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Lima MN, Oliveira HA, Fagundes PM, Estato V, Silva AYO, Freitas RJRX, Passos BABR, Oliveira KS, Batista CN, Vallochi AL, Rocco PRM, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Maron-Gutierrez T. Mesenchymal stromal cells protect against vascular damage and depression-like behavior in mice surviving cerebral malaria. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:367. [PMID: 32843073 PMCID: PMC7448996 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is one of the most critical global infectious diseases. Severe systemic inflammatory diseases, such as cerebral malaria, lead to the development of cognitive and behavioral alterations, such as learning disabilities and loss of memory capacity, as well as increased anxiety and depression. The consequences are profound and usually contribute to reduce the patient's quality of life. There are no therapies to treat the neurological sequelae of cerebral malaria. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) may be an alternative, since they have been used as therapy for neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic lesions of the central nervous system. So far, no study has investigated the effects of MSC therapy on the blood-brain barrier, leukocyte rolling and adherence in the brain, and depression like-behavior in experimental cerebral malaria. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA, 1 × 106 PbA-parasitized red blood cells, intraperitoneally). At day 6, PbA-infected animals received chloroquine (25 mg/kg orally for seven consecutive days) as the antimalarial treatment and were then randomized to receive MSCs (1 × 105 cells in 0.05 ml of saline/mouse) or saline (0.05 ml) intravenously. Parasitemia, clinical score, and survival rate were analyzed throughout the experiments. Evans blue assay was performed at 6, 7, and 15 days post-infection (dpi). Behavioral tests were performed at 5 and 15 dpi. Intravital microscopy experiments and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein expression analyses were performed at 7 dpi, whereas inflammatory mediators were measured at 15 dpi. In vitro, endothelial cells were used to evaluate the effects of conditioned media derived from MSCs (CMMSC) on cell viability by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. RESULTS PbA-infected mice presented increased parasitemia, adherent leukocytes, blood-brain barrier permeability, and reduced BDNF protein levels, as well as depression-like behavior. MSCs mitigated behavioral alterations, restored BDNF and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β protein levels, and reduced blood-brain barrier dysfunction and leukocyte adhesion in the brain microvasculature. In a cultured endothelial cell line stimulated with heme, CMMSC reduced LDH release, suggesting a paracrine mechanism of action. CONCLUSION A single dose of MSCs as adjuvant therapy protected against vascular damage and improved depression-like behavior in mice that survived experimental cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara N Lima
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Helena A Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Paula M Fagundes
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Estato
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Adriano Y O Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo J R X Freitas
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Beatriz A B R Passos
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Karina S Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Camila N Batista
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Adriana L Vallochi
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hugo C Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Maron-Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Esen N, Katyshev V, Serkin Z, Katysheva S, Dore-Duffy P. Endogenous adaptation to low oxygen modulates T-cell regulatory pathways in EAE. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:13. [PMID: 26785841 PMCID: PMC4717549 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the brain, chronic inflammatory activity may lead to compromised delivery of oxygen and glucose suggesting that therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring metabolic balance may be useful. In vivo exposure to chronic mild normobaric hypoxia (10 % oxygen) leads to a number of endogenous adaptations that includes vascular remodeling (angioplasticity). Angioplasticity promotes tissue survival. We have previously shown that induction of adaptive angioplasticity modulates the disease pattern in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In the present study, we define mechanisms by which adaptation to low oxygen functionally ameliorates the signs and symptoms of EAE and for the first time show that tissue hypoxia may fundamentally alter neurodegenerative disease. Methods C57BL/6 mice were immunized with MOG, and some of them were kept in the hypoxia chambers (day 0) and exposed to 10 % oxygen for 3 weeks, while the others were kept at normoxic environment. Sham-immunized controls were included in both hypoxic and normoxic groups. Animals were sacrificed at pre-clinical and peak disease periods for tissue collection and analysis. Results Exposure to mild hypoxia decreased histological evidence of inflammation. Decreased numbers of cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells were found in the hypoxic spinal cords associated with a delayed Th17-specific cytokine response. Hypoxia-induced changes did not alter the sensitization of peripheral T cells to the MOG peptide. Exposure to mild hypoxia induced significant increases in anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels and an increase in the number of spinal cord CD25+FoxP3+ T-regulatory cells. Conclusions Acclimatization to mild hypoxia incites a number of endogenous adaptations that induces an anti-inflammatory milieu. Further understanding of these mechanisms system may pinpoint possible new therapeutic targets to treat neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufer Esen
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Vladimir Katyshev
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Zakhar Serkin
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Svetlana Katysheva
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Paula Dore-Duffy
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Xie L, Choudhury GR, Winters A, Yang SH, Jin K. Cerebral regulatory T cells restrain microglia/macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses via IL-10. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:180-91. [PMID: 25329858 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain the immune tolerance and prevent inflammatory responses in the periphery. However, the presence of Treg cells in the CNS under steady state has not been studied. Here, for the first time, we show a substantial TCRαβ (+) CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T-cell population (cerebral Treg cells) in the rat cerebrum, constituting more than 15% of the cerebral CD4(+) T-cell compartment. Cerebral Treg cells showed an activated/memory phenotype and expressed many Treg-cell signature genes at higher levels than peripheral Treg cells. Consistent with their activated/memory phenotype, cerebral Treg cells robustly restrained the LPS-induced inflammatory responses of brain microglia/macrophages, suggesting a role in maintaining the cerebral homeostasis by inhibiting the neuroinflammation. In addition, brain astrocytes were the helper cells that sustained Foxp3 expression in Treg cells through IL-2/STAT5 signaling, showing that the interaction between astrocytes and Treg cells contributes to the maintenance of Treg-cell identity in the brain. Taken together, our work represents the first study to characterize the phenotypic and functional features of Treg cells in the rat cerebrum. Our data have provided a novel insight for the contribution of Treg cells to the immunosurveillance and immunomodulation in the cerebrum under steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luokun Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Bianco F, Tonna N, Lovchik RD, Mastrangelo R, Morini R, Ruiz A, Delamarche E, Matteoli M. Overflow Microfluidic Networks: Application to the Biochemical Analysis of Brain Cell Interactions in Complex Neuroinflammatory Scenarios. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9833-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302094z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Bianco
- Neuro-Zone s.r.l., viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Noemi Tonna
- Neuro-Zone s.r.l., viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Raffaella Morini
- Fondazione Filarete, viale
Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Ana Ruiz
- Fondazione Filarete, viale
Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology
and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Michela Matteoli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology
and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
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