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Mai L, Huang F, Zhu X, He H, Fan W. Role of Nerve Growth Factor in Orofacial Pain. J Pain Res 2020; 13:1875-1882. [PMID: 32801845 PMCID: PMC7399448 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s250030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some chronic pain conditions in the orofacial region are common and the mechanisms underlying orofacial pain are unresolved. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a member of a family of neurotrophins and regulates the growth, maintenance and development of neurons. Increasing evidence suggests that NGF plays a crucial role in the generation of pain and hyperalgesia in different pain states. This review investigates the role of NGF in orofacial pain and their underlying cellular mechanisms, which may provide essential guidance to drug-discovery programmes. A systemic literature search was conducted in Pubmed focusing on NGF and orofacial pain. Articles were reviewed, and those discussing in vitro studies, animal evidence, clinical course, and possible mechanisms were summarized. We found a hyperalgesic effect of NGF in peripheral sensitization in orofacial pain models. We also summarize the current knowledge regarding NGF-dependent pain mechanism, which is initiated by retrograde transport of the ligand-receptor complex, ensuing transcriptional regulation of many important nociceptor genes involved in nociceptive processing. Phase III trials suggest that anti-NGF drug is endorsed with anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects with good tolerance in a variety of pain conditions, including pain associated with osteoarthritis and chronic lower back pain. Based on the data reviewed herein, NGF is believed to be an important hyperalgesic mediator in orofacial pain. The identification of underlying mechanisms and pathways of orofacial pain opens new frontiers for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Mai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
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Pagella P, Miran S, Neto E, Martin I, Lamghari M, Mitsiadis TA. Human dental pulp stem cells exhibit enhanced properties in comparison to human bone marrow stem cells on neurites outgrowth. FASEB J 2020; 34:5499-5511. [PMID: 32096581 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902482r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity to self-renew and differentiate into specific cell types and are, therefore, key players during tissue repair and regeneration. The use of MSCs for the regeneration of tissues in vivo is increasingly being explored and already constitutes a promising alternative to existing clinical treatments. MSCs also exert paracrine and trophic functions, including the promotion of innervation that plays fundamental roles in regeneration and in restoration of the function of organs. Human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs) and human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) have been used in studies that aimed at the repair and/or regeneration of bone or other tissues of the craniofacial complex. However, the capabilities of hBMSCs and hDPSCs to elicit the growth of specific axons in order to reestablish functional innervation of the healing tissues are not known. Here, we compared the neurotrophic effects of hDPSCs and hBMSCs on trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia neurons using microfluidic organs-on-chips devices. We found that hDPSCs express significantly higher levels of neurotrophins than hBMSCs and consequently neurons cocultured with hDPSCs develop longer axons in the microfluidic co-culture system when compared to neurons cocultured with hBMSCs. Moreover, hDPSCs elicited the formation of extensive axonal networks and established close contacts with neurons, a phenomenon not observed in presence of hBMSCs. Taken together, these findings indicate that hDPSCs constitute a superior option for restoring the functionality of damaged craniofacial tissues, as they are able to support and promote extensive trigeminal innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierfrancesco Pagella
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shayee Miran
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Estrela Neto
- i3S, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Meriem Lamghari
- i3S, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Thimios A Mitsiadis
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mitsiadis TA, Pagella P. Expression of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), TrkA, and p75(NTR) in Developing Human Fetal Teeth. Front Physiol 2016; 7:338. [PMID: 27536251 PMCID: PMC4972002 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is important for the development and the differentiation of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. NGF binds to specific low- and high-affinity cell surface receptors, respectively, p75NTR and TrkA. In the present study, we examined by immunohistochemistry the expression patterns of the NGF, p75NTR, and TrkA proteins during human fetal tooth development, in order to better understand the mode of NGF signaling action in dental tissues. The results obtained show that these molecules are expressed in a wide range of dental cells of both epithelial and mesenchymal origin during early stages of odontogenesis, as well as in nerve fibers that surround the developing tooth germs. At more advanced developmental stages, NGF and TrkA are localized in differentiated cells with secretory capacities such as preameloblasts/ameloblasts secreting enamel matrix and odontoblasts secreting dentine matrix. In contrast, p75NTR expression is absent from these secretory cells and restricted in proliferating cells of the dental epithelium. The temporospatial distribution of NGF and p75NTR in fetal human teeth is similar, but not identical, with that observed previously in the developing rodent teeth, thus indicating that the genetic information is well-conserved during evolution. The expression patterns of NGF, p75NTR, and TrkA during odontogenesis suggest regulatory roles for NGF signaling in proliferation and differentiation of epithelial and mesenchymal cells, as well as in attraction and sprouting of nerve fibers within dental tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimios A Mitsiadis
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Center for Dentistry (ZZM), University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierfrancesco Pagella
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Center for Dentistry (ZZM), University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
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Tooth injury increases expression of the cold sensitive TRP channel TRPA1 in trigeminal neurons. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:1604-9. [PMID: 21783172 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, a family of structurally related proteins have been implicated in the sensation of pain and hyperalgesia caused by exogenous and endogenous agonists, as well as touch, pH, and temperature. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of tooth injury on the expression of the cold sensitive channel TRPA1, in the trigeminal ganglion, the primary source of sensory and nociceptive innervation of teeth. DESIGN We analyzed TRPA1 expression in a rodent model of tooth injury, by Western blot analyses of proteins extracted from trigeminal ganglia. RESULTS We found that TRPA1 was selectively increased in trigeminal ganglia innervating injured teeth when compared to TRPA1 expression in trigeminal ganglia innervating healthy teeth. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the first evidence of increased expression of a cold-sensitive TRP channel in trigeminal ganglia after pulp exposure, and are consistent with the possibility that increased expression and function of TRPA1 in trigeminal neurons contributes to hyperalgesia and allodynia following tooth injury.
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Dong Y, Wang XM, Liu HC, Widmalm SE. The effect of experimental occlusal interferences on nerve growth factor levels in periodontal tissues. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:988-94. [PMID: 20869040 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that experimental occlusal interferences increase the nerve growth factor (NGF) levels in periodontal tissues and cause an up-regulation of preprotachykinin-A (PPTA) mRNA. BACKGROUND NGF is related to hyperalgesia and inflammation. PPTA mRNA, a primer of substance P, is a possible factor in the aetiology of pain. METHODS Experimental interferences were created by placing inlays in the right maxillary molars of 15 dogs. The right side molars formed the experimental group. The left side molars served as controls. Three dogs with cavities prepared without changing the occlusion formed a sham group. The dogs in the first group were sacrificed, 3 at each time, after 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days. The sham group was sacrificed after 14 days. The levels of NGF in periodontal tissues and PPTA mRNA in the trigeminal ganglions were detected by ELISA and TR-PCR. Comparisons were made with paired t-tests and a multivariate MANOVA test. RESULTS On all measurement days, there were higher levels of NGF mRNA, PPTA mRNA, and NGF on the experimental than on the control side in 14 of 15 comparisons and in the sham group. NGF production in periodontium was time-dependent. No differences in NGF protein levels were observed between the control and the sham groups. CONCLUSION The results which need confirmation in further tests are of clinical interest. They indicate that occlusal experimental interferences may be an etiologic factor in oral facial pain by increasing mRNA and NGF protein levels in the periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dong
- Department of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, 88, Jiefang Road, Hang zhou, China.
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O’Hara AH, Sampson WJ, Dreyer CW, Pierce AM, Ferguson IA. Immunohistochemical detection of nerve growth factor and its receptors in the rat periodontal ligament during tooth movement. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:871-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yang H, Bernanke JM, Naftel JP. Immunocytochemical evidence that most sensory neurons of the rat molar pulp express receptors for both glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 51:69-78. [PMID: 16444814 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Most pulpal afferent neurons have cytochemical features in common with the class of nociceptors that express neuropeptides and respond to NGF, while very few bind the plant lectin IB4, a widely used marker for the class of nociceptors that respond to the GDNF family of neurotrophic factors. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the GDNF receptor, GFRalpha-1, is expressed by pulpal afferents, and, further, to determine whether tooth injury evokes changes in expression of the GDNF and NGF receptors among pulpal afferents. The tracer, fluoro-gold (FG), was applied to shallow cavities in dentin of first and second maxillary molars. After 4 weeks, the molars of one side received a test injury consisting of a deeper cavity that exposed pulp horns. Animals were perfusion fixed 2 days later, and sections of the trigeminal ganglia were double immunostained with combinations of antibodies against GFRalpha-1, and TrkA. Under control conditions, GFRalpha-1 immunostaining was observed in 72% of neurons that projected to the molar pulp, TrkA in 78%, and immunostaining for both receptors was observed in 65% of pulpal afferents. Tooth injury evoked up-regulation of GFRalpha-1 expression (to 93%) and a slight down-regulation of TrkA expression (67%) among tooth afferents, while there was no discernable change in the proportion of pulpal afferents that expressed both TrkA and GFRalpha-1 (to 61%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Department of Anatomy, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 39216, USA
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of single and multiple dentinal lesions on the dental pulps of rats. 3H-proline was used to measure pulpal reactionary dentin deposition, and 3H-thymidine was used to measure pulpal cell proliferation by radioautography. Data were compared by factorial analysis of variance and a post-hoc Tukey test. A significant increase in radiolabeled collagenous proteins within reactionary dentin and pulpal cell labeling indices were evident coincident to single dentinal injuries, compared with controls (p < 0.001). After double injuries, the radiolabeled collagenous proteins within reactionary dentin and the pulpal labeling indices remained significantly greater than in controls (p < 0.01); however, each was significantly less than after single injuries (p < 0.05). These data suggest that pulpal cell proliferation and collagenous protein deposition into reactionary dentin are decreased subsequent to a previous dentinal injury. Thus, the healing potential of the dental pulp could be decreased by recent tooth cavity preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Johnson
- Department of Periodontics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Dentistry, Jackson, Mississippi 39216-4505, USA.
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Abstract
The wound healing process following tissue injury consists of a highly regulated sequence of events. Besides many biological activities on both neuronal and nonneuronal cells, nerve growth factor (NGF) has been proposed as an important component of wound healing and tissue repair process in vivo and in vitro. For example, NGF accelerates the rate of wound healing both in normal mice and healing-impaired diabetic mice, and has a potent pharmacological effect in the treatment for ulcer of the skin and cornea in humans. This review summarizes the evidence for the role of NGF in wound healing and tissue repair, and introduces its clinical utility as a therapeutic agent for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kawamoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Behnia A, Zhang L, Charles M, Gold MS. Changes in TrkB-like immunoreactivity in rat trigeminal ganglion after tooth injury. J Endod 2003; 29:135-40. [PMID: 12597715 DOI: 10.1097/00004770-200302000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the impact of tooth injury on the distribution of tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) among trigeminal ganglion neurons and assess the time course for tooth injury-induced TrkB distribution changes. In addition, we sought to further characterize the subpopulation of the afferents expressing TrkB receptors. Fifteen adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Pulpal inflammation was induced and ganglia were subsequently harvested and processed at different time points. Standard immunohistochemical fluorescence techniques were used to visualize TrkB-like immunoreactivity and isolectin B4 binding. Results indicate that full-length TrkB receptors are present in 36.6% of trigeminal ganglion neurons. This percentage decreases for the first 48 h and then increases to 41% by 7 days after tooth injury. Finally, TrkB appears to be present in a large percentage (54%) of isolectin B4+ neurons, suggesting that it is present in nociceptive afferents. These data highlight the fact that even mild injury results in sustained changes in nociceptive circuitry and raise the possibility that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB system may contribute to persistent pain after tooth repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Behnia
- Department of Endodontics, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, Dental School, The University of Maryland, 21201-1586, USA
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