Development of a program to manage costly outliers

[Identification of pharmacy cost outliers in primary care]

OBJECTIVE

To identify pharmacy cost outlier patients in Primary Care, describing epidemiological differences between normal users and outliers; and to study the explanatory power of risk adjustment tools based on Adjusted Clinical Groups (ACG) as regards the variability of pharmacy expenditure for both groups of patients.

DESIGN

Observational, retrospective study.

SETTING

23 health centres located in the regions of Aragon, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands.

PARTICIPANTS

The study sample consisted of 286,450 patients who were seen at least once in 2005.

MEASUREMENTS

Variables related to demographic features, pharmacy cost, and case-mix (ACG 7.1) were collected. Pharmacy cost outliers were selected according to the inter-quartile range method. A linear regression model was developed to measure the explanatory power of ACG. This same model was applied stratifying the population by variables of the physician, the health centre and the region.

RESULTS

One out of ten patients was classified as an outlier. This group was responsible for 60% of the total pharmacy expenditure. These outlier patients were 26.3 years older than normal users and had a higher comorbidity. The explanatory power of the ACG classification system was markedly lower -3% vs. 26.4% for normal users-.

CONCLUSIONS

Further research should be done on factors causing a lack of adequacy of ACG among pharmacy outlier patients. Although it could be thought that social circumstances might play a role in the clinical state of patients, it is more likely that the applied trimming method does not allow outliers with justifiable clinical reasons for higher costs to be distinguished from those without them.

Prospective casemix-based funding, analysis and financial impact of cost outliers in all-patient refined diagnosis related groups in three Belgian general hospitals

This study examined the impact of cost outliers in term of hospital resources consumption, the financial impact of the outliers under the Belgium casemix-based system, and the validity of two "proxies" for costs: length of stay and charges. The cost of all hospital stays at three Belgian general hospitals were calculated for the year 2001. High resource use outliers were selected according to the following rule: 75th percentile +1.5 xinter-quartile range. The frequency of cost outliers varied from 7% to 8% across hospitals. Explanatory factors were: major or extreme severity of illness, longer length of stay, and intensive care unit stay. Cost outliers account for 22-30% of hospital costs. One-third of length-of-stay outliers are not cost outliers, and nearly one-quarter of charges outliers are not cost outliers. The current funding system in Belgium does not penalize hospitals having a high percentage of outliers. The billing generated by these patients largely compensates for costs generated. Length of stay and charges are not a good approximation to select cost outliers.

Spheres of clinical nurse specialist practice influence evidence-based care for patients with atrial fibrillation

PURPOSE

The purpose of this article is to review atrial fibrillation (AF) and its consequences, to present sources of published evidence-based guidelines for management of AF, and to highlight multifaceted clinical nurse specialist (CNS) interventions that promote positive outcomes for patients with AF.

RATIONALE

The number of people with AF is expected to increase from 2.3 million to more than 5 million in the next 50 years. AF is associated with increased mortality, morbidity, healthcare expenditures, and decreased quality of life. Recognition of the growing number of AF cases and adverse consequences of AF led to development of evidence-based guidelines for AF management. Although nurses in diverse settings are accountable for providing evidence-based care for patients with AF, the guidelines have not been widely disseminated to nurses.

DESCRIPTION

This discussion includes a review of the adverse consequences of AF and a summary of management of recently detected AF with a focus on recommendations for nursing activities/interventions that are supported by evidence-based guidelines. Multifaceted strategies directed toward nurses and nursing practice, patients/clients, and organizations/systems that are linked to published CNS competencies and outcomes are highlighted.

OUTCOMES

CNS influence in all 3 spheres of CNS practice promotes positive outcomes that include improved patient/client functioning and self-management, reduced complications of treatment, decreased fragmentation of care, advancement of professional nursing practice, adherence to regulatory standards, and development of patient care processes that are supported by published guidelines.

CONCLUSIONS

With the use of the strategies discussed, clinical nurse specialists, whose spheres of influence include nursing and nursing practice, patients/clients, and organizations/systems, promote improved patient outcomes through implementation of evidence-based guidelines for AF management.

Creating an advanced practice nurse-friendly culture: a marathon, not a sprint

Advanced practice nurses (APNs) have extraordinary opportunities in acute and critical care settings. However, new obstacles accompany these opportunities and these obstacles can needlessly hamper APN practice and reduce the APN's contributions to patient care. Contributions by APNs can be maximized by deliberately and thoughtfully creating a practice culture that is APN-friendly. This article analyzes eight characteristics important to creating the APN-friendly culture: clarity of vision and values, commitment, communication, collaboration, credibility, contributions, confidence, and complexity. Creating an APN-friendly culture is a worthwhile organizational investment in order to enhance optimal APN practice and to benefit patients and families.

Evidenced–based Practice

Evidenced-based practice (EBP) should be a driving force behind establishing optimal clinical practices. Recently, clinicians and hospitals have started efforts to introduce key EBP. These efforts hold the potential to improve patient outcomes and reduce costs. However, many practices need updating with EBP. Which ones should be chosen? While practices often vary in terms of importance for each hospital, some changes in practice are likely to have a better return on the investment (ROI). Two key areas affecting most hospitals are practices associated with high costs and increased mortality. In critical care areas, these two key areas often involve addressing outlier management and severe sepsis. In addition, the recognition of the need for the change is only one step in ensuring EBP. To ensure EBP is implemented, clinical leaders who will ensure that the new practice standards are being utilized are necessary. Fortunately, many hospitals have strong leaders. The advanced practice nurse (APN) is one such leader. The APN is often in a unique position to help recognize, prioritize, and implement EBP into the hospitals culture. This article illustrates steps in making EBP a reality by highlighting the management of outliers and severe sepsis and the implementation strategies for these conditions.

Managing costly medicare patients in the hospital

Cost-effective strategies must be developed to address the rapidly rising number of hospitalized older adults. Medicare cost outliers represent substantial unrecovered cost to hospitals caused by limited reimbursement based on diagnosis-related groups. A predictive model is used to identify potential cost outliers during admission, and a registered nurse inpatient case manager with geriatric expertise is the intervention to tailor the care to the unique needs of older adults. Community follow up is provided by social workers to complete the continuum. Positive outcomes from this project suggest that nursing can identify and successfully intervene with high-cost Medicare patients.