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Sokolova AB, Suslova KG, Miller SC. URINARY EXCRETION OF PLUTONIUM IN MAYAK WORKERS DURING AND AFTER CA-DTPA ADMINISTRATION. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2021; 197:154-162. [PMID: 34953463 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncab176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chelation therapy is sometimes used after potential exposures to plutonium to increase urinary excretion of the radionuclide to improve the accuracy of bioassay measurements. The purpose of this report is to describe the enhancement of urinary excretion of plutonium during and after the administration of the trisodium salt of calcium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (Ca-DTPA) daily for 3 d to a group of male and female plutonium workers from the Mayak Production Association in Ozyorsk, Russia. One-hundred and two cases (18 females and 84 males) were selected where urinary contents of plutonium, prior to chelation, exceeded the detection threshold. Daily urine collections were obtained during the 3 d of Ca-DTPA treatments. In addition, 58 of these cases had urine bioassays at 1-45 d after chelation. The daily enhancement over baseline values excretion of plutonium was found to be 50.4×/1.4 (geometric mean and geometric standard deviation); 58.9×/1.2; 72.9×/1.4 in the first, second and third days of Ca-DTPA administration. The mean enhancement for the 3-d period was 60.1×/1.7. The rate of plutonium excretion from 1 to 45 d after chelation decreased with a half-period of 3.9 d and the chelation enhancement factor (Кenh-i) is described by the function Кenh-i = (0.79 ± 0.24) + (42.9 ± 1.2) × e-(0.18 ± 0.01) × day.
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2
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Romanov SA, Efimov АV, Aladova ЕЕ, Suslova КG, Kuznetsova IS, Sokolova АВ, Khokhryakov VV, Sypko SA, Ishunina MV, Khokhryakov VF. Plutonium production and particles incorporation into the human body. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 211:106073. [PMID: 31605814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plutonium is one of the most toxic radioactive substances known. The isotope 239Pu gained attention when it had become known as a potential explosive material for atomic bombs. This paper describes the main problems encountered during the early years of operation of the first plutonium production plant in the former Soviet Union, the Mayak Production Association (Mayak PA). Mayak PA caused severe radioactive contamination of the environment and exposure personnel and population living in the vicinity areas to high radiation doses. The authors focus on key findings of large-scale studies on the internal dosimetry of workers for use in assessment of radiological risks from exposure to plutonium. This work presents an overview of the important issues for inhalation dose assessments such as generation of plutonium particles, plutonium intake, dissolution of plutonium particles, distribution of plutonium in humans, related exposures and health effects. Understanding the relationship between health effects, radiation dose and route of exposure helps quantify the health risks associated with occupational exposure in the nuclear industry and validate the radiation protection standards used in the Russian Federation and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Romanov
- Federal State Unitary Enterprise Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Federal Medical Biology Agency of Russia, Chelyabinsk Region, Ozyorsk Road, 19, Ozyorsk, 456780, Russia
| | - А V Efimov
- Federal State Unitary Enterprise Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Federal Medical Biology Agency of Russia, Chelyabinsk Region, Ozyorsk Road, 19, Ozyorsk, 456780, Russia
| | - Е Е Aladova
- Federal State Unitary Enterprise Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Federal Medical Biology Agency of Russia, Chelyabinsk Region, Ozyorsk Road, 19, Ozyorsk, 456780, Russia.
| | - К G Suslova
- Federal State Unitary Enterprise Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Federal Medical Biology Agency of Russia, Chelyabinsk Region, Ozyorsk Road, 19, Ozyorsk, 456780, Russia
| | - I S Kuznetsova
- Federal State Unitary Enterprise Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Federal Medical Biology Agency of Russia, Chelyabinsk Region, Ozyorsk Road, 19, Ozyorsk, 456780, Russia
| | - А В Sokolova
- Federal State Unitary Enterprise Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Federal Medical Biology Agency of Russia, Chelyabinsk Region, Ozyorsk Road, 19, Ozyorsk, 456780, Russia
| | - V V Khokhryakov
- Federal State Unitary Enterprise Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Federal Medical Biology Agency of Russia, Chelyabinsk Region, Ozyorsk Road, 19, Ozyorsk, 456780, Russia
| | - S A Sypko
- Federal State Unitary Enterprise Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Federal Medical Biology Agency of Russia, Chelyabinsk Region, Ozyorsk Road, 19, Ozyorsk, 456780, Russia
| | - M V Ishunina
- Federal State Unitary Enterprise Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Federal Medical Biology Agency of Russia, Chelyabinsk Region, Ozyorsk Road, 19, Ozyorsk, 456780, Russia
| | - V F Khokhryakov
- Federal State Unitary Enterprise Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Federal Medical Biology Agency of Russia, Chelyabinsk Region, Ozyorsk Road, 19, Ozyorsk, 456780, Russia
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3
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Understanding the sorption behavior of tetra- and hexavalent plutonium on fungus Rhizopus arrhizus dead biomass. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-5104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Scherthan H, Sotnik N, Peper M, Schrock G, Azizova T, Abend M. Telomere Length in Aged Mayak PA Nuclear Workers Chronically Exposed to Internal Alpha and External Gamma Radiation. Radiat Res 2016; 185:658-67. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14271.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Abend M, Azizova T, Müller K, Dörr H, Doucha-Senf S, Kreppel H, Rusinova G, Glazkova I, Vyazovskaya N, Unger K, Braselmann H, Meineke V. Association of Radiation-Induced Genes with Noncancer Chronic Diseases in Mayak Workers Occupationally Exposed to Prolonged Radiation. Radiat Res 2015; 183:249-61. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13758.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk 456780, Russia
| | - Kerstin Müller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Dörr
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Doucha-Senf
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Kreppel
- Bundeswehr Medical Office, Department IX 1, CBRN Med Defence, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Galina Rusinova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk 456780, Russia
| | - Irina Glazkova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk 456780, Russia
| | - Natalia Vyazovskaya
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk 456780, Russia
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Integrative Biology Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Braselmann
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Integrative Biology Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Viktor Meineke
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, 80937 Munich, Germany
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Abend M, Azizova T, Müller K, Dörr H, Senf S, Kreppel H, Rusinova G, Glazkova I, Vyazovskaya N, Unger K, Meineke V. Independent Validation of Candidate Genes Identified after a Whole Genome Screening on Mayak Workers Exposed to Prolonged Occupational Radiation. Radiat Res 2014; 182:299-309. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13645.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Kerstin Müller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Dörr
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Senf
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Kreppel
- Bundeswehr Medical Office, Department IX 1, CBRN Med Defence, Munich, Germany
| | - Galina Rusinova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Irina Glazkova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Vyazovskaya
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Integrative Biology Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Viktor Meineke
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
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7
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Abend M, Azizova T, Müller K, Dörr H, Senf S, Kreppel H, Rusinova G, Glazkova I, Vyazovskaya N, Schmidl D, Unger K, Meineke V. Gene expression analysis in Mayak workers with prolonged occupational radiation exposure. HEALTH PHYSICS 2014; 106:664-676. [PMID: 24776898 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The authors evaluated gene expression in the peripheral blood in relation to occupational exposure in Mayak workers to find out about the existence of a permanent post exposure signature. Workers were exposed to combined incorporated ²³⁹Pu and external gamma rays (n = 82) or to external gamma rays only (n = 18), and 50 unexposed individuals served as controls. Peripheral blood was taken from workers older than 70 y. RNA was isolated, converted into cDNA, and stored at -20°C. A two-stage study design was performed focusing on examinations on the transcriptional (mRNA) and post-transcriptional level (microRNA). In the first stage, 40 samples were identified for screening purposes and selection of candidate genes. For examinations on the transcriptional level, whole genome microarrays and qRT-PCR were employed on the post-transcriptional level (667 microRNAs). Candidate genes were assessed by (1) introducing a twofold difference in gene expression over the reference group and (2) showing a significant p-value using the Kruskal-Wallis test. From 42,545 transcripts of the whole genome microarray, 376 candidate genes (80 up-regulated and 296 down-regulated relative to the reference group) were selected. Expression of almost all of these genes (70-98%) appeared significantly associated with internal ²³⁹Pu and to a lesser extent were associated with external gamma-ray exposure (2-30%). Associations in the same direction were found for 45 microRNAs. Although both exposures led to modulations of different gene sets in different directions, the authors could detect no differences in gene set enrichment analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Abend
- *Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany; †Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation; ‡Bundeswehr Medical Office, Department IX 1, CBRN Med Defence, Munich, Germany; §Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Integrative Biology Group, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany
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Khokhryakov VV, Khokhryakov VF, Suslova KG, Vostrotin VV, Vvedensky VE, Sokolova AB, Krahenbuhl MP, Birchall A, Miller SC, Schadilov AE, Ephimov AV. Mayak Worker Dosimetry System 2008 (MWDS-2008): assessment of internal dose from measurement results of plutonium activity in urine. HEALTH PHYSICS 2013; 104:366-378. [PMID: 23439140 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e31827dbf60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new modification of the prior human lung compartment plutonium model, Doses-2005, has been described. The modified model was named "Mayak Worker Dosimetry System-2008" (MWDS-2008). In contrast to earlier models developed for workers at the Mayak Production Association (Mayak PA), the new model more correctly describes plutonium biokinetics and metabolism in pulmonary lymph nodes. The MWDS-2008 also provides two sets of doses estimates: one based on bioassay data and the other based on autopsy data, where available. The algorithm of internal dose calculation from autopsy data will be described in a separate paper. Results of comparative analyses of Doses-2005 and MWDS-2008 are provided. Perspectives on the further development of plutonium dosimetry are discussed.
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Breustedt B, Blanchardon E, Bérard P, Fritsch P, Giussani A, Lopez MA, Luciani A, Nosske D, Piechowski J, Schimmelpfeng J, Sérandour AL. The CONRAD approach to biokinetic modeling of DTPA decorporation therapy. HEALTH PHYSICS 2010; 99:547-552. [PMID: 20838097 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e3181bfba02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Diethylene Triamine Pentaacetic Acid (DTPA) is used for decorporation of plutonium because it is known to be able to enhance its urinary excretion for several days after treatment by forming stable Pu-DTPA complexes. The decorporation prevents accumulation in organs and results in a dosimetric benefit, which is difficult to quantify from bioassay data using existing models. The development of a biokinetic model describing the mechanisms of actinide decorporation by administration of DTPA was initiated as a task in the European COordinated Network on RAdiation Dosimetry (CONRAD). The systemic biokinetic model from Leggett et al. and the biokinetic model for DTPA compounds of International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 53 were the starting points. A new model for biokinetics of administered DTPA based on physiological interpretation of 14C-labeled DTPA studies from literature was proposed by the group. Plutonium and DTPA biokinetics were modeled separately. The systems were connected by means of a second order kinetics process describing the chelation process of plutonium atoms and DTPA molecules to Pu-DTPA complexes. It was assumed that chelation only occurs in the blood and in systemic compartment ST0 (representing rapid turnover soft tissues), and that Pu-DTPA complexes and administered forms of DTPA share the same biokinetic behavior. First applications of the CONRAD approach showed that the enhancement of plutonium urinary excretion after administration of DTPA was strongly influenced by the chelation rate constant. Setting it to a high value resulted in a good fit to the observed data. However, the model was not yet satisfactory since the effects of repeated DTPA administration in a short time period cannot be predicted in a realistic way. In order to introduce more physiological knowledge into the model several questions still have to be answered. Further detailed studies of human contamination cases and experimental data will be needed in order to address these issues. The work is now continued within the European Radiation Dosimetry Group, EURADOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Breustedt
- Institute for Radiation Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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10
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Azizova TV, Day RD, Wald N, Muirhead CR, O'Hagan JA, Sumina MV, Belyaeva ZD, Druzhinina MB, Teplyakov II, Semenikhina NG, Stetsenko LA, Grigoryeva ES, Krupenina LN, Vlasenko EV. The "clinic" medical-dosimetric database of Mayak production association workers: structure, characteristics and prospects of utilization. HEALTH PHYSICS 2008; 94:449-58. [PMID: 18403966 DOI: 10.1097/01.hp.0000300757.00912.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To study early (deterministic) and long-term effects of radiation exposure, the "Clinic" medical-dosimetric database for the Mayak Production Association worker cohort has been established at the Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI). This paper describes the principles of organization, structure and prospects of future utilization of this database.
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11
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Vasilenko EK, Khokhryakov VF, Miller SC, Fix JJ, Eckerman K, Choe DO, Gorelov M, Khokhryakov VV, Knyasev V, Krahenbuhl MP, Scherpelz RI, Smetanin M, Suslova K, Vostrotin V. Mayak worker dosimetry study: an overview. HEALTH PHYSICS 2007; 93:190-206. [PMID: 17693770 DOI: 10.1097/01.hp.0000266071.43137.0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The Mayak Production Association (MPA) was the first plutonium production plant in the former Soviet Union. Workers at the MPA were exposed to relatively large internal radiation intakes and external radiation exposures, particularly in the early years of plant operations. This paper describes the updated dosimetry database, "Doses-2005." Doses-2005 represents a significant improvement in the determination of absorbed organ dose from external radiation and plutonium intake for the original cohort of 18,831 Mayak workers. The methods of dose reconstruction of absorbed organ doses from external radiation uses: 1) archive records of measured dose and worker exposure history, 2) measured energy and directional response characteristics of historical Mayak film dosimeters, and 3) calculated dose conversion factors for Mayak Study-defined exposure scenarios using Monte Carlo techniques. The methods of dose reconstruction for plutonium intake uses two revised models developed from empirical data derived from bioassay and autopsy cases and/or updates from prevailing or emerging International Commission on Radiological Protection models. Other sources of potential significant exposure to workers such as medical diagnostic x-rays, ambient onsite external radiation, neutron radiation, intake of airborne effluent, and intake of nuclides other than plutonium were evaluated to determine their impact on the dose estimates.
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12
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Bess JD, Krahenbuhl MP, Miller SC, Slaughter DM, Khokhryakov VV, Khokhryakov VF, Suslova KG, Vostrotin VV. Uncertainties analysis for the plutonium dosimetry model, doses-2005, using Mayak bioassay data. HEALTH PHYSICS 2007; 93:207-19. [PMID: 17693771 DOI: 10.1097/01.hp.0000266741.42070.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The Doses-2005 model is a combination of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) models modified using data from the Mayak Production Association cohort. Surrogate doses from inhaled plutonium can be assigned to approximately 29% of the Mayak workers using their urine bioassay measurements and other history records. The purpose of this study was to quantify and qualify the uncertainties in the estimates for radiation doses calculated with the Doses-2005 model by using Monte Carlo methods and perturbation theory. The average uncertainty in the yearly dose estimates for most organs was approximately 100% regardless of the transportability classification. The relative source of the uncertainties comes from three main sources: 45% from the urine bioassay measurements, 29% from the Doses-2005 model parameters, and 26% from the reference masses for the organs. The most significant reduction in the overall dose uncertainties would result from improved methods in bioassay measurement with additional improvements generated through further model refinement. Additional uncertainties were determined for dose estimates resulting from changes in the transportability classification and the smoking toggle. A comparison was performed to determine the effect of using the model with data from either urine bioassay or autopsy data; no direct correlation could be established. Analysis of the model using autopsy data and incorporation of results from other research efforts that have utilized plutonium ICRP models could improve the Doses-2005 model and reduce the overall uncertainty in the dose estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Bess
- Center for Excellence in Nuclear Technology, Engineering, and Research (CENTER), 50 So. Central Campus Drive, Rm 1206, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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13
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Leggett RW, Eckerman KF, Khokhryakov VF, Suslova KG, Krahenbuhl MP, Miller SC. Mayak worker study: an improved biokinetic model for reconstructing doses from internally deposited plutonium. Radiat Res 2005; 164:111-22. [PMID: 16038582 DOI: 10.1667/rr3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The plutonium production facility known as the Mayak Production Association was put into operation in June 1948. A high incidence of cancer in the Mayak workers has been related to the level of exposure to plutonium, but uncertainties in tissue doses have hampered development of dose-risk relationships. As part of an effort to improve dose estimates for these workers, the systemic biokinetic model for plutonium currently recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has been modified to reflect recently developed data and facilitate interpretation of case-specific information. This paper describes the proposed model and discusses its implications for dose reconstruction for the Mayak workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Leggett
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
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Krahenbuhl MP, Bess JD, Wilde JL, Vostrotin VV, Suslova KG, Khokhryakov VF, Slaughter DM, Miller SC. Uncertainties analysis of doses resulting from chronic inhalation of plutonium at the Mayak production association. HEALTH PHYSICS 2005; 89:33-45. [PMID: 15951690 DOI: 10.1097/01.hp.0000154027.92466.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A method is presented to determine the uncertainties in the reported dose due to incorporated plutonium for the Mayak Worker Cohort. The methodology includes errors generated by both detection methods and modeling methods. To accomplish the task, the method includes classical statistics, Monte Carlo, perturbation, and reliability groupings. Uncertainties are reported in percent of reported dose as a function of total body burden. The cohort was initially sorted into six reliability groups, with "A" being the data set that the investigators are most confident is correct and "G" being the data set with the most ambiguous data. Categories were adjusted based on preliminary calculation of uncertainties using the sorting criteria. Specifically, the impact of transportability (the parameter used to describe the transport of plutonium from the lung to systemic organs) was underestimated, and the structure of the sort was reorganized to reflect the impact of transportability. The finalized categories are designated with Roman numerals I through V, with "I" being the most reliable. Excluding Category V (neither bioassay nor autopsy), the highest uncertainty in lung doses is for individuals from Category IV-which ranged from 90-375% for total body burdens greater than 10 Bq, along with work histories that indicated exposure to more than one transportability class. The smallest estimated uncertainties for lung doses were determined by autopsy. Category I has a 32-38% uncertainty in the lung dose for total body burdens greater than 1 Bq. First, these results provide a further definition and characterization of the cohort and, second, they provide uncertainty estimates for these plutonium exposure categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Krahenbuhl
- University of Utah, 50 So. Central Campus Drive, Rm 1206, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Khokhryakov VF, Suslova KG, Vostrotin VV, Romanov SA, Eckerman KF, Krahenbuhl MP, Miller SC. Adaptation of the ICRP publication 66 respiratory tract model to data on plutonium biokinetics for Mayak workers. HEALTH PHYSICS 2005; 88:125-132. [PMID: 15650587 DOI: 10.1097/01.hp.0000144575.37546.9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The biokinetics of inhaled plutonium were analyzed using compartment models representing their behavior within the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, and in systemic tissues. The processes of aerosol deposition, particle transport, absorption, and formation of a fixed deposit in the respiratory tract were formulated in the framework of the Human Respiratory Tract Model described in ICRP Publication 66. The values of parameters governing absorption and formation of the fixed deposit were established by fitting the model to the observations in 530 autopsy cases. The influence of smoking on mechanical clearance of deposited plutonium activity was considered. The dependence of absorption on the aerosol transportability, as estimated by in vitro methods (dialysis), was demonstrated. The results of this study were compared to those obtained from an earlier model of plutonium behavior in the respiratory tract, which was based on the same set of autopsy data. That model did not address the early phases of respiratory clearance and hence underestimated the committed lung dose by about 25% for plutonium oxides. Little difference in lung dose was found for nitrate forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- V F Khokhryakov
- Southern Ural Biophysics Institute, Ozyorskoe Shosse 19, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia, 456780, USA.
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Gilbert ES, Koshurnikova NA, Sokolnikov ME, Shilnikova NS, Preston DL, Ron E, Okatenko PV, Khokhryakov VF, Vasilenko EK, Miller S, Eckerman K, Romanov SA. Lung cancer in Mayak workers. Radiat Res 2005; 162:505-16. [PMID: 15624305 DOI: 10.1667/rr3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The cohort of nuclear workers at the Mayak Production Association, located in the Russian Federation, is a unique resource for providing information on the health effects of exposure to plutonium as well as the effects of protracted external dose. Lung cancer mortality risks were evaluated in 21,790 Mayak workers, a much larger group than included in previous evaluations of lung cancer risks in this cohort. These analyses, which included 655 lung cancer deaths occurring in the period 1955-2000, were the first to evaluate both excess relative risk (ERR) and excess absolute risk (EAR) models and to give detailed attention to the modifying effects of gender, attained age and age at hire. Lung cancer risks were found to be significantly related to both internal dose to the lung from plutonium and external dose, and risks were described adequately by linear functions. For internal dose, the ERR per gray for females was about four times higher than that for males, whereas the EAR for females was less than half that for males; the ERR showed a strong decline with attained age, whereas the EAR increased with attained age until about age 65 and then decreased. Parallel analyses of lung cancer mortality risks in Mayak workers and Japanese A-bomb survivors were also conducted. Efforts currently under way to improve both internal and external dose estimates, and to develop data on smoking, should result in more accurate risk estimates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Gilbert
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA.
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Hande MP, Azizova TV, Geard CR, Burak LE, Mitchell CR, Khokhryakov VF, Vasilenko EK, Brenner DJ. Past exposure to densely ionizing radiation leaves a unique permanent signature in the genome. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:1162-70. [PMID: 12679897 PMCID: PMC1180269 DOI: 10.1086/375041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2002] [Accepted: 02/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Speculation has long surrounded the question of whether past exposure to ionizing radiation leaves a unique permanent signature in the genome. Intrachromosomal rearrangements or deletions are produced much more efficiently by densely ionizing radiation than by chemical mutagens, x-rays, or endogenous aging processes. Until recently, such stable intrachromosomal aberrations have been very hard to detect, but a new chromosome band painting technique has made their detection practical. We report the detection and quantification of stable intrachromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes of healthy former nuclear-weapons workers who were exposed to plutonium many years ago. Even many years after occupational exposure, more than half the blood cells of the healthy plutonium workers contain large (>6 Mb) intrachromosomal rearrangements. The yield of these aberrations was highly correlated with plutonium dose to the bone marrow. The control groups contained very few such intrachromosomal aberrations. Quantification of this large-scale chromosomal damage in human populations exposed many years earlier will lead to new insights into the mechanisms and risks of cytogenetic damage.
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MESH Headings
- Alpha Particles/adverse effects
- Bone Marrow/radiation effects
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Breakage
- Chromosome Inversion
- Chromosome Painting
- Chromosomes, Human/radiation effects
- Chromosomes, Human/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/radiation effects
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/ultrastructure
- Gamma Rays/adverse effects
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Inhalation Exposure/adverse effects
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Lymphocytes/radiation effects
- Nuclear Reactors
- Occupational Exposure/adverse effects
- Plutonium/adverse effects
- Radiation Dosage
- Radiation, Ionizing
- Reference Values
- Russia
- Time
- Translocation, Genetic
- USSR
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Prakash Hande
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York; and Southern Urals Biophysics Institute and Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Tamara V. Azizova
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York; and Southern Urals Biophysics Institute and Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Charles R. Geard
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York; and Southern Urals Biophysics Institute and Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Ludmilla E. Burak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York; and Southern Urals Biophysics Institute and Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Catherine R. Mitchell
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York; and Southern Urals Biophysics Institute and Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Valentin F. Khokhryakov
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York; and Southern Urals Biophysics Institute and Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny K. Vasilenko
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York; and Southern Urals Biophysics Institute and Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York; and Southern Urals Biophysics Institute and Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia
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