Influence of hypertension on cardiac contractile response of human erythrocyte-derived depressing factor in ventricular myocytes

Experimental vasoprotection by a novel erythrocyte-derived depressing factor in rats with arterial calcinosis

Erythrocyte-derived depressing factor (EDDF) shows significant protective effects on blood vessels from hypertensive rats, by regulating vascular reactivity, calcium homeostasis, DNA synthesis, and cell cycle progression in vascular smooth muscles (VSMCs). Arteries from hypertensive and aging people have high levels of accumulated calcium. However, in the life span of experimental animals commonly used, arterial calcium content does not reach cytotoxic levels observed in human. An overdose of vitamin D(3) results in a rapid arterial calcium overload. Using rats with arterial calcinosis and age- and gender-matched Wistar controls, we investigated whether EDDF has beneficial effect on blood vessels from animals with arterial calcinosis. Blood vessel functions were impaired in rats with arterial calcinosis, as indicated by decreased Ca(2+)-ATPase activity, increased vasoconstrictor responses to alpha1 adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine and increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Arterial calcium overload also impaired the morphological integrity of VSMCs. EDDF restored the abovementioned abnormalities caused by arterial calcinosis, and inhibited cell cycle progression of VSMCs induced by angiotensin II. In conclusion, EDDF may protect blood vessels from animals with arterial calcinosis, which is mediated by regulating calcium homeostasis, vascular reactivity and cell cycle progression as well as by improving morphological integrity of VSMCs.

Protective role of a novel erythrocyte-derived depressing factor on blood vessels of renovascular hypertensive rats

1. We have isolated a novel human erythrocyte-derived depressing factor (EDDF) that has a significant antihypertensive effect in various rat models of hypertension. The aim of the present study was to examine the mechanisms of action of EDDF on vascular function in two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) renovascular hypertensive rats. 2. The EDDF was prepared from human erythrocytes. Experiments were performed in 18 male Wistar rats. The vascular ring perfusion assay and a two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscope (TMP) were used to evaluate the vascular contractile response. The effects of EDDF on phenylephrine (PE)- and noradrenaline (NA)-induced vascular contraction were evaluated in 2K1C hypertensive rats. The proliferation and DNA synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) were determined using the [3H]-TdR (thymidine) incorporation and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2 thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Flow cytometry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blots were used to measure cell cycle and apoptotic profiles, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A expression and the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2, as well as the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4. 3. At 10(-5) g/mL, EDDF significantly decreased the PE- and NA-induced hypertensive vascular contraction. In addition, EDDF inhibited DNA synthesis in primary VSMC from 2K1C rats. The mRNA expression of PDGF-A in VSMC was twofold higher in 2K1C rats compared with control rats, whereas EDDF significantly inhibited the increment in PDGF-A mRNA expression. In addition, EDDF inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and decreased the expression of cyclin D1 and CDK4; p21 (Cip1) levels were increased after treatment with EDDF. 4. In conclusion, EDDF inhibits VSMC proliferation in 2K1C rats through G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. The effects may be mediated, in part, by enhanced expression of p21 (Cip1) and the inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and the expression of cyclin D1/CDK4 and PDGF-A.