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Tanioka N, Kuwahara M, Sakai T, Nokubo Y, Hiroi M, Akimori T. Xanthogranulomatous appendicitis presenting asymptomatically 3 years after surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2024; 120:109800. [PMID: 38823225 PMCID: PMC11169530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2024.109800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xanthogranulomatous appendicitis (XGA) is a rare condition involving chronic inflammation of the appendix that is often difficult to distinguish from malignancy using imaging because of the formation of a heterogeneous mass with indistinct borders. Herein, we present a case of XGA with unusual clinical manifestations. PRESENTATION OF CASE A 78-year-old female patient underwent radical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with extended right hepatic lobectomy and biliary reconstruction. Three years postoperatively, she presented with an irregular mass in the right lateral pelvis, which was observed on computed tomography. The patient had not experienced recent clinical symptoms and did not present with abdominal tenderness. Routine blood tests did not indicate an increased inflammatory response; however, carcinoembryonic antigen levels continued to increase. Although disseminated recurrence of hilar cholangiocarcinoma and appendiceal carcinoma were suspected, XGA was diagnosed via laparoscopic appendectomy. DISCUSSION XGA generally presents with symptoms of acute or chronic appendicitis, and is diagnosed incidentally during surgery. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma has a high recurrence rate, even after radical resection, and disseminated recurrence usually requires chemotherapy. In the present case, XGA was not suspected preoperatively because of the lack of physical symptoms and increased levels of tumor markers during follow-up for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. There have been no reports of XGA with such a confusing clinical course, thus confirming the difficulty in preoperatively diagnosing XGA. CONCLUSION The preoperative diagnosis of XGA is difficult to differentiate from malignancy because of its clinical and imaging findings. We diagnosed the patient with XGA using laparoscopic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhisa Tanioka
- Department of Surgery, Hata Kenmin Hospital, 3-1 Yoshina, Yamanacho, Sukumo-city, Kochi 788-0785, Japan.
| | - Michio Kuwahara
- Department of Surgery, Hata Kenmin Hospital, 3-1 Yoshina, Yamanacho, Sukumo-city, Kochi 788-0785, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Hata Kenmin Hospital, 3-1 Yoshina, Yamanacho, Sukumo-city, Kochi 788-0785, Japan.
| | - Yuzuko Nokubo
- Department of Surgery, Hata Kenmin Hospital, 3-1 Yoshina, Yamanacho, Sukumo-city, Kochi 788-0785, Japan
| | - Makoto Hiroi
- Department of Pathology, Hata Kenmin Hospital, 3-1 Yoshina, Yamanacho, Sukumo-city, Kochi 788-0785, Japan
| | - Toyokazu Akimori
- Department of Surgery, Hata Kenmin Hospital, 3-1 Yoshina, Yamanacho, Sukumo-city, Kochi 788-0785, Japan
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Lee SJ, Yang DM, Kim HC, Kim SW, Won KY, Park SH, Jeong WK. Imaging and Clinical Findings of Xanthogranulomatous Inflammatory Disease of Various Abdominal and Pelvic Organs: A Pictorial Essay. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF RADIOLOGY 2024; 85:109-123. [PMID: 38362380 PMCID: PMC10864145 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2023.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Xanthogranulomatous (XG) inflammatory disease is a rare benign disease involving various organs, including the gallbladder, bile duct, pancreas, spleen, stomach, small bowel, colon, appendix, kidney, adrenal gland, urachus, urinary bladder, retroperitoneum, and female genital organs. The imaging features of XG inflammatory disease are nonspecific, usually presenting as a heterogeneous solid or cystic mass. The disease may also extend to adjacent structures. Due to its aggressive nature, it is occasionally misdiagnosed as a malignant neoplasm. Herein, we review the radiological features and clinical manifestations of XG inflammatory diseases in various organs of the abdomen and pelvis.
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Panarelli NC. Infectious Mimics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mod Pathol 2023:100210. [PMID: 37172904 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Distinguishing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) from its mimics remains a diagnostic challenge for surgical pathologists. Several gastrointestinal infections produce inflammatory patterns that overlap with typical findings of IBD. Although stool culture, PCR, and other clinical assays may identify infectious enterocolitides, these tests may not be performed or the results may be unavailable at the time of histologic evaluation. Furthermore, some clinical tests, including stool PCR, may reflect past exposure rather than ongoing infection. It is important for surgical pathologists to be knowledgeable about infections that simulate IBD in order to generate an accurate differential diagnosis, perform appropriate ancillary studies, and prompt clinical follow-up. This review covers bacterial, fungal, and protozoal infections in the differential diagnosis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Panarelli
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
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Malvar G, Peric M, Gonzalez R. Interval appendicitis shows histologic differences from acute appendicitis and may mimic Crohn disease and other forms of granulomatous appendicitis. Histopathology 2022; 80:965-973. [DOI: 10.1111/his.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Malvar
- Department of Pathology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
| | - Masa Peric
- Department of Pathology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
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Appendicitis That Mimics Serious Conditions. Indian J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-021-03256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Xanthogranulomatus inflammatory lesion mimicker of malignancy: A clinicopathological study from rural India. North Clin Istanb 2021; 8:485-492. [PMID: 34909587 PMCID: PMC8630717 DOI: 10.14744/nci.2021.04317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Xanthogranulomatus inflammation is an uncommon variant of chronic inflammation and a well-established pathological entity involving various organs and systems. It may be associated with infection and obstruction, defective lipid transport, immunological disturbances, and often confused as a malignant neoplasm. The confirmative diagnosis is made on histopathology. METHODS This is a retrospective study conducted from January 2008 to April 2020 on histopathologically diagnosed xanthogranulomatus lesions. All the relevant available data regarding age, sex, and organ involvement were collected from histopathology lab records. The macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of cases was also done. This study was aimed to determine the significance of histopathology in the diagnosis of xanthogranulomatus lesions, revealing pathological changes, and clinicopathological correlation. RESULTS In the current study, there were 93 cases of xanthogranulomatus inflammatory lesion. Gall bladder was frequently involved 70 (75.27%), followed by 5 (5.37%) kidney, gastrointestinal Tract 6 (3 [3.23%] cases in colon and 3 [3.23%] in appendix, respectively), and others. The maximum number of cases was in the age group of 31-40 years with 24 (25.80%) cases. The female to male sex ratio was 2.3:1. CONCLUSION Awareness and knowledge of xanthogranulomatus inflammatory lesion is significant to the pathologist and surgeon to prevent extensive surgery. This lesion often mimics as malignancy and confirmatory diagnosis is made on histopathology. Thus, every excised specimen must be examined histopathologically to diagnose and rule out differential.
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Mostyka M, Fulmer CG, Hissong EM, Yantiss RK. Crohn Disease Infrequently Affects the Appendix and Rarely Causes Granulomatous Appendicitis. Am J Surg Pathol 2021; 45:1703-1706. [PMID: 33999557 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Data from previous studies suggest Crohn disease of the appendix accounts for ∼25% of granulomatous appendicitis cases. However, we have found that granulomatous inflammation in appendectomy specimens rarely heralds Crohn disease. We suspect that appendiceal involvement by Crohn disease is uncommon, even when patients have severe ileocolonic inflammation. We performed this study to determine the prevalence and nature of appendiceal inflammation among patients with Crohn disease. We reviewed 100 ileocolic specimens with strictures and fistulizing Crohn disease for the nature and distribution of inflammatory changes in the appendix and compared them with 100 appendices on colectomy specimens from age-matched and sex-matched patients with ulcerative colitis. We also evaluated 27 additional cases of granulomatous appendicitis in appendectomy specimens to determine the frequency with which this finding represented Crohn disease. The appendix was usually normal (26%) or showed fibrous obliteration (50%) in ileocolic resection specimens from patients with Crohn disease. Mucosal inflammation was much less common in appendices from patients with Crohn disease than ulcerative colitis (6% vs. 28%, P<0.0001); only 4 cases contained epithelioid granulomata, 3 showed mural fibrosis and lymphoid aggregates, and 10 displayed only periappendiceal inflammation. None of the patients with granulomatous appendicitis in appendectomy specimens had, or developed, evidence of Crohn disease. We conclude that Crohn disease infrequently affects the appendix. Interval appendectomy and infection are more important considerations when appendectomy specimens feature granulomatous inflammation and/or mural lymphoid aggregates, especially if there is no history of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mostyka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Clifton G Fulmer
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Rhonda K Yantiss
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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Pederiva F, Bussani R, Shafiei V, Codrich D, Guida E, Schleef J. The Histopathology of the Appendix in Children at Interval Appendectomy. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8090811. [PMID: 34572243 PMCID: PMC8466409 DOI: 10.3390/children8090811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Whilst most surgeons agree that conservative treatment of appendiceal abscess in children is an adequate treatment, the need for subsequent interval appendectomy is still controversial. We analyzed the histopathology in interval appendectomy in search of signs of inflammation. All patients admitted between 2010 and 2017 with appendiceal abscess and scheduled for interval appendectomy were reviewed. The specimens were evaluated for grade of inflammation, type and distribution of cellular infiltrate, presence of necrosis or hemorrhage and infiltrate in the serosa. Forty-two patients had appendiceal abscess and were treated conservatively. Seven underwent emergent appendectomy. Thirty-three out of 35 patients underwent elective interval appendectomy. Thirty-two specimens were revised. Carcinoid tumor or other malignant lesions were not found. All of them presented some amount of inflammation, grade 1 to 2 in 53%, grade 3 to 4 in 47%. Twenty-five percent of the specimens had signs of necrosis accompanied by hemorrhage and in more than the half (53%) the infiltrate extended to the serosa. Conclusions: Although the appendix was mostly found not macroscopically inflamed intraoperatively, histology confirmed a certain grade of inflammation even months after the conservative treatment. No correlation was found between histopathologic findings and lapse of time between abscess treatment and interval appendectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pederiva
- Pediatric Surgery, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (D.C.); (E.G.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +39-0403785314
| | - Rossana Bussani
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (R.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Vennus Shafiei
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (R.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Daniela Codrich
- Pediatric Surgery, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (D.C.); (E.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Edoardo Guida
- Pediatric Surgery, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (D.C.); (E.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Jurgen Schleef
- Pediatric Surgery, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (D.C.); (E.G.); (J.S.)
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Ito S, Takahashi Y, Yamada T, Kawai Y, Ohira K. Xanthogranulomatous appendicitis with elevated tumor marker misdiagnosed as cecal cancer: a case report. J Surg Case Rep 2021; 2021:rjab274. [PMID: 34345400 PMCID: PMC8326000 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjab274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is an uncommon chronic inflammatory disease that develops most often in the kidneys and gallbladder. However, xanthogranulomatous appendicitis 45eXA is rare. Herein, we present a case of XA, with an elevated tumor marker, misdiagnosed as cecal cancer. A 76-year-old woman was referred to our hospital. Carbohydrate antigen 19–9 (CA 19–9) levels were elevated. By computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, we diagnosed as suspected cecal cancer and performed laparoscopic-assisted ileocecal resection. The pathological diagnosis was XA. Her CA19–9 level decreased to within normal limits. XA is a condition that results from an unusual healing pattern of appendicitis. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. This is the first case of XA with elevated CA 19–9 levels. In this case, XA may have had the potential for malignancy. Our case report can aid in the understanding of these rare cases and, as a result, improve their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Ito
- Department of Surgery, Tama-Hokubu Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takuji Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Tama-Hokubu Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kawai
- Department of Surgery, Tama-Hokubu Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Ohira
- Department of Surgery, Tama-Hokubu Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Mason EF, Hossein-Zadeh Z, Kovach AE. Pediatric hematolymphoid pathology in the gastrointestinal tract. Semin Diagn Pathol 2021; 38:31-37. [PMID: 33863576 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hematolymphoid processes involving the gastrointestinal tract in the pediatric and adolescent young adult (AYA) populations include processes occurring primarily within the gastrointestinal tract as well as systemic diseases with predilection for gastrointestinal involvement. Here, we present a focused review of reactive and neoplastic entities occurring in the pediatric and AYA age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Mason
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Zarrin Hossein-Zadeh
- Department of Pathology, New York University (NYU) Long Island, Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, United States
| | - Alexandra E Kovach
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Akbulut S, Demyati K, Koc C, Tuncer A, Sahin E, Ozcan M, Samdanci E. Xanthogranulomatous appendicitis: A comprehensive literature review. World J Gastrointest Surg 2021; 13:76-86. [PMID: 33552395 PMCID: PMC7830076 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v13.i1.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is characterized histologically by a collection of lipid-laden macrophages admixed with lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, and often multinucleated giant cells with or without cholesterol clefts.
AIM To review the medical literature on xanthogranulomatous appendicitis (XGA).
METHODS We present a patient with XGA and review published articles on XGA accessed via the PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Google databases. Keywords used were “appendix vermiformis,” “appendectomy,” “acute appendicitis,” and “XGA.” The search included articles published before May 2020, and the publication language was not restricted. The search included letters to the editor, case reports, review articles, original articles, and meeting presentations. Articles or abstracts containing adequate information about age, sex, clinical presentation, white blood cells, initial diagnosis, surgical approach, histopathological and immunohistochemical features of appendectomy specimens were included in the study.
RESULTS A total of 29 articles involving 38 patients with XGA, were retrospectively analyzed. Twenty (52.6%) of the 38 patients, aged 3 to 78 years (median: 34; IQR: 31) were female, and the remaining 18 (47.4%) were male. Twenty-five patients were diagnosed with acute appendicitis, ruptured appendicitis, or subacute appendicitis, and the remaining 13 patients underwent surgery for tumoral lesions of the ileocecal region. Twenty-two of the patients underwent urgent or semi-urgent surgery, and the remaining 16 patients underwent interval appendectomy.
CONCLUSION Xanthogranulomatous inflammation rarely affects the appendix vermiformis. It is associated with significant diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas due to its variable presentation. It is often associated with interval appendectomies, and a significant number of patients require bowel resection due to the common presentation of a tumoral lesion. XGA is usually identified retrospectively on surgical pathology and has no unique features in preoperative diagnostic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Akbulut
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Khaled Demyati
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 44280, Turkey
- Department of Surgery, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine
| | - Cemalettin Koc
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Adem Tuncer
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Emrah Sahin
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozcan
- Department of Pathology, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Emine Samdanci
- Department of Pathology, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 44280, Turkey
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Colucci N, Meyer J, Puppa G, Toso C. Granulomatous appendicitis: a perioperative challenge. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/10/e238955. [PMID: 33040041 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-238955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Colucci
- Department of Surgery, Division of Digestive Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland .,Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jérémy Meyer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Digestive Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Puppa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Toso
- Department of Surgery, Division of Digestive Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical significance of a diagnosis of granulomatous appendicitis (GA) is not well established in the pediatric population. METHODS Retrospective review of the etiology and histopathology of pediatric GA at 2 large pediatric institutions. RESULTS Forty-three (0.4%) patients had GA at a median age of 12.1 years. Twenty-two (51%) had perforated appendicitis that was medically managed prior to interval appendectomy. Sixteen of 21 noninterval appendectomies were performed for clinically suspected acute appendicitis. Among them, 1 had Crohn's disease identified during surgery. None of the other patients had a subsequent diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (median follow-up of 4 weeks). There were significantly more cases with mucosal-only granulomas as well as fewer serosal granulomas in the noninterval appendectomy specimens than the interval specimens (P = .014). When performed, special stains for microorganisms did not contribute to clinical care. In the same time period, GA was seen in 6 (6%) of 94 bowel resections for Crohn's disease. CONCLUSION GA is rare in pediatric patients, with interval appendectomy being the most common etiology and only rarely associated with Crohn's disease. Granulomas in interval appendectomies tend to be serosal-based. Special stains for infectious organisms in GA are of low diagnostic yield and have little impact on clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Maren Y Fuller
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer Pogoriler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Post-inflammatory mucosal hyperplasia and appendiceal diverticula simulate features of low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:953-961. [PMID: 31857681 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-019-0435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Post-inflammatory mucosal hyperplasia and appendiceal diverticulosis simulate mucinous neoplasms, causing diagnostic confusion. Distinction between neoplasia and its mimics is particularly important since many authorities now consider all appendiceal mucinous neoplasms to be potentially malignant. The purpose of this study was to identify clinicopathologic and molecular features that may distinguish appendiceal mucinous neoplasms from non-neoplastic mimics. We retrospectively identified 92 mucinous lesions confined to the right lower quadrant, including 55 non-neoplastic examples of mucosal hyperplasia and/or diverticulosis and 37 low-grade neoplasms. Presenting symptoms, radiographic findings, appendiceal diameter, appearances of the lamina propria, non-neoplastic crypts, and epithelium, as well as mural changes were recorded. Twenty non-neoplastic lesions were subjected to KRAS mutational testing. Non-neoplastic appendices were smaller (p < 0.05) and more likely to present with symptoms of appendicitis (p < 0.05) than neoplasms. While post-inflammatory mucosal hyperplasia and diverticula often showed goblet cell-rich epithelium, extruded mucin pools, and patchy mural alterations with fibrosis, they always contained non-neoplastic crypts lined by mixed epithelial cell types and separated by lamina propria with predominantly preserved wall architecture. On the other hand, mucinous neoplasms lacked normal crypts (p < 0.05) and showed decreased lamina propria (p < 0.05) with diffusely thickened muscularis mucosae and lymphoid atrophy. Six (30%) non-neoplastic lesions contained KRAS mutations, particularly those containing goblet cell-rich hyperplastic epithelium. We conclude that distinction between neoplastic and non-neoplastic mucinous appendiceal lesions requires recognition of key morphologic features; KRAS mutational testing is an unreliable biomarker that cannot be used to assess biologic risk or confirm a diagnosis of neoplasia.
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Pathology findings following interval appendectomy: Should it stay or go? J Pediatr Surg 2020; 55:737-741. [PMID: 31130351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interval appendectomy following nonoperative management of complicated appendicitis remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical pathology and clinical outcomes after pediatric interval appendectomy. METHODS Pathology results from children with complicated appendicitis who underwent interval appendectomy at a single children's hospital from 2010 to 2017 were reviewed. The primary outcome was pathology results. Secondary outcomes included complications and readmission following initial treatment and after interval appendectomy. RESULTS Among 149 patients (median age 11 years; range, 1-18), all had evidence of persistent inflammation on surgical pathology, 25 (17%) had an appendicolith, and no neoplasms were identified. Median duration of the initial admission was 8 days (range, 2-28) and 70% received a percutaneous drain prior to appendectomy. Interval appendectomy was performed at a median of 7.5 weeks (range, 2.9-29.1). Thirty-six (24%) returned to the hospital prior to their scheduled appendectomy and 6 (4%) required appendectomy earlier than planned. Nine patients (6%) experienced a complication following interval appendectomy, of which superficial surgical site infection was the most common (n = 4). CONCLUSION All children had evidence of ongoing inflammation on surgical pathology. While the clinical implications of persistent inflammation remain uncertain, these findings suggest that interval appendectomy is an appropriate treatment following medical management of complicated appendicitis in children. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE SECTION IV, Case series with no comparison groups.
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The Impact of Pathological Criteria on Pediatric Negative Appendectomy Rate. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:1794-1799. [PMID: 30685199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Negative appendectomy rate (NAR) is a quality metric used in the surgical management of appendicitis. The rates of negative appendectomy (NA) in children range anywhere from 1% to 40% in the literature. Many reports do not provide clear pathological definitions for either appendicitis or NA on which they base their calculation of NAR. We reviewed our experience with pediatric appendectomy and the pathological spectrum encompassed within our definition of a NA and examined how the pathologic definition impacts our hospital's NAR. METHODS A retrospective review from 2012 to 2016 in a single institution identified 1676 children that underwent appendectomy. Average age was 11.4 (2-18 years). Patient demographics, clinical outcomes and pathological findings were collected. At our institution, appendicitis is defined as the presence of transmural acute inflammation in the appendix and those patients without this finding have been considered to have had a negative appendectomy. RESULTS 1435 patients underwent appendectomy for presumed appendicitis. The rate of pathologically diagnosed appendicitis was 91.1% (1307/1435) and as such, the NAR was 8.9% (128/1435). Review of the pathology of the NA cohort identified 67/128 (52.3%) patients with completely normal pathology. The remaining 61 patients displayed some sort of pathological abnormality including malignancy (n = 2), fecaliths (n = 9), pinworms (n = 3), granuloma (n = 2), fibrous obliteration (n = 4), isolated periappendiceal inflammation (n = 1), and acute inflammation confined to the mucosa (n = 40). Exclusion of these patients with abnormal pathology decreased the NAR to 4.6%. Patients with pathological abnormalities of the appendix other than transmural inflammation had a higher rate of 30-day readmission than patients with acute appendicitis (8.2% versus 4.5% p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Pediatric NAR is dependent upon the pathological definition of appendicitis and negative appendectomy. Institutional variation in definition may explain discrepancies in the literature. By example, including only those that show "the absence of inflammation or other appendiceal pathology" would decrease our NAR by 50%. This study calls into question the interpretation of interhospital NAR and the use of NAR as a quality metric in the management of appendicitis. Retrospective comparative study: Level III evidence.
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Horvath BA, Maryamchik E, Miller GC, Brown IS, Setia N, Mattia AR, Lamps L, Lauwers GY, Rosenberg E, Misdraji J. Actinomyces in Crohn's-like appendicitis. Histopathology 2019; 75:486-495. [PMID: 31155731 DOI: 10.1111/his.13929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Appendicitis with a Crohn's-like histological appearance generally raises concern for Crohn's disease, Yersinia infection, and interval appendectomy. Actinomyces infection is a recognised cause of chronic appendicitis that can histologically mimic Crohn's disease. METHODS AND RESULTS We report on 20 cases of appendicitis with Crohn's-like histological features that were due to Actinomyces. Most patients presented with acute or chronic abdominal pain. Imaging studies suggested a mass in five cases. Two patients had interval appendectomy. Histological features showed Crohn's-like appendicitis in 16 cases, with moderate to marked fibrosis and granulomas in seven cases. The other four cases had less consistent histological findings. None of the patients developed Crohn's disease during the follow-up interval (median, 37 months). CONCLUSIONS Actinomyces can be associated with Crohn's-like appendicitis with marked fibrosis, transmural inflammation, lymphoid hyperplasia, and granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela A Horvath
- Eastern Connecticut Pathology Consultants, Manchester, CT, USA
| | - Elena Maryamchik
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory C Miller
- Envoi Specialist Pathologists, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian S Brown
- Envoi Specialist Pathologists, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Namrata Setia
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony R Mattia
- Department of Pathology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, MA, USA
| | - Laura Lamps
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory Y Lauwers
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Eric Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Misdraji
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Iype GR, Kalipatnapu S, Masih D, Varghese G. Not all colonic growths are malignant. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/7/e229515. [PMID: 31337625 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-229515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the case of a 34-year-old woman who was diagnosed to have adenocarcinoma of the caecum based on the clinical, radiological, histopathological and intraoperative findings. However, postoperative histopathology showed only features of xanthogranulomatous inflammation without any evidence of malignancy. This benign chronic inflammatory condition could present as a histological surprise. It is important for both surgeons and pathologists alike to be aware of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geethu Rachel Iype
- Division of General Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sasank Kalipatnapu
- Division of General Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dipti Masih
- Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gigi Varghese
- Division of General Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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19
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Ban S, Fujii A, Takimoto T, Kikuchi K, Kang W, Namiki Y, Koyatsu J, Ueda Y. Pulse Granulomas in Interval Appendectomy Specimens: Histochemical Identification of Cellulose Matter. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2019; 12:765-772. [PMID: 30686961 PMCID: PMC6341352 DOI: 10.1159/000495318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulse granuloma is a rare pathologic condition considered to be a benign inflammatory reaction to foreign materials originated from ingested legume matter. As for pulse granulomas of the gastrointestinal tract, association with diverticular diseases is relatively common, but only a few pulse granuloma cases associated with appendicitis have been reported. This report presents histopathologic findings of pulse granuloma lesions observed in two appendectomy cases, with some histochemical examinations of cellulose matter which is reportedly a major component to provoke pulse granuloma reaction. Our patients in both cases were girls in their teens, and they underwent interval appendectomy for acute appendicitis. Both appendectomy specimens revealed ruptured walls with inflammatory granulation tissue with marked foreign body reaction including characteristic collections of ring-like, curled ribbon-like, and/or lobulated nephrosclerosis-like hyaline structures and various foreign bodies, in which microorganisms or amyloid deposition were not identified. The presence of cellulose matter was suggested by Sirius red stain, the IKI (iodine potassium iodide)-H2SO4 method, and birefringence by polarized light. Appendectomy materials due to acute appendicitis would include pulse granuloma reaction provoked by ingested materials with cellulose. Pathologists should be familiar with the concept and histopathologic features of pulse granulomas to avoid misinterpreting them as vascular lesions and/or amyloid deposition, or any infectious organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Ban
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Akiko Fujii
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Toshiro Takimoto
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Kasukabe Medical Center, Kasukabe, Japan
| | - Kenta Kikuchi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Woodea Kang
- Department of Surgery, Kasukabe Medical Center, Kasukabe, Japan
| | - Yukiko Namiki
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Junichi Koyatsu
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Ueda
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
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20
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Carr NJ, Bibeau F, Bradley RF, Dartigues P, Feakins RM, Geisinger KR, Gui X, Isaac S, Milione M, Misdraji J, Pai RK, Rodriguez-Justo M, Sobin LH, van Velthuysen MLF, Yantiss RK. The histopathological classification, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of mucinous appendiceal neoplasms, appendiceal adenocarcinomas and pseudomyxoma peritonei. Histopathology 2017; 71:847-858. [PMID: 28746986 DOI: 10.1111/his.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The vermiform appendix is the primary site of several distinctive benign and malignant neoplasms. Some can produce the clinical syndrome of pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP). A consensus on their terminology was reached by an international panel of pathologists and clinicians working under the auspices of the Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International (PSOGI), and this review discusses the application of the PSOGI classification to routine reporting. We discuss diagnosis and differential diagnosis together with implications for patient management, covering low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms, high-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms, serrated polyps, adenomas and adenocarcinomas. We do not cover goblet cell tumours or neuroendocrine neoplasms in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Carr
- Department of Pathology, Peritoneal Malignancy Institute, Basingstoke, UK
| | - Frederic Bibeau
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Université de Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | | | - Peggy Dartigues
- Département de Biologie et de Pathologie Médicales, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Roger M Feakins
- Department of Histopathology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kim R Geisinger
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Xianyong Gui
- University of Calgary and Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sylvie Isaac
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, RENAPE, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Massimo Milione
- First Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Foundation National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Joseph Misdraji
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reetesh K Pai
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Leslie H Sobin
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Rhonda K Yantiss
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Brown I, Kumarasinghe MP. Granulomas in the gastrointestinal tract: deciphering the Pandora's box. Virchows Arch 2017; 472:3-14. [PMID: 28776106 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Granulomas are organised collection of activated histiocytes induced by a persistent antigen stimulus. A wide variety of antigens encountered by the gastrointestinal tract are of this nature and hence the resulting granulomatous inflammation represents a tissue reaction pattern. The potential causes can be broadly classified as infections or non-infectious immune reactions. There is also a group where a cause is never identified. Granulomas may be of varying morphological appearance, most commonly epithelioid, foreign body type, suppurative and necrotizing. This may provide a clue as to the aetiology; however, in most cases, the cause requires further inquiry. Pathologists may need to cut deeper levels to look for foreign material and apply special stains to look for microorganisms. Pathologists also need to be certain that the process is a true granuloma and not a mimic. The site of occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract and the clinical setting is often paramount in establishing the aetiology. For instance, infections are more likely the cause in developing countries or when there is immunosuppression. Similarly, granulomas in the stomach are usually due to Crohn's disease; however, it is only rarely the cause of granulomas isolated to the appendix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Brown
- Envoi Pathology, 5/38 Bishop Street, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia. .,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Marian Priyanthi Kumarasinghe
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Australia
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22
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23
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Kaushik R, Gulati A, Vedant D, Kaushal V. Cytological diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous appendicitis. J Cytol 2017; 34:48-50. [PMID: 28182060 PMCID: PMC5259931 DOI: 10.4103/0970-9371.197619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthogranulomatous reaction can occur in any organ but the most common sites are kidney and gallbladder. Xanthogranulomatous appendicitis (XA) is a rare clinical entity. There are a few case reports of XA diagnosed on histopathology but none on cytology. Here we report a case of a 47-year-old lady who presented with acute abdomen and was found to have a mass lesion in the right iliac fossa. She was diagnosed with XA intraoperatively on imprint cytology that was subsequently confirmed on histopathological examination. Due to the rarity of XA itself and the use of imprint cytology for intraoperative diagnosis the case is being presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Kaushik
- Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anchana Gulati
- Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Vedant
- Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay Kaushal
- Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
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24
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Çakıt H, Şişik A, Özel Y, Kudaş İ, Başak F, Topal CS, Ezberci F. Granülomatöz apandisitin basit laboratuar testleriyle ilişkisi. Kontrollü gözlemsel çalışma. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.25000/acem.289608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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25
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Sunnapwar A, Menias CO, Ojili V, Policarpio Nicolas M, Katre R, Gangadhar K, Nagar A. Abdominal manifestations of histiocytic disorders in adults: imaging perspective. Br J Radiol 2016; 89:20160221. [PMID: 27332519 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20160221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histiocytic disorders (HDs) are a diverse group of diseases characterized by pathologic infiltration of normal tissues by cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. The spectrum of these diseases ranges from treatable infectious diseases to rapidly progressive, life-threatening conditions. Although they are rare and difficult diagnoses, HDs can be diagnosed with the help of clinical and laboratory analyses, imaging features and tissue biopsy. The clinicopathology and imaging spectrum of select entities belonging to this disorder are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Sunnapwar
- 1 University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Vijaynadh Ojili
- 1 University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Rashmi Katre
- 1 University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Arpit Nagar
- 4 Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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26
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Che Jusoh A, Abdul Ghani S. Xanthogranulomatous lesion in recurrent appendicitis. FORMOSAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fjs.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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27
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Çavuşoğlu YH, Ardıçlı B, Apaydın S, Afşarlar ÇE, Yılmaz E. Xanthogranulomatous appendicitis in interval appendectomy specimens of children. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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28
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Nam S, Kang J, Choi SE, Kim YR, Baik SH, Sohn SK. Xanthogranulomatous Appendicitis Mimicking Residual Burkitt's Lymphoma After Chemotherapy. Ann Coloproctol 2016; 32:83-6. [PMID: 27218100 PMCID: PMC4865470 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2016.32.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The case of a 23-year-old female treated with aggressive high-dose therapy for Burkitt's lymphoma is reported. A positron emission tomography and computed tomography scan after completion of chemotherapy revealed a residual hypermetabolic lesion in the right pelvic cavity. A pelvic magnetic resonance imaging scan showed circumferential wall thickening at the tip of the appendix. A laparoscopic exploration and appendectomy were performed, and a pathologic examination of the resected appendix revealed xanthogranulomatous appendicitis. This is a rare case of a xanthogranulomatous appendicitis mimicking remnant Burkitt's lymphoma after completion of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Nam
- Department of Surgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Kang
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Choi
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Ri Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyuk Baik
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Kook Sohn
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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29
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Duduyemi BM. Clinicopathological review of surgically removed appendix in Central Nigeria. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde M. Duduyemi
- Department of Pathology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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30
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Belle Mbou V, Amira Bouhidel F, Amegbor K, Bertheau P, Roche B. [An unusual appendix lesion]. Ann Pathol 2014; 34:486-9. [PMID: 25499866 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valère Belle Mbou
- Service de pathologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France
| | - Fatiha Amira Bouhidel
- Service de pathologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France; Université Paris Diderot, 10, rue Françoise-Dolto, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France; Inserm UMR-S-1165, HAYEM, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France.
| | - Koffi Amegbor
- Service de pathologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France
| | - Philippe Bertheau
- Service de pathologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France; Université Paris Diderot, 10, rue Françoise-Dolto, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France; Inserm UMR-S-1165, HAYEM, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France
| | - Brigitte Roche
- Service de pathologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France; Université Paris Diderot, 10, rue Françoise-Dolto, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France; Inserm UMR-S-1165, HAYEM, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France
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31
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Kochhar G, Saha S, Andley M, Kumar A, Kumar A. Xanthogranulomatous appendicitis with a fulminant course: report of a case. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:ND01-2. [PMID: 25653988 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/8660.5230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is a well-described entity with involvement of various body organs. But the involvement of vermiform appendix in the disease process is quite rare with only few cases are reported in literature. This case report describes a 50-year-old man, who was diagnosed as a case of acute appendicitis with appendicular lump on the basis of clinical history, physical examination, and hematological and radiological investigations. Patient underwent surgical interventions twice. But, he succumbed to the disease. We are reporting this case in view of rarity of the disease and the fulminant course, which has not been described in any other reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kochhar
- Senior Resident, Department of Surgery, Lady Hardinge Medical College , Delhi, India
| | - Sudipta Saha
- Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Lady Hardinge Medical College , Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Andley
- Professor, Department of Surgery, Lady Hardinge Medical College , Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Professor, Department of Surgery, Lady Hardinge Medical College , Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Director Professor, Department of Surgery, Lady Hardinge Medical College , Delhi, India
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32
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Al-Rawabdeh SM, Prasad V, King DR, Kahwash SB. Xanthogranulomatous appendicitis in a child: report of a case and review of the literature. Case Rep Med 2013; 2013:498191. [PMID: 24093025 PMCID: PMC3777195 DOI: 10.1155/2013/498191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is a well-described inflammatory process, which may involve any organ but is most frequently encountered in the gall bladder and the kidney. There are rare reports of xanthogranulomatous appendicitis (XA) in the adult population, but only one brief mention of such a diagnosis in a child. In this report, we describe the case of an 11-year-old boy who presented with clinical signs and symptoms of acute appendicitis necessitating appendectomy. Upon microscopic examination, the appendix showed the typical features of XA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first well-described case XA in a noninterval appendix in a child. We also reviewed the limited medical literature on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sura M. Al-Rawabdeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Vinay Prasad
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Denis R. King
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Samir B. Kahwash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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33
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Histiocytic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:683-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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34
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Singh V, John KM, Malik A, Pareek T, Dutta V. Xanthogranulomatous appendicitis: Uncommon histological variant of a common entity. Med J Armed Forces India 2013; 71:S19-21. [PMID: 26265827 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Singh
- Resident, Dept of Pathology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - K M John
- Resident, Dept of Pathology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Ajay Malik
- Associate Professor, Dept of Pathology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Tarun Pareek
- Resident, Dept of Surgery, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Vibha Dutta
- Professor and HOD, Dept of Pathology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
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35
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36
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Mado K, Mazaki T, Henmi A, Masuda H, Takayama T. Xanthogranulomatous appendicitis. Indian J Surg 2012; 75:405-6. [PMID: 24426487 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-012-0478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 78-years-old man presented with right lower quadrant pain for 2 months. Computed tomography revealed an irregular and multicystic mass near the cecum like as appedeceal mucocle. The lesion was diagnosed xanthogranulomatous appendicitis by histopathological findings of surgical specimen. Xanthogranuloma is uncommon disease, especially in the appendix. We report an interesting case of xanthogranulomatous appendicitis mimicking appendiceal mucocele in radiological images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Mado
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takero Mazaki
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Hikarigaoka, Nerima-ku 179-0072, Tokyo, 179-0072 Japan
| | - Akihiro Henmi
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Masuda
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadatoshi Takayama
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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37
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Abstract
The pathologic spectrum of the inflamed appendix encompasses a wide range of infectious entities, some with specific histologic findings, and others with nonspecific findings that may require an extensive diagnostic evaluation. The appendix is exclusively involved in some of these disorders, and in others may be involved through extension from other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. This review discusses the pathologic features of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections affecting the appendix, including adenovirus; cytomegalovirus; Yersinia, Actinomyces, Mycobacterium, or Histoplasma species; Enterobius vermicularis; schistosomiasis; and Strongyloides stercoralis. Pertinent ancillary diagnostic techniques and the clinical context and significance of the various infections are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W Lamps
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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OMORI I, KOHASHI T, MATSUGU Y, NAKAHARA H, URUSHIBARA T, ITAMOTO T, NISHISAKA T. A CASE OF XANTHOGRANULOMATOUS APPENDICITIS DIFFICULT TO DIFFERENTIATE FROM APPENDICEAL CANCER. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3919/jjsa.72.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Yayla D, Alpman BN, Dolek Y. Granulomatous appendicitis in a 12-year-old boy. J Pediatr Surg 2010; 45:e27-9. [PMID: 20850613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Isolated granulomatous inflammation of the appendix is extremely rare, and its etiology is still unknown. We describe a 12-year-old boy with isolated granulomatous appendicitis where the etiology could not be clarified despite infectious criteria such as high fever and gastroenteritis. Children with epithelioid granulomatous appendicitis have a good prognosis following appendectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Yayla
- Department of Pediatrics Surgery, Cankiri State Hospital, 18200 Cankiri, Turkey.
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Svrcek M, Fléjou JF. [Appendicular pathology. Idiopathic appendicular granulomatosis]. Ann Pathol 2010; 30:116-9. [PMID: 20451069 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magali Svrcek
- Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologique, hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, 184, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France.
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Abstract
Granulomatous appendicitis is a rare phenomenon. Idiopathic (primary) granulomatous appendicitis is very rare. It is a diagnosis by exclusion. There are many etiologies, both infectious and noninfectious, for secondary granulomatous appendicitis. Isolated appendiceal Crohn's disease (CD) is no longer an accepted explanation of idiopathic granulomatous appendicitis, but rather, it is thought to be part of more generalized gastrointestinal CD. Yersinia infection and CD constitute the main etiology of granulomatous appendicitis in the West. Infectious causes, mainly tuberculosis and parasitic infestations, are the main culprits in tropical and subtropical countries. This variation is probably a result of differences in the geographical distribution of these diseases. Recently, interval appendectomy has been suggested as an important cause of granulomatous appendicitis. The importance of interval appendectomy may vary according to the local practice of this procedure in each region. Other unusual causes may include sarcoidosis and foreign body reaction, mainly as a result of vegetable matter from feces. A review study of 3381 appendectomy specimens over a 4-year period showed only 13 cases (0.38%) of granulomatous appendicitis. Infectious and noninfectious causes were responsible for 62% and 38% of granulomatous appendicitis, respectively. Parasites alone were responsible for 38.5% of the cases. Interval appendectomy and CD each contributed 15% and 8%, respectively, of the total etiology. Granulomatous appendicitis was more common in young adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr AbdullGaffar
- Histopathology Department, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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Ruptured Appendiceal Diverticula Mimicking Low-grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33:1515-21. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3181abe31b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lamps LW. Beyond acute inflammation: a review of appendicitis and infections of the appendix. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Emil S, Duong S. Antibiotic Therapy and Interval Appendectomy for Perforated Appendicitis in Children: A Selective Approach. Am Surg 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/000313480707300920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of initial nonoperative treatment in pediatric perforated appendicitis remains controversial. We examined our outcomes after using this approach in a selective manner. Children with perforated appendicitis treated during a 28-month period were retrospectively reviewed. Antibiotics and delayed appendectomy were used if there were more than 3 days of symptoms, absence of bowel obstruction, absence of diffuse peritonitis, and an appendiceal mass. Of 221 patients with perforated appendicitis, 32 (14%) were treated with this approach. Average age was 7.4 ± 4.2 years. Twenty-eight patients (88%) were successfully managed and 26 (81%) underwent appendectomy 8.6 ± 4.2 weeks after first presentation. Two patients did not respond completely, and underwent appendectomy during the same admission. Two patients initially responded, but had recurrent symptoms necessitating earlier appendectomy. There were no complications. Average total hospital stay was 7.2 ± 3.0 days. Initial nonoperative treatment is highly successful in selected children who meet specific criteria. Failure is not associated with increased morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Emil
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine Children's Hospital, Orange, California and Miller Children's Hospital, Long Beach, California
| | - Son Duong
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine Children's Hospital, Orange, California and Miller Children's Hospital, Long Beach, California
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Kubosawa H, Yano K, Oda K, Shiobara M, Ando K, Nunomura M, Sarashina H. Xanthogranulomatous gastritis with pseudosarcomatous changes. Pathol Int 2007; 57:291-5. [PMID: 17493178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2007.02089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is a rare case of xanthogranulomatous inflammation of the gastric wall occurring in a 77-year-old man. Two submucosal lesions presented as rapidly enlarging nodules, and biopsy showed interweaving bundles of spindle cells with numerous atypical cells with marked nuclear pleomorphism. The differential diagnosis from mesenchymal malignancies, particularly from a malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor, was difficult and immunohistochemical investigations could not improve the diagnostic accuracy of HE histology alone. Thus, an erroneous diagnosis of malignancy was made and a partial gastrectomy was performed. On macroscopic examination of the resected material, spontaneous regression of the lesions was observed and microscopic examination showed characteristic features of xanthogranulomatous inflammation; large numbers of foamy histiocytes including multinucleated giant cells were admixed with chronic inflammatory cells and fibrous reaction. Although the precise pathogenesis could not be elucidated, recognition of this unusual morphological appearance is of importance to avoid an overdiagnosis of malignancy.
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Rabah R. Pathology of the appendix in children: an institutional experience and review of the literature. Pediatr Radiol 2007; 37:15-20. [PMID: 17031635 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-006-0288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The appendix can be affected by a variety of congenital and acquired diseases, but acute appendicitis is the most common pathology found in the pediatric population. OBJECTIVE This is a retrospective review of all appendectomies performed during a 2-year period at a major children's hospital with a review of the literature regarding the most common pathologic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS The pathology database was reviewed for appendectomy specimens, and patient medical records were evaluated to determine the age, gender, race and operative diagnosis. All slides were reviewed and the histologic findings were recorded. RESULTS A total of 392 appendectomies were performed, including 68 incidental appendectomies and 324 performed for clinical suspicion of acute appendicitis. In 247 of the latter, acute appendicitis was confirmed histologically, and of the remainder 14 were interval appendectomies, 2 had findings suspicious for Crohn disease, 1 confirmed diverticulitis and 60 were histologically negative for appendicitis. CONCLUSION Acute appendicitis is the most common pathologic cause of appendectomy, but various other pathologic entities are found in children. Examination of the appendix is warranted even when it appears normal on exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rabah
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, 3901 Beaubien St., Detroit, MI 48201-2119, USA.
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Abstract
Segmental colitis associated with diverticular disease is an inflammatory disorder that bears close clinical and histopathologic similarities to idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Comparison with other inflammatory bowel disease-like disorders, such as blind-ended pouches in ulcerative colitis, chronic granulomatous appendicitis, and delayed-surgery appendicitis, affords intriguing analogies and potential clues to its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Harpaz
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Vane DW, Fernandez N. Role of interval appendectomy in the management of complicated appendicitis in children. World J Surg 2006; 30:51-4. [PMID: 16369706 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-005-7946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to ascertain the optimal treatment for children with complicated appendicitis. We reviewed an inception cohort of children with documented complicated appendicitis to develop criteria for interval appendectomy. We compared the outcomes of two treatments: immediate operation and interval appendectomy. METHODS Children with complicated appendicitis were separated into two groups. Group 1 patients had had symptoms of complicated appendicitis for less than 72 hours or appeared toxic. Group 2 patients had had symptoms of complicated appendicitis for longer than 72 hours and did not appear toxic. Group 1 underwent immediate operation treated by criteria previously published. Group 2 patients were treated in hospital with triple antibiotics until they were afebrile, had normal white blood cell counts, tolerated an oral diet, and had adequate pain control. They were discharged on oral metronidazole or metronidazole plus Bactrim for 6 weeks and then underwent interval appendectomy. RESULTS A total of 86 children had complicated appendicitis; 59 were operated on immediately, and 27 underwent an interval appendectomy. Complications included one wound infection and two intraabdominal abscesses (all in group 1). There was one death (group 1). The length of stay for the immediate operation group was 4.9 +/- 1.7 days; the initial-admission length of stay for the interval appendectomy group was 4.1 +/- 1.0 days with a subsequent postoperative stay of 0.9 +/- 0.8 days. One patient in the interval appendectomy group was treated off protocol. CONCLUSIONS Treating selected children with interval appendectomy led to a decrease in complications and a shorter length of stay in this limited population. Interval appendectomy is a safe, cost-effective, useful adjunct treatment for children with complicated appendicitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis W Vane
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 111 Colchester Avenue, Fletcher 460, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA.
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Oh YH, Seong SS, Jang KS, Chung YW, Paik CH, Park YW, Han DS. Xanthogranulomatous inflammation presenting as a submucosal mass of the sigmoid colon. Pathol Int 2005; 55:440-4. [PMID: 15982221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2005.01851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Xanthogranulomatous inflammation (XGI) is a well-recognized disease process in the kidney and gallbladder. However, involvement of the colon is extremely rare. On the other hand, it is important to recognize that clinically and radiologically, XGI could be misinterpreted as an infiltrative cancer. Recently the authors encountered a 38-year-old woman who presented with a submucosal mass-like lesion in the sigmoid colon. Radiological imaging had also suggested a possibility of sigmoid colon cancer as well as pelvic inflammatory disease or actinomycosis. Although XGI may rarely occur in the large bowel, it should be considered in patients with a colonic submucosal mass. In addition, it is important to make an intraoperative pathological diagnosis in order to avoid any excessive operative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ha Oh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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