained positively for CD30, ALK1, and CD56. Monoclonal T-cell receptor (TCRγ) gene rearrangement and gene translocation involving ALK identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using ALK break apart probe supported the diagnosis of ALK + ALCL. This case showed ALK + ALCL occur in a rare site with an abnormal CD56 expression. Awareness of this entity is important to distinguish it from other intracranial lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Gandi Li
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunxia Ye
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sha Zhao
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Mohapatra S, Mishra P, Patra S, Srinivasan A, Padhi S, Sable M, Samal S. Primary gastrointestinal anaplastic large cell lymphoma: A critical reappraisal with a systematic review of the world literature. J Cancer Res Ther 2021; 17:1307-1313. [DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_955_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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Morisako T, Shishido-Hara Y, Inaba T, Takeuchi H, Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Kodama Y, Takahashi Y, Konishi E, Hashimoto N. Primary CNS CD45-Depleted T-Cell Lymphoma: The First Pathologically Confirmed Case. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:817-820. [PMID: 32529211 PMCID: PMC7304983 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tohru Inaba
- Department of Infection Control & Laboratory Medicine
| | | | - Aya Miyagawa-Hayashino
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yoshinobu Takahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery.,Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology
| | - Eiichi Konishi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Primary lymphoid neoplasms of the central nervous system are rare tumors that span a wide range of histopathologic appearances and can overlap occasionally with non-neoplastic processes. Application of modern molecular techniques has not only begun to unravel their unique underlying biology but has also started to lay a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic framework for these frequently aggressive malignancies. This review summarizes the existing landscape of clinicopathologic and genomic features of lymphoid neoplasms that may arise primarily within the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Meredith
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Lee SW, Jung TY, Baek HJ, Kim SK, Lee KH. Dural-Based Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma with Bone Invasion. World Neurosurg 2020; 139:415-418. [PMID: 32360734 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) occurs frequently in a deep intraparenchymal location. It rarely occurs in the meninges, and bone invasion is uncommon. CASE DESCRIPTION A 12-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital with a history of headache and seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 4-cm-sized dural-based mass with osteolytic bone change. Craniotomy and tumor removal were performed. Operative findings showed a dural-based hard tumor, including necrosis and hemorrhage, and the skull was focally destroyed by tumor cells. The tumor was completely removed. Pathologically, large atypical cells with pleomorphic nuclei and frequent mitoses were found. The tumor cells were immune-positive for CD30, epithelial cell antigen, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase. The final diagnosis was anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). There was no evidence of systemic cancer. The boy underwent chemotherapy following the Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma-Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster protocol. There was no recurrence after a 16-month chemotherapy-off period. CONCLUSIONS ALCL is not a common type of PCNSL, and central nervous system ALCL frequently involves the dura and meninges compared with PCNSL in general. However, osteolytic bone lesions are rarely seen in ALCL. This case thus represents a rare case of dural-based ALCL with bone invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Won Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee-Jo Baek
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Kee Kim
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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17
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Hirano Y, Miyawaki S, Satou M, Taoka K, Toyama K, Ikemura M, Tanaka R, Takayanagi S, Tanaka S, Nakatomi H, Kurokawa M, Saito N. Small Cell Variant of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma of the Dura Mimicking Tentorial Meningioma. World Neurosurg 2020; 138:169-173. [PMID: 32151774 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.02.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary central nervous system (CNS) anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an uncommon type of brain tumor, usually treated with a regimen that includes high-dose methotrexate (MTX). Only a few cases of primary CNS anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive ALCL have been reported so far, with no reported cases of a small cell variant. CASE DESCRIPTION A 26-year-old man presenting with headache and visual field impairment was found to have a supratentorial mass mimicking meningioma. Craniotomy was performed for tumor resection, and postoperative histologic examination revealed atypical cells that were nonenlarged lymphocytes with irregularly shaped and enlarged nuclei; these cells were cluster of differentiation 30 and ALK-positive, leading to the diagnosis of a small cell variant of ALK-positive ALCL. In this case, the tumor exhibited an aggressive behavior with MTX resistance with metastases in the pelvis but responded well to cytarabine and etoposide (CYVE). CONCLUSIONS In general, CNS ALK-positive ALCL responds well to MTX, but small cell variants show aggressive behavior and may be resistant to MTX. For small cell variants of ALCL that are resistant to MTX therapy, as in this case, CYVE therapy may be an effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Hirano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyawaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Michiaki Satou
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Taoka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Toyama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Ikemura
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Takayanagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakatomi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mineo Kurokawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Fujisawa E, Shibayama H, Mitobe F, Katada F, Sato S, Fukutake T. [A case of primary central nervous system anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma manifested as a unilateral pachymeningits]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2017; 57:705-710. [PMID: 29070753 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There have been 23 reports of primary central nervous system anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma in the literature. Here we report the 24th case of a 40-year-old man who presented with occipital headache for one month. His contrast-enhanced brain MRI showed enhancement around the right temporal lobe, which suggested a diagnosis of hypertrophic pachymeningitis. He improved with steroid therapy. After discharge, however, he was readmitted with generalized convulsive seizures. Finally, he was diagnosed as primary central nervous system ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma by brain biopsy. Primary central nervous system lymphoma invading dura matter can rarely manifests as a unilateral pachymeningitis. Therefore, in case of pachymeningitis, we should pay attention to the possibility of infiltration of lymophoma with meticulous clinical follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fumi Mitobe
- Department of Neurology, Kameda Medical Center
| | | | - Susumu Sato
- Department of Neurology, Kameda Medical Center
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19
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Rajagopal R, Miles GCP, Kotecha RS. High-dose chemotherapy with thiotepa, busulfan, and cyclophosphamide and autologous stem cell transplantation for pediatric primary central nervous system lymphoma in first complete remission. Cancer 2017; 123:2781-2782. [PMID: 28542721 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Rajagopal
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gordon C P Miles
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rishi S Kotecha
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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20
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Lee YY, Takata K, Wang RC, Yang SF, Chuang SS. Primary gastrointestinal anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Pathology 2017; 49:479-485. [PMID: 28693749 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary gastrointestinal anaplastic large cell lymphoma (GI-ALCL) is rare. We report eight new cases. The median age was 61.5 years (range 10-88), most frequently involving the stomach (n = 3) and small intestine (n = 4). The neoplastic hallmark cells in all cases expressed CD30. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein was expressed in two cases (25%). By in situ hybridisation, all cases were negative for Epstein-Barr virus and for DUSP22/IRF4 gene translocation. At a median follow-up time of 37.5 months, four patients died of disease, one was alive with disease, and three were disease-free. Our literature review showed that GI-ALCL occurred mainly in older patients and was characterised by a low rate of ALK expression, a high rate of T-cell lineage, and a frequent occurrence in the small intestine. Incorporating our two ALK+ GI-ALCL cases together with the four cases in the literature, the median age was 34 years (range 10-56), with four (67%) cases in the small intestine. The six patients were all alive with a median follow-up of 21 months. The 5-year overall survival of our six patients with ALK- GI-ALCL was 40%, in contrast to 100% with ALK+ GI-ALCL. The prognosis for ALK- GI-ALCL was poor, while that for the ALK+ counterparts was good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ying Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Taiwan
| | - Katsuyoshi Takata
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ren-Ching Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheau-Fang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Sung Chuang
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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21
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Dong X, Li J, Huo N, Wang Y, Wu Z, Lin X, Zhao H. Primary central nervous system ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma in an adult: A rare case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5534. [PMID: 27930548 PMCID: PMC5266020 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It mostly invades lymph nodes with extranodal involvement observed in the soft tissue, bone, and skin. PATIENT CONCERNS We report a 34-year-old Chinese male patient who presented with headache, diplopia, and vomit. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis via lumbar puncture showed elevated CSF pressure, elevated CSF protein concentrations, decreased CSF glucose and chloride concentration significantly, and pleocytosis of 68 to 350 × 10/L, in which lymphocytes and monocytes were predominant. These changes could be suggestive of tuberculous (TB) meningitis. Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of spinal cord delineated multiple enhancing nodules in spinal cord, cauda equina, and cristae membrane, and multiple abnormal enhancing lesions in bilateral lumbar intervertebral foramen. DIAGNOSES Spinal dura mater biopsy and paraffin pathology examination revealed anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive ALCL. INTERVENTIONS High-dose methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside craniospinal, and radiotherapy. OUTCOMES Last follow-up on September 22, 2015 showed no evidence of tumor recurrence and the lower extremity muscle strength recovered to 4/5. LESSONS ALCL of primary central nervous system is an exceedingly rare tumor, which is usually misdiagnosed as meningitis (especially TB meningitis) according to clinical manifestation and laboratory examination. Thus closely monitoring patient's conditions and timely adjusting therapeutic regimen during treatment are necessary.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols
- Brain Neoplasms/complications
- Brain Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Brain Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Headache/etiology
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/complications
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/diagnostic imaging
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/drug therapy
- Male
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/blood
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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22
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Primary CNS T-cell Lymphomas: A Clinical, Morphologic, Immunophenotypic, and Molecular Analysis. Am J Surg Pathol 2016; 39:1719-1729. [PMID: 26379152 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas are relatively rare with the most common subtype being diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Primary CNS T-cell lymphomas (PCNSTL) account for <5% of CNS lymphomas. We report the clinical, morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular characteristics of 18 PCNSTLs. Fifteen cases were classified as peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, 2 of which were of γδ T-cell derivation and 1 was TCR silent; there was 1 anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive and 2 anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative. Median age was 58.5 years (range, 21 to 81 y), with an M:F ratio of 11:7. Imaging results showed that 15 patients had supratentorial lesions. Regardless of subtype, necrosis and perivascular cuffing of tumor cells were frequently observed (11/18 cases). CD3 was positive in all cases but 1; 10/17 were CD8-positive, and 5/17 were CD4-positive. Most cases studied had a cytotoxic phenotype with expression of TIA1 (13/15) and granzyme-B (9/13). Polymerase chain reaction analysis of T-cell receptor γ rearrangement confirmed a T-cell clone in 14 cases with adequate DNA quality. Next-generation sequencing showed somatic mutations in 36% of cases studied; 2 had >1 mutation, and none showed overlapping mutations. These included mutations in DNMT3A, KRAS, JAK3, STAT3, STAT5B, GNB1, and TET2 genes, genes implicated previously in other T-cell neoplasms. The outcome was heterogenous; 2 patients are alive without disease, 4 are alive with disease, and 6 died of disease. In conclusion, PCNSTLs are histologically and genomically heterogenous with frequent phenotypic aberrancy and a cytotoxic phenotype in most cases.
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23
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Mazur MD, Ravindra VM, Alashari M, Raetz E, Poppe MM, Bollo RJ. Primary T cell central nervous system lymphoblastic lymphoma in a child: case report and literature review. Childs Nerv Syst 2015; 31:977-84. [PMID: 25681952 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-015-2633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) of T cell origin is rare in pediatric patients. We report a case of T cell PCNSL in a 12-year-old boy and review the literature to highlight the importance of brain biopsy to definitively establish the diagnosis when PCNSL is suspected. CASE REPORT A 12-year-old boy presented with worsening left-sided weakness, nausea, vomiting, headache, blurred vision, and diplopia. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed right parietal gyral thickening with faint meningeal contrast enhancement. No clear diagnosis was identified after serum testing, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and cerebral angiography. To establish the diagnosis definitively, a right craniotomy and open, frameless stereotactic biopsy were performed, which yielded the diagnosis of lymphoblastic T cell lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS PCNSL of T cell origin in children remains poorly studied, with only 18 detailed cases reported over the last three decades, including this case. Establishing a definitive diagnosis of PCNSL is challenging, and a brain biopsy is often required to obtain enough tissue for pathological analysis. Increasing awareness and identification of children diagnosed with T cell PCNSL is needed to better understand the molecular biology of this disease and develop more standardized treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus D Mazur
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Primary Children's Hospital, University of Utah, 100 North Mario Capecchi Drive, Suite 1475, Salt Lake City, UT, 84113-1100, USA
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24
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Dunbar MJ, Singhal A, Rassekh SR, Dunham C. Evolution of a Pediatric Primary Cerebral ALK-1-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma on Serial MRI. Pediatr Neurosurg 2015; 50:145-51. [PMID: 25896198 DOI: 10.1159/000380769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare central nervous system tumor, especially in the pediatric population. There are fewer than 20 described cases of pediatric primary central nervous system anaplastic large cell lymphoma. The child described in our case report demonstrated a dramatic evolution of this tumor in the first 4 weeks on serial imaging. METHODS Serial MRI imaging was performed followed by biopsy and chemotherapy. RESULTS Initial imaging revealed a T2 hyperintense lesion in the frontal lobe with abnormally enhancing sulci and minimal surrounding edema and diffusion restriction. Serial imaging revealed progressive increase in the degree of gadolinium enhancement, and the hyperintense T2 edema progressed markedly to exert mass effect. The lesion itself grew marginally. Biopsy revealed an anaplastic large cell lymphoma, only described in 14 previous pediatric patient case reports. The patient was successfully treated with chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant. CONCLUSIONS Our case demonstrates the rapidity with which a PCNSL lesion can develop, and the evolution of the imaging characteristics prior to definitive diagnosis and treatment. Serial imaging by MRI may help differentiate the behavior of a PCNSL from other imitating lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Dunbar
- British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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25
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Furuya K, Takanashi S, Ogawa A, Takahashi Y, Nakagomi T. High-dose methotrexate monotherapy followed by radiation for CD30-positive, anaplastic lymphoma kinase-1-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in the brain of a child. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2014; 14:311-5. [PMID: 25014324 DOI: 10.3171/2014.6.peds1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The authors report the case of an 11-year-old immunocompetent boy with primary CNS CD30-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) that was also positive for anaplastic lymphoma kinase-1. His initial clinical manifestation was acute meningitis of unknown etiology. Findings on CT scanning were normal. Although he received empirical treatment against infection, his systemic and neurological status deteriorated. Subsequent MRI revealed newly emerged enhanced lesions and concomitant edema in the left parietal lobe. Diagnosis was confirmed following a brain biopsy and immunohistochemical staining. Three courses of systemic high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) treatment with 2-week intervals was started, followed by whole-brain radiation. His clinical course improved, and he has remained disease-free for more than 8 years without any additional treatment. Because ALCL originating in the brain is extremely rare and difficult to diagnose, no standard treatment has been established. This report suggests that systemic HD-MTX monotherapy can be an effective and worthwhile tailored therapeutic option for pediatric primary CNS ALCL.
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26
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Abstract
The concept and understanding of central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma have greatly evolved in the past few years. Better characterization of a number of lymphoproliferative neoplasms through clinical, immunophenotyping, and molecular studies is reflected in a much more complex WHO Classification of Tumours of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissue. The term "primary CNS lymphoma" is now restricted to primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma confined to the CNS (and/or to the eye) that occurs in immunocompetent patients. Many other lymphoma subtypes, some of which are primary or exclusive to the CNS, such as lymphomas of the dura and immunodeficiency-associated lymphomas, are excluded from this definition. We describe the clinical and morphologic features of a diverse group of lymphomas occurring in the CNS, including primary CNS lymphoma, primary vitreoretinal lymphoma, lymphomatosis cerebri, Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders, low-grade B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, intravascular large B-cell lymphoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma. The purpose of this review is to provide a practical approach to the diagnosis of an often-challenging entity, focusing on how to maximize the use of small tissue biopsies and prevent diagnostic traps, which we have encountered with similar cases. Clinical, radiologic, and histologic examples are presented.
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27
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Beyond B-Cell Lymphomas: A Case of Optic Nerve Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma in a HIV Positive Patient. Clin Neuroradiol 2013; 24:373-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00062-013-0252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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NOMURA MASASHI, NARITA YOSHITAKA, MIYAKITA YASUJI, OHNO MAKOTO, FUKUSHIMA SHINTARO, MARUYAMA TAKASHI, MURAGAKI YOSHIHIRO, SHIBUI SOICHIRO. Clinical presentation of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in the central nervous system. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1:655-660. [PMID: 24649224 PMCID: PMC3915681 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas are diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) and anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a type of T-cell tumor that is rare in the CNS. The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical presentation and standard therapy of ALCLs by investigating reported cases. Additionally, a case of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive ALCL in a 20-year-old man who exhibited no recurrence for >5 years following high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) treatment was described. Twenty-six immunocompetent patients with ALCL of the CNS that were previously reported and 1 case of ALCL of the CNS treated at our hospital were investigated. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed in relation to survival factors such as age, ALK status and the treatment regimen. The male:female ratio of the patients was 19:8. Of the 27 patients, 13 (48.1%) were ALK-positive, 9 (33.3%) were ALK-negative and the ALK status was not determined in the remaining 5 patients (18.5%). ALK-positive ALCL occurred at a younger age (median age, 17 years) and exhibited a favorable course (5-year OS, 75.0%), whereas ALK-negative ALCL presented at an older age (median age, 65 years) and resulted in fatal outcomes (5-year OS, <12.5%). Similar to the findings for systemic ALCL, ALK positivity, age <40 years and chemotherapy are associated with long-term survival for ALCL of the CNS. Chemoradiotherapy including methotrexate is recommended for ALCL and the possibility of treatment with chemotherapy alone for ALK-positive ALCL is currently under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- MASASHI NOMURA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045
| | - YOSHITAKA NARITA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045
| | - YASUJI MIYAKITA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045
| | - MAKOTO OHNO
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045
| | - SHINTARO FUKUSHIMA
- Division of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045
| | - TAKASHI MARUYAMA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo 116-8567,
Japan
| | - YOSHIHIRO MURAGAKI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo 116-8567,
Japan
| | - SOICHIRO SHIBUI
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045
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29
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Park JS, Park H, Park S, Kim SJ, Seol HJ, Ko YH. Primary central nervous system ALK positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma with predominantly leptomeningeal involvement in an adult. Yonsei Med J 2013; 54:791-6. [PMID: 23549832 PMCID: PMC3635648 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2013.54.3.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 31-year-old Korean male presented with altered consciousness and severe headache. Brain MRI delineated focal leptomeningeal enhancement without any intracerebral lesions. Diagnosis was made based on a brain biopsy showing anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), immunohistochemical stains revealing positivity for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and an absence of involvement in any other organs; specifically, the primary central nervous system ALK+ALCL. Complete remission was achieved following 5 cycles of systemic chemotherapy with a high dose of Methotrexate and a simultaneous 7 cycles of intrathecal triple chemotherapy. Diagnosis of primary leptomeningeal ALK+ALCL is challenging given its rarity and non-specific symptoms along with non-pathognomonic radiologic findings. We present the first case of primary leptomeningeal ALK-positive ALCL where the clinical course, pathologic characteristics and treatment modality are described as well as a review of literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, Chungju, Korea
| | - Heejung Park
- Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sanghui Park
- Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Jun Seol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Hyeh Ko
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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30
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Pillon M, Gregucci F, Lombardi A, Santoro N, Piglione M, Sala A, D'Amore ESG, De Santis R, Casale F, Zecca M, Mussolin L, Rosolen A. Results of AIEOP LNH-97 protocol for the treatment of anaplastic large cell lymphoma of childhood. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:828-33. [PMID: 22389307 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) represents approximately 15% of all pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). It has distinct clinical features, including frequent involvement of extranodal sites and rare localization to the central nervous system (CNS). Despite varying treatment approaches the outcome of patients with ALCL has not significantly improved during the last two decades. PROCEDURE From October 1997 to beginning of 2000, newly diagnosed ALCL patients were enrolled into AIEOP LNH-97 protocol for ALCL. Thereafter and until 2007, only CNS positive patients were included. AIEOP LNH-97 was based on the BFM-95 schema for ALCL and included six high-dose chemotherapy courses. CNS prophylaxis was obtained with one intrathecal injection of chemotherapy in each course, whereas treatment of CNS involvement included three intrathecal injections without irradiation. RESULTS Thirty-two patients were eligible for the study. Lymph-node disease was the most frequent localization (69% of the cases), followed by mediastinal (25%), CNS (22%), bone marrow (16%), and skin (13%) involvement. Probabilities of overall survival (OS) and of event-free survival (EFS) at 5 years for the whole population were 87% (SE 6%) and 68% (SE 8%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed that short pulse chemotherapy is an efficacious treatment option for first line therapy of pediatric ALCL, and that dose intensity may have some relevance for outcome, but not in all of the patients. Refinement and optimization of therapy strategies for ALCL may originate from a combination of clinical and biological prospective studies, as those in the pipeline of current international collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pillon
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology Unit, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Sugino T, Mikami T, Akiyama Y, Wanibuchi M, Hasegawa T, Mikuni N. Primary central nervous system anaplastic large-cell lymphoma mimicking lymphomatosis cerebri. Brain Tumor Pathol 2012; 30:61-5. [PMID: 22426596 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-012-0094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is usually diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) rarely occurs in the central nervous system. PCNSL always presents as single or multiple nodular contrast-enhancing mass lesions within T2-hyperintense areas on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Infrequently, diffuse infiltrating change with little contrast enhancement called lymphomatosis cerebri can be seen in PCNSL. In this report, we describe a 75-year-old immunocompetent man who had progressive dementia. On MRI, diffuse white matter lesions with little contrast enhancement were observed to gradually progress, which was clinically consistent with his worsening condition. A biopsy specimen revealed non-destructive, diffusely infiltrating, anaplastic large CD30-positive lymphoma, indicating a diagnosis of ALCL. After the biopsy, he was treated by whole brain irradiation (total 46 Gy) and focal boost irradiation (total 14 Gy). However, his performance status worsened and there was no symptom improvement. The patient died 8 months after symptom onset. The clinical course, diagnostic workup, pathologic correlates, and treatment outcomes are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Sugino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University, South 1, West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
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Lim T, Kim SJ, Kim K, Lee JI, Lim DH, Lee DJ, Baek KK, Lee HY, Han B, Uhm JE, Ko YH, Kim WS. Primary CNS lymphoma other than DLBCL: a descriptive analysis of clinical features and treatment outcomes. Ann Hematol 2011; 90:1391-8. [PMID: 21479535 PMCID: PMC3210363 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-011-1225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) constitutes most primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma (PCNSL), whereas T-cell, low-grade and Burkitt’s lymphomas (BL) are rarely encountered. Due to the paucity of cases, little is known about the clinical features and treatment outcomes of PCNSL other than DLBCL. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes for patients with PCNSL other than DLBCL. Fifteen patients, newly diagnosed with PCNSLs other than DLBCL between 2000 and 2010, were included. The male to female ratio was 0.67:1 with a median age of diagnosis of 31 years (range 18–59). Pathologic distributions were as follows: peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL; n = 7), marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBCL; n = 1), lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL; n = 2), Burkitt’s lymphoma (n = 1), other unspecified (T-cell lineage, n = 2; B-cell lineage, n = 2). Thirteen patients (87%) showed Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score (ECOG PS) 1–2. The remaining two were one PTCL patient and one Burkitt’s lymphoma patient. Of the nine patients with T-cell lymphoma, five (56%) had multifocal lesions, and one (20%) with LPL of the five patients with B-cell lymphoma showed a single lesion. Leptomeningeal lymphomatosis was identified in two patients (one with Burkitt’s lymphoma and one with unspecified B-cell lymphoma). Two patients (22%) with T-cell lymphoma died 7.7 and 23.3 months later, respectively, due to disease progression, despite HD-MTX-based therapy. Six patients with T-cell lymphoma (6/9, 66.7%) and four patients with low-grade B-cell lymphoma (4/5, 80%) achieved complete response and have survived without relapse (Table 3). One patient with Burkitt’s lymphoma showed poor clinical features with ECOG PS 3, deep structure, multifocal, and leptomeningeal lymphomatosis, and died 7.6 months after the initiation of treatment. In comparison with previously reported DLBCLs (median OS 6.4 years, 95% CI 3.7–9.1 years), T-cell lymphoma showed equivocal or favorable clinical outcomes and low-grade B-cell lymphomas, such as MZBCL and LPL, had a good prognosis. However, primary CNS Burkitt’s lymphoma presented poor clinical outcomes and showed a comparatively aggressive clinical course. In conclusion, primary CNS lymphoma other than DLBCL occurred more in younger patients and showed a generally good prognosis, except for Burkitt’s lymphoma. Further research on treatment strategies for Burkitt’s lymphoma is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyu Lim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, South Korea
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Shah AC, Kelly DR, Nabors LB, Oakes WJ, Hilliard LM, Reddy AT. Treatment of primary CNS lymphoma with high-dose methotrexate in immunocompetent pediatric patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:1227-30. [PMID: 20882580 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report two cases of primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) treated with high-dose methotrexate. Though standard adult treatment of PCNSL incorporates whole-brain radiotherapy, the literature suggests it may be possible to delay or avoid radiotherapy and the associated increased risk of neurologic sequelae in pediatric patients. Studies in adults indicate methotrexate therapy can be effective against PCNSL and has advantages over the current standard of treatment. Both patients have no evidence of disease 9 and 7 years after treatment, suggesting high-dose methotrexate may lead to disease control in pediatric patients with PCNSL while avoiding the effects of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amish C Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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Adult anaplastic large cell lymphoma involving the central nervous system: a rare clinical scenario. Ann Hematol 2010; 90:721-3. [PMID: 20838823 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-010-1074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Colen CB, Rayes M, Kupsky WJ, Guthikonda M. Synchronous meningioma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Neuropathology 2009; 30:260-6. [PMID: 19751246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2009.01054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synchronous primary brain tumors are exceedingly rare. When they occur, most cases are associated with metastatic disease. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of an atypical meningioma infiltrated by a T-cell-primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), specifically anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). We present a novel, unifying, plausible mechanism for its origin based on theories in the current literature. A 65-year-old man with a history of near-total resection of atypical meningioma presented with a complaint of progressive headaches. Imaging revealed recurrent tumor. Left frontal-temporal craniotomy with near-total tumor resection followed by radiation was performed. Recurrent symptomatic tumor led to repeat left frontotemporal craniotomy with tumor resection and partial anterior temporal lobectomy. Part of the specimen showed predominantly fibrotic neoplasm composed of nests and whorls of meningothelial cells, highlighted by epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) staining. The remainder of the specimen consisted of densely cellular neoplasm centered in connective tissue, including areas involved by meningioma. This tumor was composed of moderately large lymphoid cells with large nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and amphophilic cytoplasm. These cells were strongly immunoreactive for CD3 and CD30 but remained unstained with EMA, anaplastic lymphoma kinase-1 (ALK-1), CD15 or cytotoxic associated antigen TIA-1. Smaller mature lymphocytes, chiefly T-cells, were intermixed. The morphologic and immunohistochemical features were considered typical of anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma. The pathogenesis of this association may have been due to radiation-mediated breakdown of the blood-brain barrier with subsequent T-cell infiltration and proliferation. We advocate aggressive resection and long-term surveillance for individuals with metastasis, especially higher-grade neoplasms that receive radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim B Colen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48225, USA.
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Howard JG, Lee AG, Garwood M, Link BK, Wooldridge JE, Kirby P. Optic neuropathy due to anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Semin Ophthalmol 2009; 19:81-7. [PMID: 15590542 DOI: 10.1080/08820530490885848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a case of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) of the central nervous system (CNS) producing an optic neuropathy. METHODS Observational case report. RESULTS A 29-year-old male presented with new onset headaches. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed a large enhancing parietal lobe mass. Ocular exam at that time was normal. Initial diagnoses included possible bacterial cerebritis and fungal abscess. Serial lumbar punctures showed increased white blood cells but cytology was negative. A brain biopsy was non-diagnostic. The patient then presented with a left optic neuropathy. Repeat MRI of the brain and orbits revealed infiltration of the clivus and left orbital apex including the optic nerve. The patient had elevated liver function studies and an abdominal ultrasound disclosed two hypoechoic lesions. Liver biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of ALK-1 positive ALCL. The patient was treated with chemotherapy but expired seven months after the initial presentation. CONCLUSION ALCL should be considered to be a very rare but potential cause of optic neuropathy. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of ALCL causing an optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Howard
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Kodama K, Hokama M, Kawaguchi K, Tanaka Y, Hongo K. Primary ALK-1-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma of the brain: Case report and review of the literature. Neuropathology 2009; 29:166-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Buxton D, Bacchi CE, Gualco G, Weiss LM, Zuppan CW, Rowsell EH, Huang Q, Wang J. Frequent expression of CD99 in anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 160 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 2009; 131:574-9. [PMID: 19289593 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpe68hzxcgwtkk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally described as a diagnostically useful marker for Ewing sarcoma, CD99 immunoreactivity has also been documented in a variety of other tumors, including hematopoietic neoplasms. By using conventional paraffin immunoperoxidase staining and tissue microarrays, we retrospectively investigated CD99 expression in a series of 160 anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) cases. Of the 160 cases, 103 (64.4%) were positive for CD99. The distribution of CD99 positivity was similar for nodal (66/103 [64.1%]), extranodal, (21/32 [66%]), and primary cutaneous lesions (16/25 [64%]). CD99 expression was present in 96 (64.4%) of 149 of the common type, 4 (80%) of 5 of the small cell variant, and 3 (50%) of 6 of the lymphohistiocytic variant cases. CD99 expression was slightly more frequent in anaplastic large cell lymphoma kinase (ALK)+ cases compared with ALK- cases (43/54 [80%] vs 44/81 [54%]). With 2 exceptions, ALK+ ALCL was seen only in patients younger than 41 years. We conclude that CD99 is frequently expressed in ALCL, with a slightly increased frequency in the younger age ALK+ cases. Nodal and extranodal ALCL should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a CD99+ neoplasm is encountered.
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Abstract
A 9-year-old immunocompetent male patient with primary central nervous system anaplastic large cell lymphoma was treated with 5 cycles of intensive chemotherapy including high-dose Ara-C, high-dose methotrexate, etoposide, and carmustine along with intraventricular chemotherapy followed by high-dose thiotepa and carboplatin with autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. He received radiotherapy as the final therapy and has remained in remission for 26 months off therapy.
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Abstract
A distinct pathologic entity characterized by expression of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein (hence described as ALK lymphoma) has emerged within the heterogeneous group of CD30 anaplastic large-cell lymphomas. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is extremely rare in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. In children, only isolated cases have been reported, mainly as secondary CNS involvement. We report on a 13-year-old boy presenting with headaches and diplopia. Cerebrospinal fluid was infiltrated with atypical large granular lymphocytes. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed leptomeningeal enhancement. A frontal lobe biopsy showed a pleomorphic neoplasm diffusely infiltrating the meninges composed of large cells with bizarre nuclei similar to those evidenced in cerebrospinal fluid. Immunohistochemical stains showed diffuse strong positivity for CD8, CD30, anaplastic lymphoma kinase protein: p80 and negative monocyte-macrophage and B cell markers. TCR gamma was clonally rearranged. This finding was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of the NPM/ALK fusion protein. Epstein-Barr virus was not detected. No evidence of extra-CNS disease was found by imaging study, cytologic examination, or molecular studies. The patient underwent complete remission with polychemotherapy followed by a CNS irradiation. At +10 months from onset, he suffered a full relapse. After a short-term remission with vinblastine, he underwent nonmyeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, but unfortunately died from multiple organ failure. This case is the first reported occurrence of a primary meningeal ALK lymphoma in a child.
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Bhagavathi S, Wilson JD. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132:1830-4. [PMID: 18976024 DOI: 10.5858/132.11.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an uncommon extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Its incidence has increased during the last 3 decades and has been reported in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Immunocompromised patients are affected at a younger age compared with immunocompetent patients. It presents with raised intracranial pressure and focal neurologic and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The lesions are typically solitary. The majority of the lesions are located in the periventricular area, whereas in a few cases they are located in the supratentorial area. Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas constitute most PCNSLs, whereas T-cell, low-grade, anaplastic, and Hodgkin lymphomas are rarely encountered. The morphology of PCNSL shows a characteristic angiocentric pattern and is positive for B-cell markers by immunohistochemistry. The differential diagnosis of PCNSL includes central nervous system gliomas, metastatic tumors, demyelinating disorders, subacute infarcts, and space-occupying lesions due to an infectious etiology. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of PCNSL and the identification of molecular biomarkers have lagged behind that of systemic nodal lymphomas. Primary central nervous system lymphomas are treated with combined radiotherapies and chemotherapies. The prognosis for PCNSL is worse than for other extranodal lymphomas.
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Osamura RY, Kajiya H, Takei M, Egashira N, Tobita M, Takekoshi S, Teramoto A. Pathology of the human pituitary adenomas. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:495-507. [PMID: 18688636 PMCID: PMC2522328 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This article describes pertinent aspects of histochemical and molecular changes of the human pituitary adenomas. The article outlines individual tumor groups with general, specific and molecular findings. The discussion further extends to the unusual adenomas or carcinomas. The description in this article are pertinent not only for the practicing pathologists who are in the position of making proper diagnosis, but also for the pituitary research scientists who engage in solving basic problems in pituitary neoplasms by histochemistry and molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y Osamura
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Boseidai Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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Cady FM, O'Neill BP, Law ME, Decker PA, Kurtz DM, Giannini C, Porter AB, Kurtin PJ, Johnston PB, Dogan A, Remstein ED. Del(6)(q22) and BCL6 rearrangements in primary CNS lymphoma are indicators of an aggressive clinical course. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:4814-9. [PMID: 18645192 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.16.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) is an aggressive lymphoma but clinically validated biologic markers that can predict natural history to tailor treatment according to risk are lacking. Several genetic changes including BCL6 rearrangements and deletion of 6q22, containing the putative tumor suppressor gene PTPRK, are potential risk predictors. Herein we determined the prevalence and survival impact of del(6)(q22) and BCL6, immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH), and MYC gene rearrangements in a large PCNSL cohort treated in a single center. PATIENTS AND METHODS Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed using two-color probes for BCL6, MYC, IGH-BCL6, and del(6)(q22) on thin sections of 75 paraffin-embedded samples from 75 HIV-negative, immunocompetent patients newly diagnosed with PCNSL. Survival data were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, log-rank tests, and proportional hazards regression adjusting for age, deep structure involvement, and high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) treatment. RESULTS The prevalence of del(6)(q22) and BCL6, IGH, and MYC translocations was 45%,17%, 13%, and 3%, respectively. The presence of del(6)(q22) and/or a BCL6 translocation was associated with inferior overall survival (OS; P = .0097). The presence of either del(6)(q22) alone or a BCL6 translocation alone was also associated with inferior OS (P = .0087). Univariable results held after adjusting for age, deep structure involvement, and HDMTX. CONCLUSION Del (6)(q22) and BCL6 rearrangements are common in PCNSL and predict for decreased OS independent of deep structure involvement and HDMTX. Unlike systemic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, del(6)(q22) is common and IGH translocations are infrequent and usually involve BCL6 rather than BCL2, suggesting a distinct pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois M Cady
- Department of Pathology, CellNetix Pathology, Olympia, WA, USA
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CNS T-cell lymphoma: an under-recognized entity? Acta Neuropathol 2008; 115:345-56. [PMID: 18196250 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of CNS lymphoma has increased significantly in the past 30 years, primarily in the elderly and immunocompromised. While T-cell lymphomas comprise 15-20% of systemic lymphomas, they comprise less than 4% of primary CNS lymphomas, suggesting that they may be under-recognized compared to their systemic counterparts. To investigate this, we studied brain biopsies from three patients who were diagnosed with T-cell lymphoma confined to the brain. They had enhancing lesions by MRI, arising in the cerebellum and brainstem in one and temporal lobe in two. We compared these to biopsies from three patients who had reactive lymphoid infiltrates and who had clinical signs/symptoms and radiographic findings that were indistinguishable from the lymphoma group. Biopsies from both the lymphoma group and reactive group showed considerable cytomorphologic heterogeneity. Although one lymphoma case contained large atypical cells, the other two contained small, mature lymphocytes within a heterogeneous infiltrate of neoplastic and reactive inflammatory cells. Surface marker aberrancies were present in two lymphoma cases, but this alone could not reliably diagnose T-cell lymphoma. The proliferation index was not useful for differentiating lymphoma from reactive infiltrates. In five of the six cases the diagnosis was most influenced by clonality studies for T-cell receptor-gamma gene rearrangements. We conclude that because of the high degree of overlap in cytomorphologic and immunophenotypic features between T-cell lymphoma and reactive infiltrates, T-cell lymphoma may not be recognized unless studies for T-cell receptor gene rearrangements are performed for CNS lesions composed of a polymorphous but predominantly T-cell infiltrate.
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Grewal JS, Smith LB, Winegarden JD, Krauss JC, Tworek JA, Schnitzer B. Highly aggressive ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma with a leukemic phase and multi-organ involvement: a report of three cases and a review of the literature. Ann Hematol 2007; 86:499-508. [PMID: 17396261 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-007-0289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an aggressive neoplasm of T- or null cell phenotype and is recognized as a distinct clinicopathologic subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in the revised World Health Organization (WHO) classification of hematopoietic neoplasms. It is rarely associated with leukemic phase. Most cases with leukemic involvement are the small cell variant of ALCL. These cases often lack the pleomorphism seen in the common variant of ALCL and may be misdiagnosed. We report a series of three patients who presented with leukemic phase ALCL. The patients included an 11-year-old boy, a 29-year-old man, and a 59-year-old woman. The clinical and pathologic features of these cases are reviewed. The patients in our case series with leukemic phase ALCL exhibited rare clinical features. The patients presented with massive extranodal disease involving cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), liver, spleen, lungs, and bone marrow. CSF involvement was documented morphologically as well as by flow cytometry in two patients. Two of the patients had small cell variant and the third patient had common type ALCL. The neoplastic cells in all three patients were ALK positive; however these patients died within months of diagnosis. Leukemic phase ALCL is rare, and behaves in an aggressive manner. Some, but not all, cases in the literature presenting with peripheral blood involvement had small cell variant ALCL, as seen in two of our cases. The leukemic phase of ALCL should be considered when a T-cell leukemia with unusual morphologic features is encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet S Grewal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reichert Health Center, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, 5333 McAuley Drive Suite 3009, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-0995, USA.
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Karikari IO, Thomas KK, Lagoo A, Cummings TJ, George TM. Primary cerebral ALK-1-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma in a child. Case report and literature review. Pediatr Neurosurg 2007; 43:516-21. [PMID: 17992044 DOI: 10.1159/000108799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 4-year-old African American male was referred to the Pediatric Neurosurgery Service for evaluation of new onset seizures and worsening mental status. An MRI of the brain revealed a pineal region mass with diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement and compression of the basilar cisterns. A biopsy of the brain revealed histologic and immunophenotypic findings characteristic of ALK-1+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). ALCL rarely occurs in the central nervous system and poses a significant diagnostic challenge often leading to a delay in the initiation of appropriate treatment. We describe a case of a rapidly deteriorating clinical course in a child with central nervous system ALCL and review the current literature on ALCL occurring in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O Karikari
- Pediatric Neurosurgery Service, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a very rare brain tumor in children, and the optimal management and prognosis of such patients have yet to be defined. In this study, the incidence rate, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of childhood PCNSL are reviewed. Except for human immunodeficiency virus-related PCNSL, the prognosis for patients with this tumor type is significantly better in children than in adults. In the absence of prospective studies, it is very difficult to determine the true incidence and the best therapeutic strategy for this rare entity. The majority of children with PCNSL, however, can achieve long-term remissions with intensive chemotherapy alone (an estimated 70% 5-year event-free survival rate), and cranial irradiation can be reserved for relapse of the disease. Further progress in the management of childhood PCNSL will require prospective multinational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Abla
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
✓ The understanding of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) has lagged behind that of the much more common systemic, nodal lymphomas. Reasons for this include the relative rarity of PCNSL and the fact that these lesions differ in some ways from their histologically similar systemic counterparts. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, the author provides concise descriptions of the pathological features of both common and uncommon types of PCNSL while discussing issues such as the confusion surrounding histological classification of PCNSLs, problems related to intraoperative diagnosis, and the appropriate diagnostic work up. Second, the author discusses a small number of molecular studies to demonstrate the great promise they offer. Such studies have already clarified some issues, including the category of lymphocyte from which the majority of PCNSLs are derived. Hopefully in the future these studies will help guide treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Commins
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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Medina-Sanson A, Chico-Ponce de León F, Cabrera-Muñoz MDL, Gallegos-Castorena S, Caltenco-Serrano R, Barragán-Pérez E. Primary central nervous system non-Hodgkin lymphoma in childhood presenting as bilateral optic neuritis. Childs Nerv Syst 2006; 22:1364-8. [PMID: 16598497 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-006-0093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary central nervous system lymphoma is a very rare condition in pediatric patients. CASE REPORT We describe the case of a 10-year old girl who presented with acute bilateral vision impairment. At the time of presentation, the only positive finding was optic disk swelling, and the brain MRI scan was normal. Seventeen months later, she developed a large-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the brain, with no evidence of neoplasia elsewhere. Immunodeficiencies and Epstein-Barr virus infection could not be demonstrated. The patient was successfully treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide, etoposide, vincristine, methotrexate, and cytarabine, plus intrathecal chemotherapy. Craniospinal irradiation was not used. OUTCOME The patient's condition is still in remission 68 months after completing the treatment. CONCLUSION This case is the only non-Hodgkin lymphoma with primary central nervous system location treated in our institution in the last 10 years and represents less than 0.5% of our non-Hodgkin lymphoma series. Due to its rare occurrence, not much is known about the clinical features and treatment outcome of primary central nervous system lymphoma in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Medina-Sanson
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gomez, Dr. Marquez Num 162, Colonia Doctores, C.P. 06720, Distrito Federal, México.
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Iyengar P, Reid-Nicholson M, Moreira AL. Pregnancy-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma of the breast: a rare mimic of ductal carcinoma. Diagn Cytopathol 2006; 34:298-302. [PMID: 16544330 DOI: 10.1002/dc.20442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare T-cell lymphoma typically seen in children and young adults. It has been described in numerous sites; however, the breast is one of the least common locations. We herein report a case of ALCL arising in the breast of a 36-yr-old pregnant woman. To our knowledge this is the second such case in the English literature. We would like to highlight the cytologic and histologic features of ALCL, as this case was initially misdiagnosed as a ductal carcinoma. Differential diagnosis with other tumors is also discussed. This case serves to emphasize the importance of the triple test, and the need for correlation of fine-needle aspiration findings with core biopsy findings in breast tumor management.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Iyengar
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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