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Tveita T, Sieck GC. Physiological Impact of Hypothermia: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 37:69-87. [PMID: 34632808 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00025.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature of < 35°C, and as body temperature is reduced the impact on physiological processes can be beneficial or detrimental. The beneficial effect of hypothermia enables circulation of cooled experimental animals to be interrupted for 1-2 h without creating harmful effects, while tolerance of circulation arrest in normothermia is between 4 and 5 min. This striking difference has attracted so many investigators, experimental as well as clinical, to this field, and this discovery was fundamental for introducing therapeutic hypothermia in modern clinical medicine in the 1950's. Together with the introduction of cardiopulmonary bypass, therapeutic hypothermia has been the cornerstone in the development of modern cardiac surgery. Therapeutic hypothermia also has an undisputed role as a protective agent in organ transplantation and as a therapeutic adjuvant for cerebral protection in neonatal encephalopathy. However, the introduction of therapeutic hypothermia for organ protection during neurosurgical procedures or as a scavenger after brain and spinal trauma has been less successful. In general, the best neuroprotection seems to be obtained by avoiding hyperthermia in injured patients. Accidental hypothermia occurs when endogenous temperature control mechanisms are incapable of maintaining core body temperature within physiologic limits and core temperature becomes dependent on ambient temperature. During hypothermia spontaneous circulation is considerably reduced and with deep and/or prolonged cooling, circulatory failure may occur, which may limit safe survival of the cooled patient. Challenges that limit safe rewarming of accidental hypothermia patients include cardiac arrhythmias, uncontrolled bleeding, and "rewarming shock".
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Affiliation(s)
- Torkjel Tveita
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Division of Surgical Medicine and Intensive Care, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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Tasker A, Hughes A, Kelly M. (i) Managing polytrauma: picking a way through the inflammatory cascade. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mporth.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Induced hypothermia is an interesting and useful adjunct to therapy in many areas of surgery and medicine. To paraphrase Professor Swan (1973), clinical hypothermia 'has a past and some promise for the future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Taylor
- University of Wisconsin Center for Health Sciences, Madison
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Easterbrook PJ, Davis HP. Thrombocytopenia in hypothermia: a common but poorly recognised complication. BMJ : BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1985; 291:23. [PMID: 3926046 PMCID: PMC1416201 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.291.6487.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
Microwave heating of intravenous (IV) fluids is a viable alternative to heating by conventional means, such as by blood warmer(s) or an on-site warming oven, for administration to hypothermic patients and trauma victims. Three 1-l bags each of lactated Ringer's solution, normal saline solution, 1/2 normal saline solution, and 5% dextrose in water were packaged in parenteral containers and heated in a microwave oven from room temperature (21 degrees C) to 40-42 degrees C in 3 minutes. Little difference between temperatures of the four solutions was detected at each of five intervals up to two hours after heating for 3 minutes. Samples were taken before and after heating to assess any potential alterations in sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, glucose, and lactate levels; differences were within the range of variation of the methods used. Though the plasticizer in the polyvinyl chloride containers is stable to microwave heating, data on other components is incomplete.
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O'Brien H, Amess JA, Mollin DL. Recurrent thrombocytopenia, erythroid hypoplasia and sideroblastic anaemia associated with hypothermia. Br J Haematol 1982; 51:451-6. [PMID: 7104229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1982.tb02802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A distinct and previously undescribed haematological picture was noted in three patients with hypothermia. During hypothermia there was anaemia with reduced normoblastic erythropoiesis, marked sideroblastic change and thrombocytopenia in the presence of a normal number of megakaryocytes. In two patients as the body temperature returned to normal these changes were slowly reversed. Evidence both from observations in patients and from animal experiments is given why the haematological changes are due to the hypothermia.
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Paul J, Cornillon B, Baguet J, Dureau G, Belleville J. In vivo release of a heparin-like factor in dogs during profound hypothermia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5223(19)39385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wakusawa R, Shibata S, Okada K. Simple deep hypothermia for open heart surgery in infancy. CANADIAN ANAESTHETISTS' SOCIETY JOURNAL 1977; 24:491-504. [PMID: 890561 DOI: 10.1007/bf03005454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Results of open cardiac surgery under deep simple hypothermia in 121 infants with body weight of less than 10 kg are reported. Deep ether anaesthesia combined with large quantities of ganglion blocking agents (triflupromazine 3 mg/kg) constitutes the anaesthetic management of choice for deep surface-induced hypothermia. The mean lowest oesophageal temperature was 20.8 degrees C, and 18.9 degrees C rectally. The mean circulatory arrest time was 40 minutes. Seventeen infants (14.0 per cent) died post-operatively. There were no operative deaths attributable to failure of cardiac resuscitation. This technique widens the scope of open heart surgery in small infants. Most of the surgically correctable malformations should be operable by this method. More than the potential hazards of hypothermia, which we believe are solved by our technique, the major problem posed by surgery in these small infants is the trans and post-operative respiratory management.
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Harris PJ, Noble AR, Munday KA. Inactivation of renin by the isolated perfused rat liver: effect of reduced temperature. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1977; 17:158-63. [PMID: 856172 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(77)90019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wickstrom P, Ruiz E, Lija GP, Hinterkopf JP, Haglin JJ. Accidental hypothermia: core rewarming with partial bypass. Am J Surg 1976; 131:622-5. [PMID: 5902 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9610(76)90029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three patients with profound hypothermia were treated by rewarming on partial bypass. Two surivived and have normal mental and metabolic functions. The resuscitation of the hypothermic patient should be approached with enthusiasm since the outcome is often much better than expected from initial vital signs and neurologic examination. To avoid ventricular fibrillation the patient should be handled gently and an effort should be made to keep the patient well oxygenated and the pH normal. Blood gases should be measured often and corrected for temperature. The potassium concentration and hydration status of the patient should also be monitored closely. The rewarming of profoundly hypothermic patients can readily be accomplished with a pump oxygenator and heat exchanger. The indications for this method are not established from our small experience and the few cases reported in the literature. Certainly ventricular fibrillation is a compelling indication. Patients with frozen extremities might also benefit from this method since theoretically tissue salvage would be increased. Finally, those patients who do not respond rapidly to external rewarming may be at less risk of ventricular fibrillation if rewarmed on bypass.
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ROSSANDA M. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY OF HYPOTHERMIA. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 1964; 14:SUPPL 13:1-10. [PMID: 14234452 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-5474-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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MARRUBINI MB, VISCA A, TRETOLA L, SIGNORONI G. METHODS OF MODERATE HYPOTHERMIA IN NEUROANAESTHESIA. CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND METABOLIC CHANGES. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 1964; 64:SUPPL 13:71+. [PMID: 14241502 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-5474-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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BIORCK G, JOHANSSON BW, NILSSON IM. Blood Coagulation Studies in Hedgehogs, in a Hibernating and a Non-Hibernating State, and in Dogs, Hypothermic and Normothermic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1962; 56:334-48. [PMID: 13968383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1962.tb02510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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HANSON A, JOHANSSON BW. Myocardial Lactate Concentration in Guinea-pigs, Normothermic and Hypothermic, and Hedgehogs, in a Hibernating and a Non-Hibernating State. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1961; 53:137-41. [PMID: 13904450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1961.tb02271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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MUSTARD WT, BAIRD RJ, EVANS J, TRUSLER GA. Surgical treatment of artrial septal defects in children. CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL 1961; 84:138-42. [PMID: 13727149 PMCID: PMC1939170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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Trede M. Das Verhalten der Kreislaufgr��en vor, w�hrend und unmittelbar nach Kreislaufunterbrechung bei Herzoperationen in Hypothermie. Langenbecks Arch Surg 1960. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01439595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lutzeyer W. Heutige Probleme der Bluttransfusion in der chirurgischen Praxis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 1959. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01448407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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CONN AW, ALLAN D, JUNKIN CI. Anaesthesia with hypothermia for closure of atrial septal defects in children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1959; 6:327-36. [PMID: 13811521 DOI: 10.1007/bf03021280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pathophysiologie und Indikationen der Hypothermie bei Operationen am offenen Herzen. Langenbecks Arch Surg 1958. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02432548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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