1
|
Rebelo M, Serrano J, Duarte-Mendes P, Monteiro D, Paulo R, Marinho DA. Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 Edition: A Study with Children Aged 12 to 48 Months. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8111049. [PMID: 34828762 PMCID: PMC8623394 DOI: 10.3390/children8111049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of Peabody Developmental Motor Scales II (PDMS-2-Folio and Fewell, 2000) using a Portuguese sample. The validation of the Portuguese version of the PDMS-2 was applied according to the manual, for 392 children, from two institutions, from 12 to 48 months, with an analysis of the internal consistency (α Cronbach), of test–retest reliability (ICC) and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis). The results of the confirmatory factorial analysis (χ2 = 55.614; df = 4; p = 0.06; χ2/df =13.904; SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Square Residual) = 0.065; CFI (Comparative Fit Index) = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) = 0.068) of two factors (Gross Motor and Fine Motor) as the original version but correlated. Most of the subtests had good internal consistency (α = 0.85) and good test–retest stability (ICC = 0.98 to 0.99). The results indicated that the Portuguese version of the PDMS-2 is adequate and valid for assessing global and fine motor skills in children aged 12 to 48 months, and can be used as a reference tool by health and education professionals to assess motor skills and, thus, allowing to detect maladjustments, deficiencies or precocity, so that children can later receive appropriate intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rebelo
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Department of Sports and Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (J.S.); (P.D.-M.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-969470830
| | - João Serrano
- Department of Sports and Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (J.S.); (P.D.-M.); (R.P.)
- Sport, Health & Exercise Research Unit (SHERU), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Pedro Duarte-Mendes
- Department of Sports and Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (J.S.); (P.D.-M.); (R.P.)
- Sport, Health & Exercise Research Unit (SHERU), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- ESECS, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2400-013 Leiria, Portugal;
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Rui Paulo
- Department of Sports and Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (J.S.); (P.D.-M.); (R.P.)
- Sport, Health & Exercise Research Unit (SHERU), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Daniel Almeida Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Madzime J, Cotton MF, Laughton B, van der Kouwe AJW, Meintjes EM, Jankiewicz M. Altered White Matter Tracts in the Somatosensory, Salience, Motor, and Default Mode Networks in 7-Year-Old Children Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Tractographic Analysis. Brain Connect 2021; 12:302-319. [PMID: 34107770 PMCID: PMC9131360 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Even with the increased access and early initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy, children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (CPHIV) continue to demonstrate white matter alterations. Children perinatally HIV-exposed, but uninfected (CHEU) alike show differences in white matter integrity compared with children who are HIV-unexposed and uninfected (CHUU). Objectives: Mapping white matter connections that link gray matter regions that form resting-state (RS) functional networks may demonstrate whether structural and functional connectivity alterations in HIV infection and exposure may be related. We hypothesized reduced structural connectivity in CPHIV within the default mode network (DMN), visual, ventral DMN (vDMN), somatosensory, salience, auditory, motor, executive, basal ganglia, and posterior DMN (pDMN). We also hypothesized that CHEU will have increased structural connectivity compared with CHUU in the vDMN, somatosensory, pDMN, dorsal attention, salience, auditory, motor and basal ganglia. Methods: Study participants were 61 seven-year-old CPHIV and 46 age-matched children who are HIV uninfected (CHU) (19 CHEU). We used diffusion tensor imaging-based tractography to investigate white matter connections that link gray matter regions within RS functional networks. Results: We found altered white matter integrity in the somatosensory, salience, default mode, and motor networks of CPHIV compared with CHU. The superior temporal cortex, superior frontal cortex, and putamen were affected in all four networks and have also been reported to demonstrate morphological alterations in the same cohort. In CHEU, white matter integrity was higher in the visual network, pDMN, and motor network compared with CHUU. Conclusion: Our results suggest that altered white matter integrity may influence gray matter morphology and functional network alterations. Impact statement The long-term effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and exposure on the developing brain in the combination antiretroviral therapy era are still not well known. We use diffusion tensor imaging-based tractography to explore these effects on white matter connections that link gray matter regions within functional networks. Our findings provide a context for HIV-associated white matter and connectivity abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanah Madzime
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Neurosciences Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark F Cotton
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Neurosciences Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Barbara Laughton
- Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Andre J W van der Kouwe
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ernesta M Meintjes
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Neurosciences Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marcin Jankiewicz
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Neurosciences Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van der Walt J, Plastow NA, Unger M. Motor skill intervention for pre-school children: A scoping review. Afr J Disabil 2020; 9:747. [PMID: 33354535 PMCID: PMC7736652 DOI: 10.4102/ajod.v9i0.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a high prevalence of motor skill difficulties amongst pre-school children living in low socio-economic areas. Motor skill impairment can affect these children’s school readiness and academic progress, social skills, play and general independence. Objectives This scoping review investigates the key elements of existing motor skill interventions for pre-school children. Method We gathered information through structured database searches from Cinahl, Eric, PubMed, Cochrane, ProQuest, Psych Net, PEDro and Scopus, using a keyword string. The PRISMA-SCR design was used to identify 45 eligible studies. All included studies investigated a motor skill intervention with well-defined outcome measures for children aged 4–7 years with motor skill difficulties. Studies that exclusively focused on children with neurological conditions such as cerebral palsy, physical disabilities or medical/physical deteriorating conditions were excluded. Information was charted on MS Excel spreadsheets. Fundamental concepts were categorised into common key themes and were converted into a proposed framework. Results Fifteen intervention approaches were identified. Treatment is mostly managed by occupational therapists and physiotherapists. Evidence supports individual and group treatment with a child-centred, playful approach in a school or therapeutic setting. Whilst session information varied, there is moderate evidence to suggest that a 15-week programme, with two weekly sessions, may be feasible. Conclusion Children with motor skill difficulties need therapeutic intervention. This study identified the key elements of existing therapy intervention methods and converted it into a proposed framework for intervention planning. It is a first step towards addressing motor skill difficulties amongst pre-school children in low socio-economic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janke van der Walt
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicola A Plastow
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marianne Unger
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Heath Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fraga-Sousa GA, Rodrigues MCR, Pereira MG, Arruda TS, Souza RCTD. Motor performance of HIV-positive children. FISIOTERAPIA EM MOVIMENTO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-5150.029.001.ao06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: Evidence indicates that HIV-positive children have a lower motor performance compared to uninfected children. The analysis of the factors that determine these changes is very important for the implementation of rehabilitation strategies. Objective: To analyze the motor development of seropositive children and compare it to the performance of healthy children with normal neuropsycomotor development. Materials and Methods: Eight children were evaluated, aged between four and six years, divided into two groups: Group I (n = 4) composed of HIV-positive children without any secondary disease and Group II (n = 4) composed of healthy children, matched to Group I by sex and age. The Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-2) for gross motor function and fine motor function were used to evaluate motor performance. Results: In both groups, most of the children presented an average or above average motor performance, according to normal data of PDMS-2. The analysis indicated no inter-group differences in the gross scores (p > 0,05, Mann-Whitney test) or motor quotients (p> 0.05, Mann-Whitney test). However, intra-group analysis indicated a marginally significant difference between motor quotients (p = 0,07, Wilcoxon test), with higher fine motor quotient in both groups. Conclusion: The data suggest no significant difference between the motor performance of HIV-positive children and healthy children. These results contribute to the analysis of motor development of HIV-positive children, raising questions about factors that may influence the motor development of these children.
Collapse
|
5
|
Jelsma J, Davids N, Ferguson G. The motor development of orphaned children with and without HIV: Pilot exploration of foster care and residential placement. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11:11. [PMID: 21299864 PMCID: PMC3041683 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The AIDS epidemic has lead to an increase in orphaned children who need residential care. It is known that HIV leads to delayed motor development. However, the impact of place of residence on motor function has not been investigated in the South African context. The aim of the study was therefore to establish if children in institutionalised settings performed better or worse in terms of gross motor function than their counterparts in foster care. A secondary objective was to compare the performance of children with HIV in these two settings with those of children who were HIV negative. Methods Forty-four children both with and without HIV, were recruited from institutions and foster care families in Cape Town. The Peabody Development Motor Scale (PDMS II) was used to calculate the total motor quotient (TMQ) at baseline and six months later. Comparisons of TMQ were made between residential settings and between children with and without HIV. Results Twenty-one children were infected with HIV and were significantly delayed compared to their healthy counterparts. Antiretroviral therapy was well managed among the group but did not appear to result in restoration of TMQ to normal over the study period. HIV status and place of residence emerged as a predictor of TMQ with children in residential care performing better than their counterparts in foster care. All children showed improvement over the six months of study. Conclusions Foster parents were well supported administratively in the community by social welfare services but their children might have lacked stimulation in comparison to those in institutional settings. This could have been due to a lack of resources and knowledge regarding child development. The assumption that foster homes provide a better alternative to institutions may not be correct in a resource poor community and needs to be examined further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Jelsma
- Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|