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Yang J, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Fan H, Qi C, Zhang K, Liu X, Fei L, Chen S, Wang M, Kuang F, Wang Y, Wu S. RIPK3/MLKL-Mediated Neuronal Necroptosis Modulates the M1/M2 Polarization of Microglia/Macrophages in the Ischemic Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2622-2635. [PMID: 29746630 PMCID: PMC5998990 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death and subsequent inflammation are 2 key pathological changes occurring in cerebral ischemia. Active microglia/macrophages play a double-edged role depending on the balance of their M1/M2 phenotypes. Necrosis is the predominant type of cell death following ischemia. However, how necrotic cells modulate the M1/M2 polarization of microglia/macrophages remains poorly investigated. Here, we reported that ischemia induces a rapid RIPK3/MLKL-mediated neuron-dominated necroptosis, a type of programmed necrosis. Ablating RIPK3 or MLKL could switch the activation of microglia/macrophages from M1 to the M2 type in the ischemic cortex. Conditioned medium of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated wild-type (WT) neurons induced M1 polarization, while that of RIPK3−/− neurons favored M2 polarization. OGD treatment induces proinflammatory IL-18 and TNFα in WT but not in RIPK3−/− neurons, which in turn upregulate anti-inflammatory IL-4 and IL-10. Furthermore, the expression of Myd88—a common downstream adaptor of toll-like receptors—is significantly upregulated in the microglia/macrophages of ischemic WT but not of RIPK3−/− or MLKL−/− cortices. Antagonizing the function of Myd88 could phenocopy the effects of RIPK3/MLKL-knockout on the polarization of microglia/macrophages and was neuroprotective. Our data revealed a novel role of necroptotic neurons in modulating the M1/M2 balance of microglia/macrophages in the ischemic cortex, possibly through Myd88 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Anatomy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, 1 Xin Wang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Youyi Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Anatomy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, 1 Xin Wang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chuchu Qi
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Fei
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yan Ta Western Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siwei Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Kuang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shengxi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Fan H, Zhang K, Shan L, Kuang F, Chen K, Zhu K, Ma H, Ju G, Wang YZ. Reactive astrocytes undergo M1 microglia/macrohpages-induced necroptosis in spinal cord injury. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:14. [PMID: 26842216 PMCID: PMC4740993 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A unique feature of the pathological change after spinal cord injury (SCI) is the progressive enlargement of lesion area, which usually results in cavity formation and is accompanied by reactive astrogliosis and chronic inflammation. Reactive astrocytes line the spinal cavity, walling off the lesion core from the normal spinal tissue, and are thought to play multiple important roles in SCI. The contribution of cell death, particularly the apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocytes during the process of cavitation has been extensively studied. However, how reactive astrocytes are eliminated following SCI remains largely unclear. Results By immunohistochemistry, in vivo propidium iodide (PI)-labeling and electron microscopic examination, here we reported that in mice, reactive astrocytes died by receptor-interacting protein 3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (RIP3/MLKL) mediated necroptosis, rather than apoptosis or autophagy. Inhibiting receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) or depleting RIP3 not only significantly attenuated astrocyte death but also rescued the neurotrophic function of astrocytes. The astrocytic expression of necroptotic markers followed the polarization of M1 microglia/macrophages after SCI. Depleting M1 microglia/macrophages or transplantation of M1 macrophages could significantly reduce or increase the necroptosis of astrocytes. Further, the inflammatory responsive genes Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) are induced in necroptotic astrocytes. In vitro antagonizing MyD88 in astrocytes could significantly alleviate the M1 microglia/macrophages-induced cell death. Finally, our data showed that in human, necroptotic markers and TLR4/MyD88 were co-expressed in astrocytes of injured, but not normal spinal cord. Conclusion Taken together, these results reveal that after SCI, reactive astrocytes undergo M1 microglia/macrophages-induced necroptosis, partially through TLR/MyD88 signaling, and suggest that inhibiting astrocytic necroptosis may be beneficial for preventing secondary SCI. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0081-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fan
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Lequn Shan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xin Si Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, China
| | - Fang Kuang
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Keqing Zhu
- Zhejiang University China Brain Bank, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Zhejiang University Zi-Jin-Gang Campus, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Heng Ma
- Department of Physiology & Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Gong Ju
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Ya-Zhou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Nogo-66 inhibits the dye-coupling of astrocytic gap junctions in vitro. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1129-34. [PMID: 21461775 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Communication between astrocytes via the gap junction is crucial for maintaining homeostasis of the extra-neuronal microenvironment of the central nervous system. Dysfunction of astrocytic gap junctions is involved in many brain disorders. Our previous studies demonstrated a novel co-localization of Nogo-66 receptor at glial gap junctions in rat cerebellum and posterior pituitary. The present study was aimed at exploring whether Nogo-66 can modulate glial gap junctions in vitro. We confirmed the co-localization of Nogo-66 receptor with Cx43 in cultured astrocytes, and stimulated astrocytes with myelin extracts, or Nogo-66-Fc conditioned medium. Finally, we expressed and purified a functionally effective GST-Nogo-66 peptide. Lucifer yellow transfer assay was adopted to measure the gap junction permeability. The results showed that the spreading of Lucifer yellow was inhibited significantly by all three treatments as compared with their corresponding controls. Therefore, this study shows a novel inhibitory effect of Nogo-66 on the permeability of astrocytic gap junctions, suggesting a presumable role of Nogo-66 receptor in modulating the glial gap junction.
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Gil V, Bichler Z, Lee JK, Seira O, Llorens F, Bribian A, Morales R, Claverol-Tinture E, Soriano E, Sumoy L, Zheng B, Del Río JA. Developmental expression of the oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein in the mouse telencephalon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 20:1769-79. [PMID: 19892785 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein expressed by neurons and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Attempts have been made to identify the functions of the myelin-associated inhibitory proteins (MAIPs) after axonal lesion or in neurodegeneration. However, the developmental roles of some of these proteins and their receptors remain elusive. Recent studies indicate that NgR1 and the recently discovered receptor PirB restrict cortical synaptic plasticity. However, the putative factors that trigger these effects are unknown. Because Nogo-A is mostly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and myelin associated glycoprotein appears late during development, the putative participation of OMgp should be considered. Here, we examine the pattern of development of OMgp immunoreactive elements during mouse telencephalic development. OMgp immunoreactivity in the developing cortex follows the establishment of the thalamo-cortical barrel field. At the cellular level, we located OMgp neuronal membranes in dendrites and axons as well as in brain synaptosome fractions and axon varicosities. Lastly, the analysis of the barrel field in OMgp-deficient mice revealed that although thalamo-cortical connections were formed, their targeting in layer IV was altered, and numerous axons ectopically invaded layers II-III. Our data support the idea that early expressed MAIPs play an active role during development and point to OMgp participating in thalamo-cortical connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Gil
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona E-08028, Spain
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