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Yamamoto K, Nakaya Y, Sugawara S, Kobayashi M. Synchronous inhibitory synaptic inputs to layer II/III pyramidal neurons in the murine barrel cortex. Brain Res 2021; 1773:147686. [PMID: 34637762 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The barrel cortex exhibits obvious columnar organization. Although GABAergic inhibition plays a critical role in regulating neural excitation in response to mechanical stimuli applied to whiskers, the profiles of synchronous events for inhibitory synaptic transmission in intracolumnar and transcolumnar pyramidal neurons remain unknown. To explore a functional mechanism of synchronous inhibition of pyramidal neurons, we performed paired whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and recorded spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) from layer II/III pyramidal neurons. A cross-correlogram of sIPSCs (1 ms bin) was used to detect synchronous sIPSCs. Synchronous neuron pairs were defined as those whose peak number of sIPSCs between -3 and 3 ms exceeded the mean + 2 SD of the number of sIPSCs in the period of -50 to 50 ms minus the number in that of -3 to 3 ms period. In the recording of pyramidal neurons located in the same column (intracolumn), 61.5% of neuron pairs were classified as synchronous neuron pairs, while 52.6% of pyramidal neuron pairs in adjacent columns (transcolumn) were defined as synchronous neuron pairs. The amplitude of synchronous sIPSCs was comparable to that of asynchronous sIPSCs in asynchronous neuron pairs, whereas that of synchronous sIPSCs was larger than that of asynchronous sIPSCs in synchronous neuron pairs. Synchronicity of sIPSCs did not depend on the distance of neuron pairs. These results suggest that layer II/III pyramidal neurons receive synchronous inhibitory synaptic inputs generated by a certain type of GABAergic interneuron that induces large IPSCs in pyramidal neurons, likely to be fast-spiking cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyofumi Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakaya
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Shiori Sugawara
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.
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Benavides-Piccione R, Regalado-Reyes M, Fernaud-Espinosa I, Kastanauskaite A, Tapia-González S, León-Espinosa G, Rojo C, Insausti R, Segev I, DeFelipe J. Differential Structure of Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons in the Human and Mouse. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:730-752. [PMID: 31268532 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons are the most common cell type and are considered the main output neuron in most mammalian forebrain structures. In terms of function, differences in the structure of the dendrites of these neurons appear to be crucial in determining how neurons integrate information. To further shed light on the structure of the human pyramidal neurons we investigated the geometry of pyramidal cells in the human and mouse CA1 region-one of the most evolutionary conserved archicortical regions, which is critically involved in the formation, consolidation, and retrieval of memory. We aimed to assess to what extent neurons corresponding to a homologous region in different species have parallel morphologies. Over 100 intracellularly injected and 3D-reconstructed cells across both species revealed that dendritic and axonal morphologies of human cells are not only larger but also have structural differences, when compared to mouse. The results show that human CA1 pyramidal cells are not a stretched version of mouse CA1 cells. These results indicate that there are some morphological parameters of the pyramidal cells that are conserved, whereas others are species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Benavides-Piccione
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid 28002, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Mamen Regalado-Reyes
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Isabel Fernaud-Espinosa
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Asta Kastanauskaite
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Silvia Tapia-González
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Gonzalo León-Espinosa
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain.,Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo Centro de Estudios Universitarios (CEU), Madrid 28925, Spain
| | - Concepcion Rojo
- Sección Departamental de Anatomía y Embriología (veterinaria). Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ricardo Insausti
- Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02008, Spain
| | - Idan Segev
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel.,Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid 28002, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
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3
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García-Cabezas MÁ, Barbas H, Zikopoulos B. Parallel Development of Chromatin Patterns, Neuron Morphology, and Connections: Potential for Disruption in Autism. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:70. [PMID: 30174592 PMCID: PMC6107687 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotype of neurons and their connections depend on complex genetic and epigenetic processes that regulate the expression of genes in the nucleus during development and throughout life. Here we examined the distribution of nuclear chromatin patters in relation to the epigenetic landscape, phenotype and connections of neurons with a focus on the primate cerebral cortex. We show that nuclear patterns of chromatin in cortical neurons are related to neuron size and cortical connections. Moreover, we point to evidence that reveals an orderly sequence of events during development, linking chromatin and gene expression patterns, neuron morphology, function, and connections across cortical areas and layers. Based on this synthesis, we posit that systematic studies of changes in chromatin patterns and epigenetic marks across cortical areas will provide novel insights on the development and evolution of cortical networks, and their disruption in connectivity disorders of developmental origin, like autism. Achieving this requires embedding and interpreting genetic, transcriptional, and epigenetic studies within a framework that takes into consideration distinct types of neurons, local circuit interactions, and interareal pathways. These features vary systematically across cortical areas in parallel with laminar structure and are differentially affected in disorders. Finally, based on evidence that autism-associated genetic polymorphisms are especially prominent in excitatory neurons and connectivity disruption affects mostly limbic cortices, we employ this systematic approach to propose novel, targeted studies of projection neurons in limbic areas to elucidate the emergence and time-course of developmental disruptions in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Á García-Cabezas
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Helen Barbas
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Basilis Zikopoulos
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Human Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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Narayanan RT, Udvary D, Oberlaender M. Cell Type-Specific Structural Organization of the Six Layers in Rat Barrel Cortex. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:91. [PMID: 29081739 PMCID: PMC5645532 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoarchitectonic subdivision of the neocortex into six layers is often used to describe the organization of the cortical circuitry, sensory-evoked signal flow or cortical functions. However, each layer comprises neuronal cell types that have different genetic, functional and/or structural properties. Here, we reanalyze structural data from some of our recent work in the posterior-medial barrel-subfield of the vibrissal part of rat primary somatosensory cortex (vS1). We quantify the degree to which somata, dendrites and axons of the 10 major excitatory cell types of the cortex are distributed with respect to the cytoarchitectonic organization of vS1. We show that within each layer, somata of multiple cell types intermingle, but that each cell type displays dendrite and axon distributions that are aligned to specific cytoarchitectonic landmarks. The resultant quantification of the structural composition of each layer in terms of the cell type-specific number of somata, dendritic and axonal path lengths will aid future studies to bridge between layer- and cell type-specific analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeevan T Narayanan
- Max Planck Group: In Silico Brain Sciences, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Udvary
- Max Planck Group: In Silico Brain Sciences, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Oberlaender
- Max Planck Group: In Silico Brain Sciences, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
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Rojo C, Leguey I, Kastanauskaite A, Bielza C, Larrañaga P, DeFelipe J, Benavides-Piccione R. Laminar Differences in Dendritic Structure of Pyramidal Neurons in the Juvenile Rat Somatosensory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:2811-2822. [PMID: 26762857 PMCID: PMC4869814 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyramidal cell structure varies between different cortical areas and species, indicating that the cortical circuits that these cells participate in are likely to be characterized by different functional capabilities. Structural differences between cortical layers have been traditionally reported using either the Golgi method or intracellular labeling, but the structure of pyramidal cells has not previously been systematically analyzed across all cortical layers at a particular age. In the present study, we investigated the dendritic architecture of complete basal arbors of pyramidal neurons in layers II, III, IV, Va, Vb, and VI of the hindlimb somatosensory cortical region of postnatal day 14 rats. We found that the characteristics of basal dendritic morphologies are statistically different in each cortical layer. The variations in size and branching pattern that exist between pyramidal cells of different cortical layers probably reflect the particular functional properties that are characteristic of the cortical circuit in which they participate. This new set of complete basal dendritic arbors of 3D-reconstructed pyramidal cell morphologies across each cortical layer will provide new insights into interlaminar information processing in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Rojo
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica.,Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Leguey
- Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Informáticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asta Kastanauskaite
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Concha Bielza
- Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Informáticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Larrañaga
- Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Informáticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica.,Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Ruth Benavides-Piccione
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica.,Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
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Elston GN, Fujita I. Pyramidal cell development: postnatal spinogenesis, dendritic growth, axon growth, and electrophysiology. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:78. [PMID: 25161611 PMCID: PMC4130200 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we review recent findings related to postnatal spinogenesis, dendritic and axon growth, pruning and electrophysiology of neocortical pyramidal cells in the developing primate brain. Pyramidal cells in sensory, association and executive cortex grow dendrites, spines and axons at different rates, and vary in the degree of pruning. Of particular note is the fact that pyramidal cells in primary visual area (V1) prune more spines than they grow during postnatal development, whereas those in inferotemporal (TEO and TE) and granular prefrontal cortex (gPFC; Brodmann's area 12) grow more than they prune. Moreover, pyramidal cells in TEO, TE and the gPFC continue to grow larger dendritic territories from birth into adulthood, replete with spines, whereas those in V1 become smaller during this time. The developmental profile of intrinsic axons also varies between cortical areas: those in V1, for example, undergo an early proliferation followed by pruning and local consolidation into adulthood, whereas those in area TE tend to establish their territory and consolidate it into adulthood with little pruning. We correlate the anatomical findings with the electrophysiological properties of cells in the different cortical areas, including membrane time constant, depolarizing sag, duration of individual action potentials, and spike-frequency adaptation. All of the electrophysiological variables ramped up before 7 months of age in V1, but continued to ramp up over a protracted period of time in area TE. These data suggest that the anatomical and electrophysiological profiles of pyramidal cells vary among cortical areas at birth, and continue to diverge into adulthood. Moreover, the data reveal that the “use it or lose it” notion of synaptic reinforcement may speak to only part of the story, “use it but you still might lose it” may be just as prevalent in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy N Elston
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ichiro Fujita
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Center for Information and Neural Networks, Osaka University and National Institute of Communication Technology Suita, Japan
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Epileptic baboons have lower numbers of neurons in specific areas of cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:19107-12. [PMID: 24191031 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1318894110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizure activity that can induce pathological reorganization and alter normal function in neocortical networks. In the present study, we determined the numbers of cells and neurons across the complete extent of the cortex for two epileptic baboons with naturally occurring seizures and two baboons without epilepsy. Overall, the two epileptic baboons had a 37% average reduction in the number of cortical neurons compared with the two nonepileptic baboons. The loss of neurons was variable across cortical areas, with the most pronounced loss in the primary motor cortex, especially in lateral primary motor cortex, representing the hand and face. Less-pronounced reductions of neurons were found in other parts of the frontal cortex and in somatosensory cortex, but no reduction was apparent in the primary visual cortex and little in other visual areas. The results provide clear evidence that epilepsy in the baboon is associated with considerable reduction in the numbers of cortical neurons, especially in frontal areas of the cortex related to motor functions. Whether or not the reduction of neurons is a cause or an effect of seizures needs further investigation.
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da Rocha E, Freire M, Bahia C, Pereira A, Sosthenes M, Silveira L, Elston G, Picanço-Diniz C. Dendritic structure varies as a function of eccentricity in V1: A quantitative study of NADPH diaphorase neurons in the diurnal South American rodent agouti, Dasyprocta prymnolopha. Neuroscience 2012; 216:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Minciacchi D, Del Tongo C, Carretta D, Nosi D, Granato A. Alterations of the cortico-cortical network in sensori-motor areas of dystrophin deficient mice. Neuroscience 2010; 166:1129-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Bahia CP, Houzel JC, Picanço-Diniz CW, Pereira A. Spatiotemporal distribution of proteoglycans in the developing rat's barrel field and the effects of early deafferentation. J Comp Neurol 2008; 510:145-57. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Elston GN, Tweedale R, Rosa MG. Cellular heterogeneity in cerebral cortex: a study of the morphology of pyramidal neurones in visual areas of the marmoset monkey. J Comp Neurol 1999; 415:33-51. [PMID: 10540356 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19991206)415:1<33::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The morphological characteristics of the basal dendritic fields of layer III pyramidal neurones were determined in visual areas in the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes of adult marmoset monkeys by means of intracellular iontophoretic injection of Lucifer yellow. Neurones in the primary visual area (V1) had the least extensive and least complex (as determined by Sholl analysis) dendritic trees, followed by those in the second visual area (V2). There was a progressive increase in size and complexity of dendritic trees with rostral progression from V1 and V2, through the "ventral stream," including the dorsolateral area (DL) and the caudal and rostral subdivisions of inferotemporal cortex (ITc and ITr, respectively). Neurones in areas of the dorsal stream, including the dorsomedial (DM), dorsoanterior (DA), middle temporal (MT), and posterior parietal (PP) areas, were similar in size and complexity but were larger and more complex than those in V1 and V2. Neurones in V1 had the lowest spine density, whereas neurones in V2, DM, DA, and PP had similar spine densities. Neurones in MT and inferotemporal cortex had relatively high spine densities, with those in ITr having the highest spine density of all neurones studied. Calculations based on the size, number of branches, and spine densities revealed that layer III pyramidal neurones in ITr have 7.4 times more spines on their basal dendritic fields than those in V1. The differences in the extent of, and the number of spines in, the basal dendritic fields of layer III pyramidal neurones in the different visual areas suggest differences in the ability of neurones to integrate excitatory and inhibitory inputs. The differences in neuronal morphology between visual areas, and the consistency in these differences across New World and Old World monkey species, suggest that they reflect fundamental organisational principles in primate visual cortical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Elston
- Vision, Touch and Hearing Research Centre, Department of Physiology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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