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Karapetis CS, Liu H, Sorich MJ, Pederson LD, Van Cutsem E, Maughan T, Douillard JY, O'Callaghan CJ, Jonker D, Bokemeyer C, Sobrero A, Cremolini C, Chibaudel B, Zalcberg J, Adams R, Buyse M, Peeters M, Yoshino T, de Gramont A, Shi Q. Fluoropyrimidine type, patient age, tumour sidedness and mutation status as determinants of benefit in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with EGFR monoclonal antibodies: individual patient data pooled analysis of randomised trials from the ARCAD database. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:1269-1278. [PMID: 38402342 PMCID: PMC11015038 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND KRAS mutations in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) are used as predictive biomarkers to select therapy with EGFR monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Other factors may be significant determinants of benefit. METHODS Individual patient data from randomised trials with a head-to-head comparison between EGFR mAb versus no EGFR mAb (chemotherapy alone or best supportive care) in mCRC, across all lines of therapy, were pooled. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared between groups. Treatment effects within the predefined KRAS biomarker subsets were estimated by adjusted hazard ratio (HRadj) and 95% confidence interval (CI). EGFR mAb efficacy was measured within the KRAS wild-type subgroup according to BRAF and NRAS mutation status. In both KRAS wild-type and mutant subgroups, additional factors that could impact EGFR mAb efficacy were explored including the type of chemotherapy, line of therapy, age, sex, tumour sidedness and site of metastasis. RESULTS 5675 patients from 8 studies were included, all with known mCRC KRAS mutation status. OS (HRadj 0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.98, p = 0.01) and PFS benefit (HRadj 0.73, 95% CI 0.68-0.79, p < 0.001) from EGFR mAbs was observed in the KRAS wild-type group. PFS benefit was seen in patients treated with fluorouracil (HRadj 0.75, 95% CI 0.68-0.82) but not with capecitabine-containing regimens (HRadj 1.04, 95% CI 0.86-1.26) (pinteraction = 0.002). Sidedness also interacted with EGFR mAb efficacy, with survival benefit restricted to left-sided disease (pinteraction = 0.038). PFS benefits differed according to age, with benefits greater in those under 70 (pinteraction = 0.001). The survival benefit was not demonstrated in those patients with mutations found in the KRAS, NRAS or BRAF genes. The presence of liver metastases interacted with EGFR mAb efficacy in patients with KRAS mutant mCRC (pinteraction = 0.004). CONCLUSION The benefit provided by EGFR mAbs in KRAS WT mCRC is associated with left-sided primary tumour location, younger patient age and absence of NRAS or BRAF mutations. Survival benefit is observed with fluorouracil but not capecitabine. Exploratory results support further research in KRAS mutant mCRC without liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Karapetis
- Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - H Liu
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M J Sorich
- Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - E Van Cutsem
- University Hospitals Gasthuisberg Leuven and University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Maughan
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Y Douillard
- University of Nantes and Integrated Centers of Oncology ICO Rene Gauducheau Cancer Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - D Jonker
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - C Bokemeyer
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - B Chibaudel
- Franco-British Institute Levallois-Perre, Levallois-Perre, France
| | - J Zalcberg
- Dept of Medical Oncology, Alfred Health and School of Public Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R Adams
- Velindre Cancer Centre Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Buyse
- International Drug Development Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - M Peeters
- Antwerp University and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - T Yoshino
- National Cancer Centre Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - A de Gramont
- Franco-British Institute Levallois-Perre, Levallois-Perre, France
| | - Q Shi
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, USA
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2
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Szukiewicz D. CX3CL1 (Fractalkine)-CX3CR1 Axis in Inflammation-Induced Angiogenesis and Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4679. [PMID: 38731899 PMCID: PMC11083509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The chemotactic cytokine fractalkine (FKN, chemokine CX3CL1) has unique properties resulting from the combination of chemoattractants and adhesion molecules. The soluble form (sFKN) has chemotactic properties and strongly attracts T cells and monocytes. The membrane-bound form (mFKN) facilitates diapedesis and is responsible for cell-to-cell adhesion, especially by promoting the strong adhesion of leukocytes (monocytes) to activated endothelial cells with the subsequent formation of an extracellular matrix and angiogenesis. FKN signaling occurs via CX3CR1, which is the only known member of the CX3C chemokine receptor subfamily. Signaling within the FKN-CX3CR1 axis plays an important role in many processes related to inflammation and the immune response, which often occur simultaneously and overlap. FKN is strongly upregulated by hypoxia and/or inflammation-induced inflammatory cytokine release, and it may act locally as a key angiogenic factor in the highly hypoxic tumor microenvironment. The importance of the FKN/CX3CR1 signaling pathway in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis results from its influence on cell adhesion, apoptosis, and cell migration. This review presents the role of the FKN signaling pathway in the context of angiogenesis in inflammation and cancer. The mechanisms determining the pro- or anti-tumor effects are presented, which are the cause of the seemingly contradictory results that create confusion regarding the therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology & Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Wijngaarden JE, Huisman MC, Jauw YWS, van Dongen GAMS, Greuter HNJM, Schuit RC, Cleveland M, Gootjes EC, Vugts DJ, Menke-van der Houven van Oordt CW, Boellaard R. Validation of simplified uptake measures against dynamic Patlak K i for quantification of lesional 89Zr-Immuno-PET antibody uptake. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:1897-1905. [PMID: 36820891 PMCID: PMC10199860 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Positron emission tomography imaging of zirconium-89-labelled monoclonal antibodies (89Zr-Immuno-PET) allows for visualisation and quantification of antibody uptake in tumours in vivo. Patlak linearization provides distribution volume (VT) and nett influx rate (Ki) values, representing reversible and irreversible uptake, respectively. Standardised uptake value (SUV) and tumour-to-plasma/tumour-to-blood ratio (TPR/TBR) are often used, but their validity depends on the comparability of plasma kinetics and clearances. This study assesses the validity of SUV, TPR and TBR against Patlak Ki for quantifying irreversible 89Zr-Immuno-PET uptake in tumours. METHODS Ten patients received 37 MBq 10 mg 89Zr-anti-EGFR with 500 mg/m2 unlabelled mAbs. Five patients received two doses of 37 MBq 89Zr-anti-HER3: 8-24 mg for the first administration and 24 mg-30 mg/kg for the second. Seven tumours from four patients showed 89Zr-anti-EGFR uptake, and 18 tumours from five patients showed 89Zr-anti-HER3 uptake. SUVpeak, TPRpeak and TBRpeak values were obtained from one to six days p.i. Patlak linearization was applied to tumour time activity curves and plasma samples to obtain Ki. RESULTS For 89Zr-anti-EGFR, there was a small variability along the linear regression line between SUV (- 0.51-0.57), TPR (- 0.06‒0.11) and TBR (- 0.13‒0.16) on day 6 versus Ki. Similar doses of 89Zr-anti-HER3 showed similar variability for SUV (- 1.3‒1.0), TPR (- 1.1‒0.53) and TBR (- 1.5‒0.72) on day 5 versus Ki. However, for the second administration of 89Zr-anti-HER3 with a large variability in administered mass doses, SUV showed a larger variability (- 1.4‒2.3) along the regression line with Ki, which improved when using TPR (- 0.38-0.32) or TBR (- 0.56‒0.46). CONCLUSION SUV, TPR and TBR at late time points were valid for quantifying irreversible lesional 89Zr-Immuno-PET uptake when constant mass doses were administered. However, for variable mass doses, only TPR and TBR provided reliable values for irreversible uptake, but not SUV, because SUV does not take patient and mass dose-specific plasma clearance into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Wijngaarden
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc C Huisman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne W S Jauw
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus A M S van Dongen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henri N J M Greuter
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuit
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Cleveland
- Bioimaging In Vitro/In Vivo Translation (IVIVT), GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Elske C Gootjes
- Department of Medical Oncology, RadboudUMC, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle J Vugts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Willemien Menke-van der Houven van Oordt
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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James ND, Liu W, Pirrie S, Kaur B, Hendron C, Ford D, Zarkar A, Viney R, Southgate E, Desai A, Hussain SA. TUXEDO: A phase I/II trial of cetuximab with chemoradiotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int 2022; 131:63-72. [PMID: 35908256 PMCID: PMC10087008 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess feasibility and preliminary efficacy of adding cetuximab to standard chemoradiotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS TUXEDO was a prospective, single-arm, open-label, phase I/II trial conducted in six UK hospitals. Cetuximab was administered with an initial loading dose of 400mg/m2 on day 1 of week -1, and then 7-weekly doses of 250mg/m2 . Radiotherapy schedule was 64Gy/32F with day 1 mitomycin C (12g/m2 ) and 5-fluorouracil (500mg/m2 /day) over days 1-5 and 22-26. Patients with T2-4aN0M0 urothelial cancer and a performance status (PS) of 0-1 were eligible. Prior neoadjuvant therapy was permitted. The phase I primary outcome was impact on radiotherapy treatment completion and toxicity experienced during treatment. The phase II primary outcome was local control at three-months post-treatment. ISRCTN identifier: 80733590. RESULTS Between Sept-2012 and Oct-2016, 33 patients were recruited; 7 in phase I, 26 in phase II. Three patients in phase II were subsequently deemed ineligible and received no trial therapy. Eight patients discontinued cetuximab due to adverse effects. Median age of patients was 70.1 years (range 60.6-75.1), 20 were PS 0, 27 male and 26 had already received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In phase I, all patients completed planned radiotherapy, with no delays or dose reductions. Of the 30 evaluable patients in phase II, 25 had confirmed local control 3-months post treatment (77%, 95% CI: 58-90). During the trial there were 18 serious adverse events. The study was halted due to slow accrual. CONCLUSION Phase I data demonstrate it is feasible and safe to add cetuximab to chemoradiotherapy. Exploratory analysis of phase II data provides evidence to consider further clinical evaluation of cetuximab in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenyu Liu
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CRCTU)University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Sarah Pirrie
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CRCTU)University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Baljit Kaur
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CRCTU)University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Carey Hendron
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CRCTU)University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Daniel Ford
- Cancer CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Anjali Zarkar
- Cancer CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Richard Viney
- Cancer CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Elizabeth Southgate
- Cancer CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Amisha Desai
- Cancer CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Syed A. Hussain
- Department of Oncology & MetabolismThe Medical SchoolSheffieldUK
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Kawk HW, Nam GH, Kim MJ, Kim SY, Kim YM. Scaphium affine Ethanol Extract Induces Anoikis by Regulating the EGFR/Akt Pathway in HCT116 Colorectal Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:621346. [PMID: 34094906 PMCID: PMC8173041 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.621346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaphium affine ethanol extracts (SAE) is a species that has been shown to contain various physiological effects; however, its anticancer effects have yet to be revealed. We qualitatively evaluated β-sitosterol in SAE through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The cytotoxicity in HCT116 and HT29 colorectal cancer cells and CCD841 normal colon cells was confirmed through WST-1 assays. Selective cytotoxicity was observed in colorectal cancer cells, with greater cytotoxicity demonstrated in the HCT116 cell line. As such, the HCT116 colorectal cell line was selected for subsequent experiments. After HCT116 cells were treated with SAE, it was confirmed that the apoptosis rate was increased in a SAE dose-dependent manner through Annexin V assay. SAE further showed dose-dependent suppression of invasion through invasion assays. Anoikis induction through the EGFR/Akt pathway in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells was confirmed by Western blotting. The tumor suppressive effects of SAE was assessed in vivo using a xenograft model of human HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. As a result, we confirmed that SAE decreased tumor size in a dose-dependent manner and that p-EGFR and cleaved-caspase 3 in tumors were also regulated in a dose-dependent manner. This study showed that SAE, by containing β-sitosterol with proven anticancer effects, induces anoikis through the EGFR/Akt pathway in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Kawk
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Gun-He Nam
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Myeong Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Bio Technology, Shinansan University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, South Korea
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6
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Kim ST, Hong JY, Lee J, Park JO, Lim HY, Kang WK, Park YS. Pemetrexed/Erlotinib as a Salvage Treatment in Patients with High EGFR-Expressing Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Following Failure of Standard Chemotherapy: A Phase II Single-Arm Prospective Study. Target Oncol 2021; 15:67-73. [PMID: 31820199 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-019-00691-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite new agents to treat metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), patients eventually progress and additional therapies are needed. OBJECTIVE We intended to evaluate the combination of pemetrexed/erlotinib in patients with high epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing (2+ or 3 on immunohistochemistry) metastatic CRC who experienced disease progression after standard chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We investigated pemetrexed and erlotinib (pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 on Day 1 and erlotinib 100 mg/m2 on Days 1-21) as a salvage treatment, given every 3 weeks, until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. The primary outcome was overall response rate (RR). RESULTS From May 2017 to April 2018, 29 metastatic CRC patients with high EGFR expression who had previously received standard therapies were enrolled into this trial. The regimen was well tolerated. Skin rash, vomiting, fatigue, and anorexia were common toxic effects but were mostly manageable and controllable side effects of grades 1 or 2 only. In an intent-to-treat analysis, three partial responses (PRs) were observed in enrolled patients, revealing an overall RR of 10.3%. This value supported the statistical hypothesis of this study. Fifteen patients had stable disease and the disease control rate (DCR) was 62.1%. All three patients who achieved a PR had a tumor EGFR expression of 3+. Among the eight patients with EGFR 3+ expression, the RR and DCR were 37.5% and 75.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION This phase II trial using pemetrexed/erlotinib in metastatic CRC with high EGFR expression met the primary endpoint of tumor response. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (number NCT03086538).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Tae Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Jung Yong Hong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Joon Oh Park
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Ho Young Lim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Won Ki Kang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Young Suk Park
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
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Orafaie A, Bahrami AR, Matin MM. Use of anticancer peptides as an alternative approach for targeted therapy in breast cancer: a review. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:415-433. [PMID: 33615876 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Traditional therapies are expensive and cause severe side effects. Targeted therapy is a powerful method to circumvent the problems of other therapies. It also allows drugs to localize at predefined targets in a selective manner. Currently, there are several monoclonal antibodies which target breast cancer cell surface markers. However, using antibodies has some limitations. In the last two decades, many investigators have discovered peptides that may be useful to target breast cancer cells. In this article, we provide an overview on anti-breast cancer peptides, their sources and biological activities. We further discuss the pros and cons of using anticancer peptides with further emphasis on how to improve their effectiveness in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Orafaie
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Industrial Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam M Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Novel Diagnostics & Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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8
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Wang Q, Gavin W, Masiello N, Tran KB, Laible G, Shepherd PR. Cetuximab produced from a goat mammary gland expression system is equally efficacious as innovator cetuximab in animal cancer models. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 28:e00533. [PMID: 33024714 PMCID: PMC7528048 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing demand for improved production and purification systems for biosimilar or biobetter humanised monoclonal antibodies and animal production systems offer one such possibile option. Cetuximab, also known as 'Erbitux', is a humanised monoclonal antibody widely used in cancer therapy. We have previously reported on a genetically engineered goat system to produce cetuximab (gCetuximab) in milk. Herein we report that gCetuximab has similar bioactivity and pharamacokinetic properties compared with the commercial product produced in mammalian cell culture. In particular both forms have very similar efficacy in a HT29 colorectal cancer xenograft model alone or when conjugated to the toxin MMAE. This also demonstrates that the gCetuximab will be a viable vehicle for antibody drug conjugate based therapies. Taken together, this shows that the goat milk monoclonal antibody production system is an effective way of producing a biosimilar form of cetuximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Khanh B Tran
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Götz Laible
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Shepherd
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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9
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Laible G, Cole S, Brophy B, Maclean P, How Chen L, Pollock DP, Cavacini L, Fournier N, De Romeuf C, Masiello NC, Gavin WG, Wells DN, Meade HM. Transgenic goats producing an improved version of cetuximab in milk. FASEB Bioadv 2020; 2:638-652. [PMID: 33205005 PMCID: PMC7655094 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent one of the most important classes of pharmaceutical proteins to treat human diseases. Most are produced in cultured mammalian cells which is expensive, limiting their availability. Goats, striking a good balance between a relatively short generation time and copious milk yield, present an alternative platform for the cost-effective, flexible, large-scale production of therapeutic mAbs. Here, we focused on cetuximab, a mAb against epidermal growth factor receptor, that is commercially produced under the brand name Erbitux and approved for anti-cancer treatments. We generated several transgenic goat lines that produce cetuximab in their milk. Two lines were selected for detailed characterization. Both showed stable genotypes and cetuximab production levels of up to 10 g/L. The mAb could be readily purified and showed improved characteristics compared to Erbitux. The goat-produced cetuximab (gCetuximab) lacked a highly immunogenic epitope that is part of Erbitux. Moreover, it showed enhanced binding to CD16 and increased antibody-dependent cell-dependent cytotoxicity compared to Erbitux. This indicates that these goats produce an improved cetuximab version with the potential for enhanced effectiveness and better safety profile compared to treatments with Erbitux. In addition, our study validates transgenic goats as an excellent platform for large-scale production of therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Götz Laible
- AgResearchRuakura Research CentreHamiltonNew Zealand
- School of Medical SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Sally Cole
- AgResearchRuakura Research CentreHamiltonNew Zealand
| | - Brigid Brophy
- AgResearchRuakura Research CentreHamiltonNew Zealand
| | - Paul Maclean
- AgResearchRuakura Research CentreHamiltonNew Zealand
| | | | | | - Lisa Cavacini
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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10
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Mitchell R, Mikolajczak M, Kersten C, Fleetwood-Walker S. ErbB1-dependent signalling and vesicular trafficking in primary afferent nociceptors associated with hypersensitivity in neuropathic pain. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 142:104961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Mele L, Del Vecchio V, Liccardo D, Prisco C, Schwerdtfeger M, Robinson N, Desiderio V, Tirino V, Papaccio G, La Noce M. The role of autophagy in resistance to targeted therapies. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 88:102043. [PMID: 32505806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradative cellular process, involved in stress response such as starvation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. This mechanism balances macro-molecule recycling to regulate cell homeostasis. In cancer, autophagy play a role in the development and progression, while several studies describe it as one of the key processes in drug resistance. In the last years, in addition to standard anti-cancer treatments such as chemotherapies and irradiation, targeted therapy became one of the most adopted strategies in clinical practices, mainly due to high specificity and reduced side effects. However, similar to standard treatments, drug resistance is the main challenge in most patients. Here, we summarize recent studies that investigated the role of autophagy in drug resistance after targeted therapy in different types of cancers. We highlight positive results and limitations of pre-clinical and clinical studies in which autophagy inhibitors are used in combination with targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Mele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
| | - Vitale Del Vecchio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Liccardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Prisco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy; The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Melanie Schwerdtfeger
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy; Department of Medicine IV -Division of Clinical Pharmacology-University of Munich, Germany
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Vincenzo Desiderio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
| | - Virginia Tirino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Papaccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy.
| | - Marcella La Noce
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
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Maeda H, Hazama S, Iwamoto S, Oba K, Tsunedomi R, Okayama N, Suehiro Y, Yamasaki T, Nakagami Y, Suzuki N, Nagano H, Sakamoto J, Mishima H, Nagata N. Association between polymorphisms in EGFR and tumor response during cetuximab and oxaliplatin-based combination therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: Analysis of data from two clinical trials. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4555-4562. [PMID: 31611963 PMCID: PMC6781779 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting tumor response prior to starting anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody therapy would benefit patients with advanced/metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The present study investigated the association between efficacy of cetuximab treatment and gene polymorphisms of fragment C γ receptor (FcγR) 2A, FcγR3A and EGFR in patients with extended RAS/BRAF wild-type mCRC. Clinical data and specimens were obtained from 90 patients who participated in either of two clinical studies evaluating the first-line, cetuximab plus oxaliplatin-based treatment. It was hypothesized that polymorphisms H/H of FcγR2A, V/V of FcγR3A, K/K of EGFR and <36 CA repeats in the EGFR gene may be associated with a favorable tumor response. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that patients with the H/H polymorphism tended to have an improved tumor response compared with the non-H/H population, although the result was not significant [odds ratio, 2.25; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.89–5.66; P=0.09]. Univariate analysis revealed increased tumor shrinkage in patients with the K/K polymorphism of EGFR compared with the other polymorphisms (mean ± standard deviation, −55.3±28.4 vs. −39.6±40.8%; P=0.04). Subsequent multivariate analysis confirmed that the K/K polymorphism of EGFR predicted greater tumor shrinkage (multiple linear regression analysis estimate, −19.3; 95% CI, −35.5 to 3.0; P=0.02), with the tendency toward a preferable response in patients with <36 CA EGFR gene repeats (estimate, −16.9; 95% CI; −34.4 to 0.6; P=0.06). However, other polymorphisms and clinical variables did not predict tumor shrinkage. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that polymorphisms of EGFR, FcγR2A and FcγR3A may differentiate the patients that obtain the maximum benefit from cetuximab treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Maeda
- Cancer Treatment Center, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.,Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics Against Cancer, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Iwamoto
- Cancer Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Koji Oba
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Naoko Okayama
- Division of Laboratory, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suehiro
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamasaki
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakagami
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.,Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics Against Cancer, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | | | - Hideyuki Mishima
- Cancer Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Naoki Nagata
- Kitakyushu General Hospital, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 802-8517, Japan
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Li C, Zheng J, Xue Y. Effects of vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor on biological properties of gastric cancer cells. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:1498-1509. [PMID: 31749879 PMCID: PMC6855150 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.88443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The exfoliation of exfoliative cells from gastric serosa into the peritoneum is the main cause of peritoneal metastasis, which is the most common form of postoperative recurrence in gastric cancer. This study investigates the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the biological properties of gastric cancer cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS mRNA expression of VEGF and EGF in gastric cancer tissues from 80 patients suffering from serosa-infiltrated gastric cancer (T3) was examined. The differences of proliferation, movement, adhesion and invasion among 4 gastric cancer cell lines were analysed. The mRNA expression of EGF, EGFR, VEGF and VEGFR in the gastric cancer cell lines was examined before and after adding endostatin (Endostar) or cetuximab (Erbitux) to observe changes of gastric cancer cells. RESULTS mRNA levels of EGF and VEGF in positive exfoliative cytology cases were significantly higher than negative cases (p < 0.05). The biological properties were reduced sequentially in MGC803, HGC27, BGC823 and SGC7901 (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression of EGF, EGFR, VEGF and VEGFR was the strongest in MGC803, but was attenuated significantly after treatment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Lower survival was related to positive exfoliative cytology, lymphatic node metastasis, serosa-infiltrated and poorly differentiated gastric cancer. The expression of VEGF and EGF was correlated with the properties of gastric cancer cells. Specific inhibition of VEGF and EGF may impair the biological properties of gastric cancer cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingwei Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Kwon Y, Kim M, Jung HS, Kim Y, Jeoung D. Targeting Autophagy for Overcoming Resistance to Anti-EGFR Treatments. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091374. [PMID: 31527477 PMCID: PMC6769649 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays critical roles in cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, and anti-cancer drug resistance. Overexpression and somatic mutations of EGFR result in enhanced cancer cell survival. Therefore, EGFR can be a target for the development of anti-cancer therapy. Patients with cancers, including non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), have been shown to response to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) and anti-EGFR antibodies. However, resistance to these anti-EGFR treatments has developed. Autophagy has emerged as a potential mechanism involved in the acquired resistance to anti-EGFR treatments. Anti-EGFR treatments can induce autophagy and result in resistance to anti-EGFR treatments. Autophagy is a programmed catabolic process stimulated by various stimuli. It promotes cellular survival under these stress conditions. Under normal conditions, EGFR-activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT serine/threonine kinase (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling inhibits autophagy while EGFR/rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (RAS)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling promotes autophagy. Thus, targeting autophagy may overcome resistance to anti-EGFR treatments. Inhibitors targeting autophagy and EGFR signaling have been under development. In this review, we discuss crosstalk between EGFR signaling and autophagy. We also assess whether autophagy inhibition, along with anti-EGFR treatments, might represent a promising approach to overcome resistance to anti-EGFR treatments in various cancers. In addition, we discuss new developments concerning anti-autophagy therapeutics for overcoming resistance to anti-EGFR treatments in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojung Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea.
| | - Misun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea.
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea.
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 24251, Korea.
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea.
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Ge Y, Zhong Y, Ji G, Lu Q, Dai X, Guo Z, Zhang P, Peng G, Zhang K, Li Y. Preparation and characterization of Fe3O4@Au-C225 composite targeted nanoparticles for MRI of human glioma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195703. [PMID: 29652919 PMCID: PMC5898739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the characterization of Fe3O4@Au-C225 composite targeted MNPs. Methods Fe3O4@Au-C225 was prepared by the absorption method. The immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate its absorption efficiency at C225 Fc. ZETA SIZER3000 laser particle size analyzer, ultraviolet photometer and its characteristics were analyzed by VSM. the targeting effect of Fe3O4@Au-C225 composite targeted MNPs on U251 cells in vitro were detected by 7.0 Tesla Micro-MR; and subcutaneous transplanted human glioma in nude mice were performed the targeting effect in vivo after tail vein injection of Fe3O4@Au-C225 composite targeted MNPs by MRI. Results The self-prepared Fe3O4@Au composite MNPs can adsorb C225 with high efficiency of adsorption so that Fe3O4@Au-C225 composite targeted MNPs were prepared successfully. Fe3O4@Au-C225 composite targeted MNPs favorably targeted human glioma cell line U251 in vitro; Fe3O4@Au-C225 composite targeted MNPs have good targeting ability to xenografted glioma on nude mice in vivo, and can be traced by MRI. Conclusion The Fe3O4@Au-C225 composite targeted MNPs have the potential to be used as a tracer for glioma in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoqi Ge
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuejiao Zhong
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guozhong Ji
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qianling Lu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinyu Dai
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhirui Guo
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Peng
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kangzhen Zhang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuntao Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Enhanced Antitumor Effects of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Targetable Cetuximab-Conjugated Polymeric Micelles for Photodynamic Therapy. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8020121. [PMID: 29470420 PMCID: PMC5853752 DOI: 10.3390/nano8020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanocarrier-based delivery systems are promising strategies for enhanced therapeutic efficacy and safety of toxic drugs. Photodynamic therapy (PDT)—a light-triggered chemical reaction that generates localized tissue damage for disease treatments—usually has side effects, and thus patients receiving photosensitizers should be kept away from direct light to avoid skin phototoxicity. In this study, a clinically therapeutic antibody cetuximab (C225) was conjugated to the surface of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide) (mPEG-b-PLA) micelles via thiol-maleimide coupling to allow tumor-targetable chlorin e6 (Ce6) delivery. Our results demonstrate that more C225-conjugated Ce6-loaded polymeric micelles (C225-Ce6/PM) were selectively taken up than Ce6/PM or IgG conjugated Ce6/PM by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-overexpressing A431 cells observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), thereby decreasing the IC50 value of Ce6-mediated PDT from 0.42 to 0.173 μM. No significant differences were observed in cellular uptake study or IC50 value between C225-Ce6/PM and Ce6/PM groups in lower EGFR expression HT-29 cells. For antitumor study, the tumor volumes in the C225-Ce6/PM-PDT group (percentage of tumor growth inhibition, TGI% = 84.8) were significantly smaller than those in the Ce6-PDT (TGI% = 38.4) and Ce6/PM-PDT groups (TGI% = 53.3) (p < 0.05) at day 21 through reduced cell proliferation in A431 xenografted mice. These results indicated that active EGFR targeting of photosensitizer-loaded micelles provides a possible way to resolve the dose-limiting toxicity of conventional photosensitizers and represents a potential delivery system for PDT in a clinical setting.
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Xing M, Wang X, Chi Y, Zhou D. Gene therapy for colorectal cancer using adenovirus-mediated full-length antibody, cetuximab. Oncotarget 2017; 7:28262-72. [PMID: 27058423 PMCID: PMC5053725 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetuximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody, approved to treat patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for years. It functions by blocking the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) from receiving signals or interacting with other proteins. Although the demand for cetuximab for the treatment of cancer patients in clinics is increasing, the complicated techniques involved and its high cost limit its wide applications. Here, a new, cheaper form of cetuximab was generated for cancer gene therapy. This was achieved by cloning the full-length cetuximab antibody into two serotypes of adenoviral vectors, termed as AdC68-CTB and Hu5-CTB. In vivo studies showed that a single dose of AdC68-CTB or Hu5-CTB induced sustained cetuximab expression and dramatically suppressed tumor growth in NCI-H508– or DiFi-inoculated nude mice. In conclusion, gene therapy using adenovirus expressing full-length cetuximab could be a novel alternative method for the effective treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xing
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yudan Chi
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
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Yang J, Guo X, Wang M, Ma X, Ye X, Lin P. Pre-treatment inflammatory indexes as predictors of survival and cetuximab efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with wild-type RAS. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17166. [PMID: 29215037 PMCID: PMC5719445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims at evaluating the prognostic significance of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and systemic immune-inflammation indexes (SII) in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients treated with cetuximab. Ninety-five patients receiving cetuximab for mCRC were categorized into the high or low NLR, PLR, LMR, and SII groups based on their median index values. Univariate and multivariate survival analysis were performed to identify the indexes’ correlation with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). In the univariate analysis, ECOG performance status, neutrphil counts, lymphocyte counts, monocyte counts, NLR, PLR, and LDH were associated with survival. Multivariate analysis showed that ECOG performance status of 0 (hazard ratio [HR] 3.608, p < 0.001; HR 5.030, p < 0.001, respectively), high absolute neutrophil counts (HR 2.837, p < 0.001; HR 1.922, p = 0.026, respectively), low lymphocyte counts (HR 0.352, p < 0.001; HR 0.440, p = 0.001, respectively), elevated NLR (HR 3.837, p < 0.001; HR 2.467, p = 0.006) were independent predictors of shorter PFS and OS. In conclusion, pre-treatment inflammatory indexes, especially NLR were potential biomarkers to predict the survival of mCRC patients with cetuximab therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Manni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Ye
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Panpan Lin
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
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Duan SJ, Gao ZM, Wang PL, Gong BC, Huang HW, Luo L, Wang X, Xing YN, Xu HM, Liu FN. Rare upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage of cetuximab: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e9391. [PMID: 29390545 PMCID: PMC5758247 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE cetuximab, an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, is a targeted therapeutic regimen of colorectal cancers. Several common adverse effects have been found, such as cutaneous or gastrointestinal toxicity. However, according to the articles had been published, upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is considered to be rare and its mechanism remains unclear. PATIENT CONCERNS In this report, we presented a 42-year-old male patient with advanced recto-sigmoid cancer. After palliative operation, the patient suffered from complete upper gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction, which was induced by extensive abdominal metastasis of the tumor. Considering his poor condition, we chose the targeted drug, cetuximab, as his further treatment. But after the application of cetuximab, the UGIB immediately happened twice in this patient. DIAGNOSIS UGIB, as a rare complication of cetuximab, occured to the patient. INTERVENTIONS We stopped the bleeding with thrombin, hemocoagulase and somatostatin and suspended the subsequent treatment plan of cetuximab. At the same time, anti-shock treatment was given immediately. OUTCOMES He was died of respiratory and circulatory failure caused by UGIB and advanced tumor eventually. LESSONS UGIB should be considered as a rare but severe complication of cetuximab. When cetuximab is applied for patients with advanced colon tumors, more cautions should be required if the patients are accompanied by upper gastrointestinal obstruction. In addition, for those patients who suffered from UGIB recently, cetuximab should be prohibited if the Rockall score ranged > 5 points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jie Duan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Zi-Ming Gao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Peng-Liang Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Bao-Cheng Gong
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Han-Wei Huang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Lei Luo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shenyang 739 Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Ya-Nan Xing
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Hui-Mian Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Fu-Nan Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Levene
- Department of Cardiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
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Bidirectional alteration of Cav-1 expression is associated with mitogenic conversion of its function in gastric tumor progression. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:766. [PMID: 29141593 PMCID: PMC5688627 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3770-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is frequently altered in many human cancers and both tumor suppression and promotion functions of Cav-1 have been suggested based on its expression status. However, it remains unanswered how Cav-1 provokes opposite effects in different cancers or different phases of tumor progression. Methods To explore the implication of Cav-1 alteration in gastric tumorigenesis, the expression and mutational status of Cav-1 and its effects on tumor cell growth were characterized. Results A substantial fraction of primary tumors and cell lines displayed abnormally low or high Cav-1 mRNA expression, indicating the bidirectional alteration of Cav-1 in gastric cancers. While allelic imbalance and mutational alterations of the Cav-1 gene were rarely detected, aberrant promoter hyper- or hypo-methylation showed a tight correlation with bidirectional alteration of its expression. Abnormally low and high Cav-1 expression was more frequently observed in early and advanced cancers, respectively, suggesting the oncogenic switch of its function in tumor progression. Cell cycle progression, DNA synthesis, and colony forming ability were markedly decreased by Cav-1 transfection in low-expressing tumor cells but by its depletion in high-expressing cells. Interestingly, Cav-1 exerted opposite effects on MEK-ERK signaling in these two cell types through the reciprocal regulation of the RAF-ERK negative feedback loop. A feedback inhibition of RAF by ERK was stimulated by restoration of Cav-1 expression in low-expressing cells but by it depletion in high-expressing cells. As predicted, the opposite effects of Cav-1 on both tumor cell growth and inhibitory RAF phosphorylation were abolished if ERK is depleted. Conclusion Bidirectional alteration of Cav-1 is linked to its opposite effects on gastric tumor cell growth, which stem from the reciprocal control on the RAF-ERK negative feedback loop.
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Huang X, Liu T, Wang Q, Zhu W, Meng H, Guo L, Wei T, Zhang J. Inhibition of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V enhances the cetuximab-induced radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells likely through EGFR N-glycan alterations. Glycobiology 2017; 27:713-725. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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ErbB Family Signalling: A Paradigm for Oncogene Addiction and Personalized Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9040033. [PMID: 28417948 PMCID: PMC5406708 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ErbB family members represent important biomarkers and drug targets for modern precision therapy. They have gained considerable importance as paradigms for oncoprotein addiction and personalized medicine. This review summarizes the current understanding of ErbB proteins in cell signalling and cancer and describes the molecular rationale of prominent cases of ErbB oncoprotein addiction in different cancer types. In addition, we have highlighted experimental technologies for the development of innovative cancer cell models that accurately predicted clinical ErbB drug efficacies. In the future, such cancer models might facilitate the identification and validation of physiologically relevant novel forms of oncoprotein and non-oncoprotein addiction or synthetic lethality. The identification of genotype-drug response relationships will further advance personalized oncology and improve drug efficacy in the clinic. Finally, we review the most important drugs targeting ErbB family members that are under investigation in clinical trials or that made their way already into clinical routine. Taken together, the functional characterization of ErbB oncoproteins have significantly increased our knowledge on predictive biomarkers, oncoprotein addiction and patient stratification and treatment.
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Chen LG, Liu YS, Zheng TH, Chen X, Li P, Xiao CX, Ren JL. Therapeutic targeting of liver cancer with a recombinant DNA vaccine containing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of Newcastle disease virus via apoptotic-dependent pathways. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3344-3350. [PMID: 27900002 PMCID: PMC5103948 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of ~38.6 million mortalities occur due to liver cancer annually, worldwide. Although a variety of therapeutic methods are available, the efficacy of treatment at present is extremely limited due to an increased risk of malignancy and inherently poor prognosis of liver cancer. Gene therapy is considered a promising option, and has shown notable potential for the comprehensive therapy of liver cancer, in keeping with advances that have been made in the development of cancer molecular biology. The present study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of the abilities of the hemagglutinin neuraminidase protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the pro-apoptotic factor apoptin from chicken anaemia virus, and the interferon-γ inducer interleukin-18 (IL-18) in antagonizing liver cancer. Therefore, a recombinant DNA plasmid expressing the three exogenous genes, VP3, IL-18 and hemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN), was constructed. Flow cytometry, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and analysis of caspase-3 activity were performed in H22 cell lines transfected with the recombinant DNA plasmid. In addition, 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice were used to establish a H22 hepatoma-bearing mouse model. Mice tumor tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy. The results of the present study revealed that the recombinant DNA vaccine containing the VP3, IL-18 and HN genes inhibited cell proliferation and induced autophagy via the mitochondrial pathway in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Gang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Sheng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Tang-Hui Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Xing Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Lin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
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Gracia-Cazaña T, Salazar N, Zamarrón A, Mascaraque M, Lucena S, Juarranz Á. Resistance of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer to Nonsurgical Treatments. Part II: Photodynamic Therapy, Vismodegib, Cetuximab, Intralesional Methotrexate, and Radiotherapy. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Wang F, Meng F, Wang L, Wong SCC, Cho WCS, Chan LWC. Associations of mRNA:microRNA for the Shared Downstream Molecules of EGFR and Alternative Tyrosine Kinase Receptors in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Genet 2016; 7:173. [PMID: 27790245 PMCID: PMC5061729 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the top cancer killer worldwide with high mortality rate. Majority belong to non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been broadly explored as a drug target for therapy. However, the drug responses are not durable due to the acquired resistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding and endogenous molecules that can inhibit mRNA translation initiation and degrade mRNAs. We wonder if some downstream molecules shared by EGFR and the other tyrosine kinase receptors (TKRs) further transduce the signals alternatively, and some miRNAs play the key roles in affecting the expression of these downstream molecules. In this study, we investigated the mRNA:miRNA associations for the direct EGFR downstream molecules in the EGFR signaling pathway shared with the other TKRs, including c-MET (hepatocyte growth factor receptor), Ron (a protein tyrosine kinase related to c-MET), PDGFR (platelet-derived growth factor receptor), and IGF-1R (insulin-like growth factor receptor-1). The multiple linear regression and support vector regression (SVR) models were used to discover the statistically significant and the best weighted miRNAs regulating the mRNAs of these downstream molecules. These two models revealed the similar mRNA:miRNA associations. It was found that the miRNAs significantly affecting the mRNA expressions in the multiple regression model were also those with the largest weights in the SVR model. To conclude, we effectively identified a list of meaningful mRNA:miRNA associations: phospholipase C, gamma 1 (PLCG1) with miR-34a, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 2 (PIK3R2) with miR-30a-5p, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) with miR-27a, and Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) with miR-302b and miR-520e. These associations could make great contributions to explore new mechanism in NSCLCs. These candidate miRNAs may be regarded as the potential drug targets for treating NSCLCs with acquired drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfeng Wang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fei Meng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - S C Cesar Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lawrence W C Chan
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Ohhara Y, Fukuda N, Takeuchi S, Honma R, Shimizu Y, Kinoshita I, Dosaka-Akita H. Role of targeted therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 8:642-55. [PMID: 27672422 PMCID: PMC5027019 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v8.i9.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality all over the world. Improvements of cytotoxic and biologic agents have prolonged the survival in metastatic CRC (mCRC), with a median overall survival of approximately 2 years and more in the past two decades. The biologic agents that have proven clinical benefits in mCRC mainly target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In particular, bevacizumab targeting VEGF and cetuximab and panitumumab targeting EGFR have demonstrated significant survival benefits in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy in the first-line, second-line, or salvage setting. Aflibercept, ramucirumab, and regorafenib are also used in second-line or salvage therapy. Recent retrospective analyses have shown that KRAS or NRAS mutations were negative predictive markers for anti-EGFR therapy. Based on the evidence from large randomized clinical trials, personalized therapy is necessary for patients with mCRC according to their tumor biology and characteristics. The aim of this paper was to summarize the results of the major randomized clinical trials and highlight the benefits of the molecular targeted agents in patients with mCRC.
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Gracia-Cazaña T, Salazar N, Zamarrón A, Mascaraque M, Lucena SR, Juarranz Á. Resistance of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer to Nonsurgical Treatments. Part II: Photodynamic Therapy, Vismodegib, Cetuximab, Intralesional Methotrexate, and Radiotherapy. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2016; 107:740-750. [PMID: 27436804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of treatments is now available for nonmelanoma skin cancer, including 5-fluorouracil, ingenol mebutate, imiquimod, diclofenac, photodynamic therapy, methotrexate, cetuximab, vismodegib, and radiotherapy. All are associated with high clinical and histologic response rates. However, some tumors do not respond due to resistance, which may be primary or acquired. Study of the resistance processes is a broad area of research that aims to increase our understanding of the nature of each tumor and the biologic features that make it resistant, as well as to facilitate the design of new therapies directed against these tumors. In this second article, having covered the topical treatments of nonmelanoma skin cancer, we review resistance to other nonsurgical treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies against basal and squamous cell carcinomas, intralesional chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gracia-Cazaña
- Unidad de Dermatología, Hospital de Barbastro, Barbastro, Huesca, España; Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, España.
| | - N Salazar
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - A Zamarrón
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - M Mascaraque
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - S R Lucena
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Á Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
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Abstract. Drug Metab Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1191843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rosko AJ, Birkeland AC, Wilson KF, Muenz DG, Bellile E, Bradford CR, McHugh JB, Spector ME. Tumor Biomarkers in Spindle Cell Variant Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 155:106-12. [PMID: 26980915 DOI: 10.1177/0194599816636612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine biomarkers of recurrence and survival in patients with spindle cell variant squamous cell carcinoma (SpSCC) of the head and neck. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case control study. SETTING Tertiary academic center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirty-two SpSCC patients (mean age, 68.8) between 1987 and 2009 were identified and reviewed. A tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed from tumor specimens. Tumor biomarkers under study included p16, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), p53, EZH2, cyclin D1, CD104, HGFa, p21, and cMET. An additional TMA was constructed from patients with non-SpSCC oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma for comparative purposes. The main outcomes were overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS). RESULTS In the SpSCC cohort, tumors positive for cMet had worse OS (P < .001). Patients positive for cMet (P = .007), cyclin D1 (P = .019), and p16 (P = .004) had worse DSS. Recurrence-free survival was also worse in patients with tumors positive for cMet (P = .037), cyclin D1 (P = .012), and p16 (P < .001). Compared with the oral cavity cohort, there was a significantly larger proportion of patients in the SpSCC group with tumors staining positive for cMet and a lower proportion of tumors positive for cyclin D1. CONCLUSION cMet, cyclin D1, and p16 are predictive tumor biomarkers for risk of recurrence and worse DSS in patients with SpSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Rosko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew C Birkeland
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin F Wilson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel G Muenz
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily Bellile
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carol R Bradford
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan B McHugh
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew E Spector
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Appert-Collin A, Hubert P, Crémel G, Bennasroune A. Role of ErbB Receptors in Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:283. [PMID: 26635612 PMCID: PMC4657385 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factors mediate their diverse biologic responses (regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival) by binding to and activating cell-surface receptors with intrinsic protein kinase activity named receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). About 60 RTKs have been identified and can be classified into more than 16 different receptor families. Their activity is normally tightly controlled and regulated. Overexpression of RTK proteins or functional alterations caused by mutations in the corresponding genes or abnormal stimulation by autocrine growth factor loops contribute to constitutive RTK signaling, resulting in alterations in the physiological activities of cells. The ErbB receptor family of RTKs comprises four distinct receptors: the EGFR (also known as ErbB1/HER1), ErbB2 (neu, HER2), ErbB3 (HER3) and ErbB4 (HER4). ErbB family members are often overexpressed, amplified, or mutated in many forms of cancer, making them important therapeutic targets. EGFR has been found to be amplified in gliomas and non-small-cell lung carcinoma while ErbB2 amplifications are seen in breast, ovarian, bladder, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, as well as several other tumor types. Several data have shown that ErbB receptor family and its downstream pathway regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, and tumor invasion by modulating extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Recent findings indicate that ECM components such as matrikines bind specifically to EGF receptor and promote cell invasion. In this review, we will present an in-depth overview of the structure, mechanisms, cell signaling, and functions of ErbB family receptors in cell adhesion and migration. Furthermore, we will describe in a last part the new strategies developed in anti-cancer therapy to inhibit ErbB family receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Appert-Collin
- UMR CNRS 7369, Unité Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
| | - Pierre Hubert
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, CNRS-AMU UMR 7255 Marseille, France
| | | | - Amar Bennasroune
- UMR CNRS 7369, Unité Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France ; UMR CNRS 7360, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, Université de Lorraine Metz, France
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Milenic DE, Baidoo KE, Kim YS, Brechbiel MW. Evaluation of cetuximab as a candidate for targeted α-particle radiation therapy of HER1-positive disseminated intraperitoneal disease. MAbs 2015; 7:255-64. [PMID: 25587678 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.985160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), also known as HER1, has been studied for over a decade, it continues to be a molecule of great interest and focus of investigators for development of targeted therapies. The marketed monoclonal antibody cetuximab binds to HER1, and thus might serve as the basis for creation of imaging or therapies that target this receptor. The potential of cetuximab as a vehicle for the delivery of α-particle radiation was investigated in an intraperitoneal tumor mouse model. The effective working dose of 10 μCi of (212)Pb-cetuximab was determined from a dose (10-50 μCi) escalation study. Toxicity, as indicated by the lack of animal weight loss, was not evident at the 10 μCi dose of (212)Pb-cetuximab. A subsequent study demonstrated (212)Pb-cetuximab had a therapeutic efficacy similar to that of (212)Pb-trastuzumab (p = 0.588). Gemcitabine given 24 h prior to (212)Pb-cetuximab increased the median survival from 174 d to 283 d, but carboplatin suppressed the effectiveness of (212)Pb-cetuximab. Notably, concurrent treatment of tumor-bearing mice with (212)Pb-labeled cetuximab and trastuzumab provided therapeutic benefit that was greater than either antibody alone. In conclusion, cetuximab proved to be an effective vehicle for targeting HER1-expressing tumors with α-radiation for the treatment of disseminated intraperitoneal disease. These studies provide further evidence that the multimodality therapy regimens may have greater efficacy and benefit in the treatment of cancer patients.
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Key Words
- %ID/g, percent injected dose per gram
- 212Pb
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- HER1
- HulgG, human immunoglobulin
- MS, median survival
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PET, positron emission tomography
- RIT, radioimmunotherapy
- TCMC, 1,4,7,10-tetraaza-1,4,7,10-tetra-(2-carbamoyl methyl)-cyclododecane
- cetuximab
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- radioimmunotherapy
- s.c, subcutaneous
- α-particle
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Milenic
- a Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section; Radiation Oncology Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health ; Bethesda MD USA
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Hong HHL, Hoenerhoff MJ, Ton TV, Herbert RA, Kissling GE, Hooth MJ, Behl M, Witt KL, Smith-Roe SL, Sills RC, Pandiri AR. Kras, Egfr, and Tp53 Mutations in B6C3F1/N Mouse and F344/NTac Rat Alveolar/Bronchiolar Carcinomas Resulting from Chronic Inhalation Exposure to Cobalt Metal. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:872-82. [PMID: 26059825 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315581192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rodent lung tumors are morphologically similar to a subtype of human lung adenocarcinomas. The objective of this study was to evaluate Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene homolog (Kras), epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr), and tumor protein 53 (Tp53) mutations, which are relevant to human lung cancer, in cobalt metal dust (CMD)-induced alveolar/bronchiolar tumors of B6C3F1/N mice and F344/NTac rats. Kras mutations were detected in 67% (mice) and 31% (rats) of CMD-induced lung tumors and were predominantly exon 1 codon 12 G to T transversions (80% in mice and 57% in rats). Egfr mutations were detected in 17% (both mice and rats) of CMD-induced lung tumors and were predominantly in exon 20 with 50% G to A transitions (mice and rats). Tp53 mutations were detected in 19% (mice) and 23% (rats) of CMD-induced lung tumors and were predominant in exon 5 (mice, 69% transversions) and exon 6 (rats, all transitions). No mutations were observed for these genes in spontaneous lung tumors or normal lungs from untreated controls. Ames assay indicated that CMD is mutagenic in the absence but not in the presence of S9 mix. Thus, the mutation data (G to T transversions) and Ames assay results suggest that oxidative damage to DNA may be a contributing factor in CMD-induced pulmonary carcinogenesis in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue-Hua L Hong
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Science (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark J Hoenerhoff
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Science (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA Current address: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Thai-Vu Ton
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Science (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronald A Herbert
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Science (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Grace E Kissling
- Biostatistics Branch, NTP, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle J Hooth
- Program Operations Branch, DNTP, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mamta Behl
- Toxicology Branch, NTP, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristine L Witt
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, NTP, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie L Smith-Roe
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, NTP, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert C Sills
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Science (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arun R Pandiri
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Science (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Tseng SH, Chou MY, Chu IM. Cetuximab-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles for cancer imaging and therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:3663-85. [PMID: 26056447 PMCID: PMC4445874 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s80134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a theranostic nanoparticle, ie, cet-PEG-dexSPIONs, by conjugation of the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody, cetuximab, to dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) via periodate oxidation. Approximately 31 antibody molecules were conjugated to each nanoparticle. Cet-PEG-dexSPIONs specifically bind to EGFR-expressing tumor cells and enhance image contrast on magnetic resonance imaging. Cet-PEG-dexSPION-treated A431 cells showed significant inhibition of epidermal growth factor-induced EGFR phosphorylation and enhancement of EGFR internalization and degradation. In addition, a significant increase in apoptosis was detected in EGFR-overexpressing cell lines, A431 and 32D/EGFR, after 24 hours of incubation at 37°C with cet-PEG-dexSPIONs compared with cetuximab alone. The antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of cetuximab was observed in cet-PEG-dexSPIONs. The results demonstrated that cet-PEG-dexSPIONs retained the therapeutic effect of cetuximab in addition to having the ability to target and image EGFR-expressing tumors. Cet-PEG-dexSPIONs represent a promising targeted magnetic probe for early detection and treatment of EGFR-expressing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Heng Tseng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yuan Chou
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - I-Ming Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Trivedi S, Concha-Benavente F, Srivastava RM, Jie HB, Gibson SP, Schmitt NC, Ferris RL. Immune biomarkers of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody therapy. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:40-47. [PMID: 24997207 PMCID: PMC4269339 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor antigen (TA)-targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAb) cetuximab and panitumumab target the human epidermal growth factor receptor and have been integrated into treatment regimens for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). The therapeutic efficacy of these mAbs has been found to be enhanced when combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, clinical trials indicate that these findings are limited to fewer than 20% of treated patients. Therefore, identifying patients who are likely to benefit from these agents is crucial to improving therapeutic strategies. Interestingly, it has been noted that TA-targeted mAbs mediate their effects by contributing to cell-mediated cytotoxicity in addition to inhibition of downstream signaling pathways. Here, we describe the potential immunogenic mechanisms underlying these clinical findings, their role in the varied clinical response and identify the putative biomarkers of antitumor activity. We review potential immunological biomarkers that affect mAb therapy in SCCHN patients, the implications of these findings and how they translate to the clinical scenario, which are critical to improving patient selection and ultimately outcomes for patients undergoing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trivedi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | | | - R M Srivastava
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - H B Jie
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - S P Gibson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - N C Schmitt
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - R L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh; Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA.
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Hong Z, Cao X, Li N, Zhang Y, Lan L, Zhou Y, Pan X, Shen L, Yin Z, Luo L. Luteolin is effective in the non-small cell lung cancer model with L858R/T790M EGF receptor mutation and erlotinib resistance. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2842-53. [PMID: 24471765 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in the world. Small-molecule inhibitors of the EGF receptor's tyrosine kinase domain (TKIs), including gefitinib and erlotinib, have been widely used for treating NSCLC. Unfortunately, nearly all patients after initially experiencing a marked improvement while on these drugs, eventually progress to acquire resistance to TKIs. Because there is no effective therapeutic strategy to treat TKI-resistant NSCLC, we evaluated the effects of luteolin, a naturally occurring flavanoid, on T790M mutant NSCLC cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effect of luteolin on the viability of NSCLC and normal cell lines was investigated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Luteolin-induced apoptosis was assessed by bivariate FITC-annexin V/PI assay, and Western blots were used to measured apoptotic proteins. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to determine the effect of luteolin on the interaction between Hsp90 and mutant EGF receptors. The effect of luteolin on the Akt/mTOR pathway was studied using Western blotting analysis. Its anti-tumour efficacy in vivo was examined in a mouse xenograft model. KEY RESULTS Luteolin exerted significant anti-tumourigenic effects on the EGF receptor L858R/T790M mutation and erlotinib-resistant NSCLC both at the cellular and animal levels. Mechanistically, luteolin induced degradation of the EGF receptor by inhibiting the association of Hsp90 with the mutant EGF receptor, and, therefore, prevented PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling, which resulted in NSCLC cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Luteolin may be a potential candidate for NSCLC therapy, especially for treatment of patients with acquired erlotinib-resistant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Sun X, Dusserre-Bresson F, Baker B, Zhang A, Xu P, Fibbe C, Noren CJ, Corrêa IR, Xu MQ. Probing homodimer formation of epidermal growth factor receptor by selective crosslinking. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 88:34-41. [PMID: 25042004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ligand binding promotes conformational rearrangement of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) leading to receptor autophosphorylation and downstream signaling. However, transient interactions between unstimulated EGFR molecules on the cell surface are not fully understood. In this report, we describe the investigation of homodimer formation of EGFR by means of an SNAP-tag based selective crosslinking approach (S-CROSS). EGFR homodimers were selectively captured in living cells and utilized for analysis of protein receptor interactions on the plasma membrane and ligand-induced activation. We showed that EGFR forms homodimers in unstimulated cells with efficiencies similar to those seen in cells treated with the epidermal growth factor ligand (EGF) supporting the existence of constitutive transient receptor-receptor interactions. EGFR crosslinked homodimers displayed a substantially increase in kinase activation upon ligand stimulation. Interestingly, in unstimulated cells the levels of spontaneous phosphorylation were found to correlate with the yields of the crosslinked homodimers species. In addition, we demonstrated that this crosslinking approach can be applied to interrogate the effect of small molecule inhibitors on receptor dimerization and kinase activity. Our crosslinking assay provides a new tool to dissect ligand-independent dimerization and activation mechanisms of receptor tyrosine kinases, many of which are important anticancer drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Sun
- New England Biolabs, Inc. 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA
| | | | - Brenda Baker
- New England Biolabs, Inc. 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA
| | - Aihua Zhang
- New England Biolabs, Inc. 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA
| | - Patrick Xu
- New England Biolabs, Inc. 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA
| | - Cassandra Fibbe
- New England Biolabs, Inc. 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA
| | | | - Ivan R Corrêa
- New England Biolabs, Inc. 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA.
| | - Ming-Qun Xu
- New England Biolabs, Inc. 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA.
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Preclinical comparison of near-infrared-labeled cetuximab and panitumumab for optical imaging of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 15:722-9. [PMID: 23715932 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Though various targets have been proposed and evaluated, no agent has yet been investigated in a clinical setting for head and neck cancer. The present study aimed to compare two fluorescently labeled anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies for detection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). PROCEDURES Antigen specificities and in vitro imaging of the fluorescently labeled anti-EGFR antibodies were performed. Next, immunodeficient mice (n = 22) bearing HNSCC (OSC-19 and SCC-1) tongue tumors received systemic injections of cetuximab-IRDye800CW, panitumumab-IRDye800CW, or IgG-IRDye800CW (a nonspecific control). Tumors were imaged and resected using two near-infrared imaging systems, SPY and Pearl. Fluorescent lymph nodes were also identified, and all resected tissues were sent for pathology. RESULTS Panitumumab-IRDye800CW and cetuximab-IRDye800CW had specific and high affinity binding for EGFR (K D = 0.12 and 0.31 nM, respectively). Panitumumab-IRDye800CW demonstrated a 2-fold increase in fluorescence intensity compared to cetuximab-IRDye800CW in vitro. In vivo, both fluorescently labeled antibodies produced higher tumor-to-background ratios compared to IgG-IRDye800CW. However, there was no significant difference between the two in either cell line or imaging modality (OSC-19: p = 0.08 SPY, p = 0.48 Pearl; SCC-1: p = 0.77 SPY, p = 0.59 Pearl; paired t tests). CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference between the two fluorescently labeled anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies in murine models of HNSCC. Both cetuximab and panitumumab can be considered suitable targeting agents for fluorescent intraoperative detection of HNSCC.
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Dai B, Zhan Y, Qi J, Zhang Y. Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker inhibits human chronic myeloid leukemia cell K562 growth by inducing G2-M phase cell cycle arrest and targeting EGFR signaling pathway and in S180 tumor-bearing mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:1177-1185. [PMID: 24814261 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker is not only used as a food to enhance immunity, but is used as a traditional Chinese medicine and is known as the "preferred drug to regulate blood flow". Previous studies have reported its potential biological activities including anticoagulation, antithrombotic, liver protective effect and antitumor effects. Our results indicated that E. sinensis Walker 70% ethanol extract exhibited anti-tumor effects on S180 (murine sarcoma cell line) cells implanted mice. It effectively inhibited K562 (human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line) cells proliferation and induced G(2)-M phase arrest accompanying through up-regulation of cyclin B1, cdc2 and down-regulation of cyclin D1, cyclin E1, cdc25c and p53. In addition, it inhibited EGF secretion and EGFR kinase activity. Western blotting analysis indicated that it also inhibited the phosphorylation EGFR and activation of its downstream signaling molecules AKT and ERK. These results suggested that the antitumor mechanism of E. sinensis Walker involved altering the cell cycle and inhibiting EGFR phosphorylation in the EGFR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingling Dai
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Yingzhuan Zhan
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Junpeng Qi
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
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Carvalho MI, Guimarães MJ, Pires I, Prada J, Silva-Carvalho R, Lopes C, Queiroga FL. EGFR and microvessel density in canine malignant mammary tumours. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:1094-9. [PMID: 24091029 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor which has been shown to have an important role in human breast cancer. Its role appears to be associated with increased angiogenesis and metastasis. In order to clarify its role in canine mammary tumours (CMT), 61 malignant neoplasms were studied by using immunohistochemistry, comparing expression of EGFR, microvessel density (MVD) by CD31 immunolabelling and characteristics of tumour aggressiveness. High EGFR immunoexpression was statistically significantly associated with tumour size, tumour necrosis, mitotic grade, histological grade of malignancy and clinical stage. High CD31 immunoreactivity was statistically significantly associated with tubule formation, histological grade of malignancy and clinical stage. A positive correlation between EGFR and CD31 immunoexpression (r = 0.843; P < 0.001) was also observed. Results suggest that an over-expression of EGFR may contribute to increased angiogenesis and aggression in malignant CMT, presenting the possibility of using EGFR inhibitors in the context of metastatic disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Yewale C, Baradia D, Vhora I, Patil S, Misra A. Epidermal growth factor receptor targeting in cancer: a review of trends and strategies. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8690-707. [PMID: 23953842 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a cell-surface receptor belonging to ErbB family of tyrosine kinase and it plays a vital role in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. However; EGFR is aberrantly activated by various mechanisms like receptor overexpression, mutation, ligand-dependent receptor dimerization, ligand-independent activation and is associated with development of variety of tumors. Therefore, specific EGFR inhibition is one of the key targets for cancer therapy. Two major approaches have been developed and demonstrated benefits in clinical trials for targeting EGFR; monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). EGFR inhibitors like, cetuximab, panitumumab, etc. (mAbs) and gefitinib, erlotinib, lapatinib, etc. (TKIs) are now commercially available for treatment of variety of cancers. Recently, many other agents like peptides, nanobodies, affibodies and antisense oligonucleotide have also shown better efficacy in targeting and inhibiting EGFR. Now a days, efforts are being focused to identify molecular markers that can predict patients more likely to respond to anti-EGFR therapy; to find out combinatorial approaches with EGFR inhibitors and to bring new therapeutic agents with clinical efficacy. In this review we have outlined the role of EGFR in cancer, different types of EGFR inhibitors, preclinical and clinical status of EGFR inhibitors as well as summarized the recent efforts made in the field of molecular EGFR targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Yewale
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Kalabhavan, Vadodara 390 001, Gujarat, India
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Saki M, Toulany M, Rodemann HP. Acquired resistance to cetuximab is associated with the overexpression of Ras family members and the loss of radiosensitization in head and neck cancer cells. Radiother Oncol 2013; 108:473-8. [PMID: 23891090 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cetuximab in combination with radiation therapy is used to treat patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In the present study, the mechanism of acquired resistance to cetuximab in HNSCC cells was investigated in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS The HNSCC cell lines UT5 and SAS and UT5 cells with acquired resistance to cetuximab (UT5R9) were used. The radiotoxicity potentials of cetuximab and inhibitors of PI3K, MAPK and farnesylation were tested using a clonogenic survival assay. Western blotting was used to evaluate protein expression. The levels of EGFR ligands were detected by ELISA. RESULTS Cetuximab inhibited proliferation and induced radiosensitization in UT5 cells but not in SAS cells. In comparison with UT5 cells, cetuximab-resistant SAS cells markedly overexpressed the K-Ras, H-Ras and N-Ras proteins, as detected by Western blotting. Resistance in UT5R9 cells was associated with the overexpression of the K-Ras, H-Ras and N-Ras proteins as well as an increase in the autocrine production of the EGFR ligands amphiregulin and transforming growth factor α (TGFα). UT5R9 cells were significantly more radioresistant than UT5 cells. Radioresistant UT5R9 cells were not radiosensitized by cetuximab, but knocking down H-RAS and N-RAS with siRNA and targeting Ras farnesylation using the farnesyltransferase inhibitor lonafarnib induced radiosensitization in these cells. Targeting PI3K and MEK revealed that the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway but not the MAPK/ERK pathway is associated with radioresistance in UT5R9 cells. CONCLUSION Targeting Ras and PI3K activity improves the outcome of irradiation in cetuximab-resistant HNSCC cell lines in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saki
- Division of Radiobiology & Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tuebingen, Germany; Translational Radiooncology Laboratory, Department of Radiooncology and Radiotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Sexton K, Tichauer K, Samkoe KS, Gunn J, Hoopes PJ, Pogue BW. Fluorescent affibody peptide penetration in glioma margin is superior to full antibody. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60390. [PMID: 23593208 PMCID: PMC3625207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Object Fluorescence imaging has the potential to significantly improve neurosurgical resection of oncologic lesions through improved differentiation between normal and cancerous tissue at the tumor margins. In order to successfully mark glioma tissue a fluorescent tracer must have the ability to penetrate through the blood brain barrier (BBB) and provide delineation in the tumor periphery where heterogeneously intact BBB may exist. In this study it was hypothesized that, due to its smaller size, fluorescently labeled anti-EGFR Affibody protein (∼7 kDa) would provide a more clear delineation of the tumor margin than would fluorescently labeled cetuximab, a full antibody (∼150 kDa) to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Methods Cetuximab and anti-EGFR targeted Affibody were conjugated to two different fluorescent dyes (both emitting in the near-infrared) and injected intravenously into 6 athymic mice which were inoculated orthotopically with green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing human U251 glioma cells. Each mouse was sacrificed at 1-h post injection, at which time brains were removed, snap frozen, sectioned and quantitatively analyzed for fluorescence distribution. Results Ex vivo analysis showed on average, nearly equal concentrations of cetuximab and Affibody within the tumor (on average Affibody made up 49±6% of injected protein), however, the cetuximab was more confined to the center of the tumor with Affibody showing significantly higher concentrations at the tumor periphery (on average Affibody made up 72±15% of injected protein in the outer 50 um of the tumor). Further ex vivo analysis of detection studies showed that the Affibody provided superior discrimination for differentiation of tumor from surrounding normal brain. Conclusions The present study indicates that fluorescently labeled anti-EGFR Affibody can provide significantly better delineation of tumor margins than a fluorescently labeled anti-EGFR antibody and shows considerable potential for guiding margin detection during neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Sexton
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
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Bontognali S, Pless M, Brutsche MH, Fischer C, Rochlitz C, Buess M. Analysis of the EGFR mutation status in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma before treatment with Gefitinib. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 36:161-6. [PMID: 23548963 DOI: 10.1159/000349941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of chemotherapy in metastatic and recurrent squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC) remains unsatisfactory. Gefitinib offers a new therapeutic option with comparable results and better tolerability than chemotherapy. We conducted this study to see if mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) might predict the therapeutic benefit in HNSCC patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a pilot trial, 8 patients with metastatic or recurrent HNSCC were treated palliatively with gefitinib (500 mg/day orally). Forceps biopsies were taken to confirm tumor recurrence and to perform an EGFR mutation analysis. RESULTS The EGFR status could be determined in 6 of the 8 patients. 5 patients had no EGFR gene mutation, and 1 patient showed a silent guanine-to-adenosine mutation in position 2607. Even without any relevant mutation in the EGFR, we observed partial remission in 3 of 6 patients treated with gefitinib. We also observed that an additional 4 patients had stable disease for at least 10 weeks. The median progression-free survival was 6.25 months, and the median overall survival was 7.39 months. CONCLUSION In HNSCC, there are tumor responses to gefitinib without protein-altering mutations in the EGFR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Bontognali
- Kopf-Hals-Tumor-Zentrum, Universitätsspital Basel, Switzerland
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Hunt JL, Barnes L, Lewis JS, Mahfouz ME, Slootweg PJ, Thompson LDR, Cardesa A, Devaney KO, Gnepp DR, Westra WH, Rodrigo JP, Woolgar JA, Rinaldo A, Triantafyllou A, Takes RP, Ferlito A. Molecular diagnostic alterations in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and potential diagnostic applications. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 271:211-23. [PMID: 23467835 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-013-2400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common malignancy that continues to be difficult to treat and cure. In many organ systems and tumor types, there have been significant advances in the understanding of the molecular basis for tumorigenesis, disease progression and genetic implications for therapeutics. Although tumorigenesis pathways and the molecular etiologies of HNSCC have been extensively studied, there are still very few diagnostic clinical applications used in practice today. This review discusses current clinically applicable molecular markers, including viral detection of Epstein-Barr virus and human papillomavirus, and molecular targets that are used in diagnosis and management of HNSCC. The common oncogenes EGFR, RAS, CCND1, BRAF, and PIK3CA and tumor suppressor genes p53, CDKN2A and NOTCH are discussed for their associations with HNSCC. Discussion of markers with potential future applications is also included, with a focus on molecular alterations associated with targeted therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hunt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Services, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas, USA
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Kudgus RA, Szabolcs A, Khan JA, Walden CA, Reid JM, Robertson JD, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P. Inhibiting the growth of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo through targeted treatment with designer gold nanotherapeutics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57522. [PMID: 23483913 PMCID: PMC3590245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest of all human malignancies with limited options for therapy. Here, we report the development of an optimized targeted drug delivery system to inhibit advanced stage pancreatic tumor growth in an orthotopic mouse model. Method/Principal Findings Targeting specificity in vitro was confirmed by preincubation of the pancreatic cancer cells with C225 as well as Nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR - nucleoside transporter (NT) inhibitor). Upon nanoconjugation functional activity of gemcitabine was retained as tested using a thymidine incorporation assay. Significant stability of the nanoconjugates was maintained, with only 12% release of gemcitabine over a 24-hour period in mouse plasma. Finally, an in vivo study demonstrated the inhibition of tumor growth through targeted delivery of a low dose of gemcitabine in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer, mimicking an advanced stage of the disease. Conclusion We demonstrated in this study that the gold nanoparticle-based therapeutic containing gemcitabine inhibited tumor growth in an advanced stage of the disease in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer. Future work would focus on understanding the pharmacokinetics and combining active targeting with passive targeting to further improve the therapeutic efficacy and increase survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Kudgus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Annamaria Szabolcs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jameel Ahmad Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chad A. Walden
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joel M. Reid
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - J. David Robertson
- Department of Chemistry and University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tekpli X, Holme JA, Sergent O, Lagadic-Gossmann D. Role for membrane remodeling in cell death: Implication for health and disease. Toxicology 2013; 304:141-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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He HZ, Wang N, Zhang J, Zheng L, Zhang YM. Tas13D inhibits growth of SMMC-7721 cell via suppression VEGF and EGF expression. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:2009-14. [PMID: 22901163 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.5.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Taspine, isolated from Radix et Rhizoma Leonticis has demosntrated potential proctiective effects against cancer. Tas13D, a novel taspine derivative synthetized by structure-based drug design, have been shown to possess interesting biological and pharmacological activities. The current study was designed to evaluate its antiproliferative activity and underlying mechanisms. METHODS Antiproliferative activity of tas13D was evaluated by xenograft in athymic mice in vivo, and by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and cell migration assays with human liver cancer (SMMC-7721) cell lines in vitro. Docking between tas13D and VEGFR and EGFR was studied by with a Sybyl/Surflex module. VEGF and EGF and their receptor expression was determined by ELISA and real-time PCR methods, respectively. RESULTS Our present study showed that tas13D inhibited SMMC-7721 xenograft tumor growth, bound tightly with the active site of kinase domains of EGFR and VEGFR, and reduced SMMC-7721 cell proliferation (IC=34.7 μmol/L) and migration compared to negative controls. VEGF and EGF mRNAs were significantly reduced by tas13D treatment in a dose-dependent manner, along with VEGF and EGF production. CONCLUSION The obtained results suggest that tas13D inhibits tumor growth and cell proliferation by inhibiting cell migration, downregulating mRNA expression of VEGF and EGF, and decreasing angiogenic factor production. Tas13D deserves further consideration as a chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Zhen He
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Abdullah SE, Haigentz M, Piperdi B. Dermatologic Toxicities from Monoclonal Antibodies and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors against EGFR: Pathophysiology and Management. CHEMOTHERAPY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2012; 2012:351210. [PMID: 22997576 PMCID: PMC3446637 DOI: 10.1155/2012/351210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition has now been well established as an effective treatment for various cancers. The EGFR belongs to the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors which regulate tumor cell differentiation, survival and proliferation. Activation of EGFR drives tumorigenesis in lung, head and neck, colorectal and pancreatic cancers. Irrespective of the type of cancer being treated and the mechanism by which tumor EGFR drives tumorigenesis, the major side effect of EGFR inhibition is a papulopustular (also described as maculopapular or acneiform) rash which occurs in about two thirds of treated patients. Interestingly, this rash has been commonly correlated with better clinical outcomes (objective tumor response and patient survival). The pathophysiology of dermatological toxicity from EGFR inhibitors is an important area of clinical research, and the proper management of the rash is essential to increase the therapeutic index from this class of drugs. In this paper, we review the dermatologic toxicities associated with EGFR inhibitors with an emphasis on its pathophysiology and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaad E. Abdullah
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New york, NY 10461, USA
| | - Missak Haigentz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New york, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bilal Piperdi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New york, NY 10461, USA
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Degrauwe N, Sosa JA, Roman S, Deshpande HA. Vandetanib for the treatment of metastatic medullary thyroid cancer. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2012; 6:243-52. [PMID: 22723734 PMCID: PMC3379848 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s7999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) represents an aggressive form of thyroid malignancy. Some may occur spontaneously or can be associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndromes, or Familial Medullary Thyroid Cancer syndrome. In these patients, the protooncogene RET (rearranged during transfection) is mutated. In patients who have unresectable or metastatic disease, the long term prognosis is poor. New treatments for this disease have focused on the use of targeted agents that inhibit the receptor tyrosine kinase of RET. One of these treatments, Vandetanib (Caprelsa, Astra Zeneca), recently has received approval from the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with progressive locally advanced and/or metastatic disease. This review highlights the studies that led to the drug's approval, and discusses on the potential financial costs of treatment and side effects of this therapy. The main clinical studies evaluating Vandetanib for the treatment of other solid tumors will also be reviewed.
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