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Yamazaki Y, Nakano Y, Imamura T, Morita T. Augmentation of vascular permeability of VEGF is enhanced by KDR-binding proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 355:693-9. [PMID: 17320821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
VEGF165 is a key regulator of angiogenesis and a potent vascular permeability factor. Using snake venom proteins as tools, we demonstrate the enhanced vascular leakage of VEGF by KDR-binding proteins. The snake venom-derived KDR-specific VEGF, vammin, potently enhanced vascular leakage compared with other known permeability-enhancing factors including VEGF165, while KDR-bp from snake venom, a KDR antagonist of endothelial cell growth was a very weak permeability enhancer. Unexpectedly when co-administrated, KDR-bp synergistically enhanced either vammin or VEGF165-stimulated vascular leakage, despite its antagonistic effect on cell growth. This augmenting effect was specifically observed in the combined administration of KDR-bp with either VEGF165 or vammin, but not other combination of known permeability-enhancing factors. We further demonstrated a similar increased vascular leakage by the combined administration of VEGF165 and TIMP-3, the only known endogenous antagonist of KDR. Our findings implicate TIMP-3 as a critical player in the vascular leakage-enhancing effect of VEGF165 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Yamazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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Majid MA, Smith VA, Matthews FJ, Newby AC, Dick AD. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 differentially binds to components of Bruch's membrane. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90:1310-5. [PMID: 16837541 PMCID: PMC1857436 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2006.097246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorsby's fundus dystrophy (SFD) is caused by mutations in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3 and, with the exception of early onset, is similar to age-related macular degeneration. The pathological features of this condition relate to the accumulation of TIMP-3 in Bruch's membrane. AIMS To compare the extracellular membrane-binding characteristics of wild-type and four SFD-mutant TIMP-3s. METHODS COS-7 cells were transfected with wild-type, Ser-181, Gly-167, Ser-156 and Tyr-168 SFD-mutant TIMP-3 cDNA. The TIMP-3 proteins subsequently synthesised were harvested, analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, semiquantified by ELISA and used in binding assays on the basis of the retention of the wild-type and SFD-mutant TIMP-3 proteins by components of Bruch's membrane. RESULTS SFD-mutant TIMP-3s could not be distinguished from wild-type TIMP-3 by the extents to which they aggregated or adhered to type-I collagen, type-IV collagen, fibronectin, laminin, elastin, chondroitin sulphates A, B and C, and heparin sulphate. Of these macromolecules, the wild-type and SFD-mutant TIMP-3s exhibited greatest affinity for elastin and laminin. CONCLUSION The similarity in the physical and extracellular membrane-binding characteristics of wild-type and SFD-mutant TIMP-3s indicates that these properties are not responsible for the difference in timing of onset of SFD and age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Majid
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, University of Bristol, Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, UK
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Dann SG, Allison WT, Levin DB, Hawryshyn CW. Identification of a unique transcript down-regulated in the retina of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at smoltification. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 136:849-60. [PMID: 14662307 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(03)00262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Developmental and physiological changes in the retina of salmonid fishes occur during smoltification, a metamorphic event associated with thyroid hormone that prepares salmon for oceanic migration. These changes include loss of ultraviolet-sensitive (UVS) cone photoreceptors, switching of visual pigments, alterations in thyroid hormone regulation, and associated changes in behavior. This model provides an opportunity to study substantial neuronal development within an established retina. Little is known, however, about how higher order neurons are altered or how retinal gene expression changes during this transition. Here, we have used differential display RT-PCR and RACE-PCR to identify a previously uncharacterized gene transcript in Oncorhynchus mykiss under developmental regulation in the retina during smoltification, rtp12.5. This unique cDNA encodes a putative protein 112 amino acids long similar to a hypothetical human open reading frame located on chromosome 14.Q24.2. Differential expression was confirmed by RNA dot blot and in situ hybridization. We also present O. mykiss sep15 cDNA sequence and describe its expression in the vertebrate retina. Considering the expression pattern within retinal tissue observed by in situ hybridization, rtp12.5 may be under TH regulation and involved in neuronal remodeling of the retina during loss of UVS cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Dann
- Department of Biology University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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Majid MA, Smith VA, Easty DL, Baker AH, Newby AC. Sorsby's fundus dystrophy mutant tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-3 induce apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelial and MCF-7 cells. FEBS Lett 2002; 529:281-5. [PMID: 12372614 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
C-terminal domain tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) mutations cause the rare hereditary blindness Sorsby's fundus dystrophy (SFD), which involves loss of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Since wild-type TIMP-3 causes apoptosis, we investigated whether SFD TIMP-3 might kill RPE and other cells. Plasmid-mediated overexpression of Ser-156, Gly-167, Tyr-168 and Ser-181 SFD mutant TIMP-3 decreased RPE viability to 22+/-8, 20+/-6, 32+/-5, 30+/-12% (SFD mutants all P<0.01 versus wild-type 50+/-8%) and similarly increased propidium iodide staining and in situ end labelling. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of the Gly-167 mutant also caused RPE apoptosis dose-dependently. Apoptosis of RPE cells might therefore contribute to the pathology of SFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Majid
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Bristol, Bristol Eye Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LX, UK
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteolytic enzymes that function to maintain and remodel tissue architecture. Their substrates represent an astounding variety of extracellular matrix components, secreted cytokines and cell surface molecules, and they have been implicated in a wide range of processes and diseases. To date MMPs have been found in virtually every tissue of the eye under conditions of health and disease. Although their functions in vivo remain poorly understood, it is clear they impact on essentially every aspect of eye physiology. This chapter reviews the expanding literature on MMPs in the eye and attempts to place it in the context of basic MMP biology. A general overview of MMP functions is presented first, and then the discussion moves to examples of possible MMP roles in two eye structures. For the cornea, we present recent work on the roles of MMPs during various aspects of wound healing. For the retina, we describe the activities of MMPs in specific disease states from which common principles may emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Sivak
- Vision Research Laboratories, New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Center for Vision Research, Tufts University, 750 Washington Street, Box 450, 02111, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Leu ST, Batni S, Radeke MJ, Johnson LV, Anderson DH, Clegg DO. Drusen are Cold Spots for Proteolysis: Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitor Proteins in Age-related Macular Degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2002; 74:141-54. [PMID: 11878827 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2001.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drusen are abnormal extracellular matrix deposits characteristic of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness in the aging human population. The mechanisms underlying drusen formation are not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in drusen, and in the surrounding cells and tissue. To assess the extent of MMP and TIMP expression by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, cDNA arrays were screened with probes generated from cultured human RPE cells. The distribution of MMP-1, -2 and -3 and TIMP-1, -2, -3 and -4 was determined using immunohistochemistry in human RPE choroid from donor eyes with and without a clinical history of AMD. Gelatinase activity was assessed in unfixed frozen sections using in situ zymography. In cultured RPE cells, expression of 10 MMP and all four known TIMP mRNAs was detected. MMP immunoreactivity was widespread in the RPE choroid, but was absent from the interior of drusen. TIMP-3, but not other TIMPs, was detected in the drusen interior. Likewise, metal ion dependent gelatinase activity could be detected in RPE choroid, but not in drusen. These results show that, while metalloproteinase activity is widespread throughout the RPE choroid, drusen are cold spots for proteolysis. The data lead to the speculation that high TIMP-3 concentrations within drusen could inhibit MMPs and as a result slow the proteolytic degradation of these deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu T Leu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Development Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Majid MA, Smith VA, Easty DL, Baker AH, Newby AC. Adenovirus mediated gene delivery of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 induces death in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Br J Ophthalmol 2002; 86:97-101. [PMID: 11801512 PMCID: PMC1770963 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.86.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorsby's fundus dystrophy (SFD) and age related macular degeneration (ARMD) are retinal diseases associated with a high level of accumulation of mutant and wild type TIMP-3, respectively, in Bruch's membrane. The pathogenic role of TIMP-3 in these diseases is uncertain, but causative mutations have been identified in the TIMP-3 gene of patients with SFD. Recent reports that TIMP-3 causes apoptosis in certain cell types and not in others prompted the authors to investigate whether TIMP-3 causes apoptosis in cultured retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. METHODS RPE and MCF-7 cells (as a positive control) were initially infected with replication deficient adenovirus, to overexpress beta-galactosidase (RAdLacZ) or TIMP-3 (RAdTIMP-3). TIMP-3 was detected by western blotting and ELISA. Cell viability was defined by cell counts. ISEL was used to investigate the mechanism of cell death. RESULTS Cultured RPE cells produced small quantities of endogenous TIMP-3 and remained viable. However, overexpression of TIMP-3 caused a dose related death of RPE cells. The mechanism of cell death was apoptosis. CONCLUSION The previously unreported finding of TIMP-3 induced apoptosis of RPE cells may account for some of the early features seen in SFD and ARMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Majid
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Bristol, Bristol Eye Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street Bristol BS1 2LX, UK
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Langton KP, McKie N, Curtis A, Goodship JA, Bond PM, Barker MD, Clarke M. A Novel Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-3 Mutation Reveals a Common Molecular Phenotype in Sorsby's Fundus Dystrophy. J Biol Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)61475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Sheedlo HJ, Krishnamoorthy RS, Nelson TS, Agarwal NS, Liu JS, Roque RS, Wordinger RJ, Jaynes CD, Brun-Zinkelnagel AM, O'Brian P, Aschenbrenner JE, Turner JE. Retina-derived fetuin (RDF): analysis by immunocytochemistry, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot. Curr Eye Res 1999; 19:465-71. [PMID: 10550787 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.19.6.465.5274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was undertaken to determine the presence of retina-derived fetuin (RDF) protein and its message in retinal tissues and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The techniques utilized in this study included light micros-copy, immunochemistry, Western blot, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern blot. METHODS Retinal tissues and sections from embryonic, early postnatal and adult normal rats and retinal pigment epithe-lial (RPE) cells from postnatal rats were immunostained for fetuin with a polyclonal fetuin antibody and a peroxidase conjugated-secondary antibody using immunocytochemistry and Western blot analyses. The cDNA generated from RNA isolated from early postnatal rat retinas and RPE was probed with primers for rat fetuin, amplified by PCR and the PCR products were analyzed by Southern blot. RESULTS Fetuin (RDF) was immunolocalized to cells of the neuroepithelium in retinas of early postnatal rats and most prominently in the nuclei and perinuclear region of cultured neonatal rat RPE cells. In adult retinas, ganglion cells, inner segments of photoreceptor cells, some components of the outer plexiform layer, ganglion cells and optic nerve processes were immunoreactive for the fetuin protein. As shown by Western blot, fetuin (RDF) was higher in embryonic and early postnatal retinas than in late postnatal retinas, indicating that this protein may be developmentally regulated. Using RT-PCR, the message for rat fetuin was demonstrated in the retina and RPE of normal postnatal rats. Southern blot confirmed that the PCR product from the retina and RPE was generated from rat fetuin mRNA as well as from rat liver, the primary source of fetuin. CONCLUSIONS Fetuin, termed retina-derived fetuin (RDF), is reported for the first time in retinal tissues. Fetuin is a cysteine protease inhibitor that may play a role in support of neuronal cell survival during early retinal development and the maintenance of neuronal activity. RDF may interact with other growth factors and cytokines in providing trophic support for neurons and possibly other cells of the developing retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Sheedlo
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, North Texas Eye Research Institute, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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Tymms MJ. Sorsby's fundus dystrophy: what does TIMP3 tell us about general mechanisms underlying macular degeneration? Clin Exp Optom 1999; 82:124-129. [PMID: 12482286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.1999.tb06789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/1999] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Mutations in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP3) gene result in the rare autosomal dominant disease Sorsby's fundus dystrophy (SFD), which shows striking similarities to age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). METHODS: Current research is reviewed and suggests that these mutations result in the accumulation of TIMP3 in Bruch's membrane resulting in decreased turnover of the extracellular matrix and consequent thickening of Bruch's membrane. DNA analysis of ARMD patients has failed to show any significant mutations in the coding-regions of TIMP3. However, this should not be taken to imply that TIMP3 is not affected in the disease, as another possibility is that levels of TIMP3 might be elevated by other mechanisms. CONCLUSION: The finding that TIMP3 levels are elevated in simplex retinitis pigmentosa in the absence of coding mutations begs for a revaluation of its role in other retinal conditions such as ARMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Tymms
- Molecular Biology of Vision Unit, National Vision Research Institute of Australia, 386 Cardigan Street, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
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Fariss RN, Apte SS, Luthert PJ, Bird AC, Milam AH. Accumulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 in human eyes with Sorsby's fundus dystrophy or retinitis pigmentosa. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82:1329-34. [PMID: 9924344 PMCID: PMC1722431 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.82.11.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) is normally synthesised by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and deposited in Bruch's membrane. Mutations in the TIMP3 gene cause Sorsby's fundus dystrophy (SFD), which is characterised by thickening of Bruch's membrane, choroidal neovascularisation, and photoreceptor degeneration. To elucidate the role of TIMP-3 in human retinal degenerative diseases, we immunolocalised TIMP-3 in eyes with SFD caused by the Ser-181-Cys TIMP3 gene mutation or retinitis pigmentosa (RP; not caused by TIMP3 mutations). METHODS Standard light microscopic immunocytochemistry, including antigen retrieval, was used to localise TIMP-3 in paraffin sections of human eyes: two with SFD, three with different genetic forms of RP, and two normal. RESULTS In the SFD eyes, the thickened Bruch's membrane was strongly TIMP-3 positive except where RPE cells had degenerated. Similarly, in the RP eyes, Bruch's membrane was TIMP-3 positive except where RPE cells were lost, consistent with ongoing RPE mediated turnover of TIMP-3 in this region. In areas of total photoreceptor loss, migrated RPE cells formed cuffs around blood vessels in the RP retinas. Thick, TIMP-3 positive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposits associated with the migrated RPE cells occluded some vascular lumina, correlating with the observed loss of inner retinal neurons in RP. CONCLUSIONS TIMP-3 is a component of the increased ECM sequestered in Bruch's membrane in SFD. Further information is needed on normal TIMP-3/ECM interactions in Bruch's membrane and the effect of mutant TIMP-3 on this process. The finding of TIMP-3 accumulations in retinas with RP not caused by TIMP-3 mutations emphasises the importance of ECM remodelling in normal and diseased human eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Fariss
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-6485, USA
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