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Gaarde L, Kolstrup S, Bollen P. The effects of post-operative oxygen supply on blood oxygenation and acid-base status in rats anaesthetized with fentanyl/fluanisone and midazolam. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255829. [PMID: 34370776 PMCID: PMC8351956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In anaesthetic practice the risk of hypoxia and arterial blood gas disturbances is evident, as most anaesthetic regimens depress the respiratory function. Hypoxia may be extended during recovery, and for this reason we wished to investigate if oxygen supply during a one hour post-operative period reduced the development of hypoxia and respiratory acidosis in rats anaesthetized with fentanyl/fluanisone and midazolam. Twelve Sprague Dawley rats underwent surgery and were divided in two groups, breathing either 100% oxygen or atmospheric air during a post-operative period. The peripheral blood oxygen saturation and arterial acid-base status were analyzed for differences between the two groups. We found that oxygen supply after surgery prevented hypoxia but did not result in a significant difference in the blood acid-base status. All rats developed respiratory acidosis, which could not be reversed by supplemental oxygen supply. We concluded that oxygen supply improved oxygen saturation and avoided hypoxia but did not have an influence on the acid-base status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander Gaarde
- Department of Cardio-Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Kolstrup
- Biomedical Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Bollen
- Biomedical Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Abstract
This article introduces the basic concepts of intracranial physiology and pressure dynamics. It also includes discussion of signs and symptoms and examination and radiographic findings of patients with acute cerebral herniation as a result of increased as well as decreased intracranial pressure. Current best practices regarding medical and surgical treatments and approaches to management of intracranial hypertension as well as future directions are reviewed. Lastly, there is discussion of some of the implications of critical medical illness (sepsis, liver failure, and renal failure) and treatments thereof on causation or worsening of cerebral edema, intracranial hypertension, and cerebral herniation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Tadevosyan
- Department of Neurology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Beth Israel Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, 41 Mall Road, Burlington, MA 01805, USA.
| | - Joshua Kornbluth
- Department of Neurology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Box#314, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Gagnon DD, Hancock C, McCue A, Beckett-Brown N, Gagnon J, Williams L, Marsh D, Munten S. Muscle cooling modulates tissue oxidative and biochemical responses but not energy metabolism during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1761-1775. [PMID: 32494860 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated whether muscle cooling and its associated effects on skeletal muscle oxidative responses, blood gases, and hormonal concentrations influenced energy metabolism during cycling. METHODS Twelve healthy participants (Males: seven; Females: five) performed two steady-state exercise sessions at 70% of ventilatory threshold on a cycle ergometer. Participants completed one session with pre-exercise leg cooling until muscle temperature (Tm) decreased by 6 °C (LCO), and a separate session without cooling (CON). They exercised until Tm returned to baseline and for an additional 30 min. Cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, hemodynamic variables, and skeletal muscle tissue oxidative responses were assessed continuously. Venous blood samples were collected to assess blood gases, and hormones. RESULTS Heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output all increased across time but were not different between conditions. V̇O2 was greater in LCO when muscle temperature was restored until the end of exercise (p < 0.05). Cycling in the LCO condition induced lower oxygen availability, tissue oxygenation, blood pH, sO2%, and pO2 (p < 0.05). Insulin concentrations were also higher in LCO vs. CON (p < 0.05). Importantly, stoichiometric equations from respiratory gases indicated no differences in fat and CHO oxidation between conditions. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that despite muscle cooling and the associated oxidative and biochemical changes, energy metabolism remained unaltered during cycling. Whether lower local and systemic oxygen availability is counteracted via a cold-induced activation of lipid metabolism pathways needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique D Gagnon
- Laboratory of Environmental Exercise Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Ben Avery Building, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada. .,Center of Research in Occupational Health and Safety, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
| | - Curtis Hancock
- Laboratory of Environmental Exercise Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Ben Avery Building, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.,Center of Research in Occupational Health and Safety, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Alexus McCue
- Laboratory of Environmental Exercise Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Ben Avery Building, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.,Center of Research in Occupational Health and Safety, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas Beckett-Brown
- Laboratory of Environmental Exercise Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Ben Avery Building, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.,Center of Research in Occupational Health and Safety, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Gagnon
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Williams
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - David Marsh
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie Munten
- Laboratory of Environmental Exercise Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Ben Avery Building, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.,Center of Research in Occupational Health and Safety, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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Terman SW, Nicholas KS, Hume B, Silbergleit R. Clinical Practice Variability in Temperature Correction of Arterial Blood Gas Measurements and Outcomes in Hypothermia-Treated Patients After Cardiac Arrest. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2015; 5:135-42. [DOI: 10.1089/ther.2014.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Waller Terman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Katherine S. Nicholas
- Department of Public Health Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Benjamin Hume
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert Silbergleit
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Andrewartha SJ, Cummings KJ, Frappell PB. Acid-base balance in the developing marsupial: from ectotherm to endotherm. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:1210-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00996.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Marsupial joeys are born ectothermic and develop endothermy within their mother's thermally stable pouch. We hypothesized that Tammar wallaby joeys would switch from α-stat to pH-stat regulation during the transition from ectothermy to endothermy. To address this, we compared ventilation (V̇e), metabolic rate (V̇o2), and variables relevant to blood gas and acid-base regulation and oxygen transport including the ventilatory requirements (V̇e/V̇o2 and V̇e/V̇co2), partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2), carbon dioxide (PaCO2), pHa, and oxygen content (CaO2) during progressive hypothermia in ecto- and endothermic Tammar wallabies. We also measured the same variables in the well-studied endotherm, the Sprague-Dawley rat. Hypothermia was induced in unrestrained, unanesthetized joeys and rats by progressively dropping the ambient temperature (Ta). Rats were additionally exposed to helox (80% helium, 20% oxygen) to facilitate heat loss. Respiratory, metabolic, and blood-gas variables were measured over a large body temperature (Tb) range (∼15–16°C in both species). Ectothermic joeys displayed limited thermogenic ability during cooling: after an initial plateau, V̇o2 decreased with the progressive drop in Tb. The Tb of endothermic joeys and rats fell despite V̇o2 nearly doubling with the initiation of cold stress. In all three groups the changes in V̇o2 were met by changes in V̇e, resulting in constant V̇e/V̇o2 and V̇e/V̇co2, blood gases, and pHa. Thus, although thermogenic capability was nearly absent in ectothermic joeys, blood acid-base regulation was similar to endothermic joeys and rats. This suggests that unlike some reptiles, unanesthetized mammals protect arterial blood pH with changing Tb, irrespective of their thermogenic ability and/or stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Andrewartha
- University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; and
| | - Kevin J. Cummings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Peter B. Frappell
- University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; and
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Zanelli S, Buck M, Fairchild K. Physiologic and pharmacologic considerations for hypothermia therapy in neonates. J Perinatol 2011; 31:377-86. [PMID: 21183927 PMCID: PMC3552186 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2010.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
With mounting evidence that hypothermia is neuroprotective in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), an increasing number of centers are offering this therapy. Hypothermia is associated with a wide range of physiologic changes affecting every organ system, and awareness of these effects is essential for optimum patient management. Lowering the core temperature also alters pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of medications commonly used in asphyxiated neonates, necessitating close attention to drug efficacy and side effects. Rewarming introduces additional risks and challenges as the hypothermia-associated physiologic and pharmacologic changes are reversed. In this review we provide an organ system-based assessment of physiologic changes associated with hypothermia. We also summarize evidence from randomized controlled trials showing lack of serious adverse effects of moderate hypothermia therapy in term and near-term newborns with moderate-to-severe HIE. Finally, we review the effects of hypothermia on drug metabolism and clearance based on studies in animal models and human adults, and limited data from neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zanelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - M Buck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA,Department of Pharmacy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - K Fairchild
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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