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Xu X, Ye W, Chen H, Liu M, Jiang W, Fang Z. Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase intron 4a/b gene polymorphisms and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:300060520979230. [PMID: 34851752 PMCID: PMC8669264 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520979230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted meta-analysis of relevant case-control trials to determine the association between endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) intron 4a/b gene polymorphisms and hypertension susceptibility. METHODS We searched the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases using relevant keywords and reviewed pertinent literature sources. All articles published up to July 2019 were considered for inclusion. Based on the qualified studies, we performed a meta-analysis of the associations between eNOS intron 4a/b polymorphisms and the risk of hypertension. RESULTS Fourteen studies were included in this meta-analysis, including 3344 cases and 3377 controls. The eNOS intron 4a/b locus was significantly associated with increased susceptibility to hypertension (including essential hypertension) in the overall population, according to dominant, allelic, homozygote, heterozygote, and regressive models, in the mixed population according to the regressive model, and in Caucasians according to the dominant, allelic, heterozygote, and regressive models. The eNOS intron 4a/b locus was also significantly associated with increased susceptibility to essential hypertension in the mixed population according to the heterozygote model. CONCLUSION eNOS intron 4a/b gene polymorphisms increase susceptibility to hypertension, including essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiru Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Woruo Ye
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanqing Chen
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute of Hypertension, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weimin Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuyuan Fang
- Institute of Hypertension, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Aparicio-Siegmund S, Garbers Y, Flynn CM, Waetzig GH, Gouni-Berthold I, Krone W, Berthold HK, Laudes M, Rose-John S, Garbers C. The IL-6-neutralizing sIL-6R-sgp130 buffer system is disturbed in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E411-E420. [PMID: 31237452 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00166.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) are increased in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). IL-6 exerts its pleiotropic effects via the IL-6 α-receptor (IL-6R), which exists in membrane-bound and soluble (sIL-6R) forms and activates cells via the β-receptor glycoprotein 130 (gp130). The nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2228145 (Asp358Ala) within the IL6R locus is associated with T2D. The aim of this study was to determine whether sIL-6R in combination with soluble gp130 (sgp130) is able to form an IL-6-neutralizing buffer in healthy subjects and whether this is disturbed in T2D. We found that sIL-6R-sgp130 indeed forms an IL-6-neutralizing buffer in the serum of healthy humans, whose capacity is controlled by the SNP of the IL-6R. Circulating sIL-6R-sgp130 levels were lower in T2D subjects (P < 0.001), whereas IL-6 was high and inversely correlated with sIL-6R (r = -0.57, P < 0.001), indicating a severe disturbance of the buffer. This phenomenon is also observed in sex- and age-matched patients with both T2D and atherosclerosis but not in patients with atherosclerosis alone. In conclusion, sIL-6R and sgp130 serum levels were significantly lower in T2D patients compared with healthy subjects or atherosclerosis patients, although IL-6 levels were high. These data suggest that disturbance of the protective buffer may be closely associated with T2D pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ioanna Gouni-Berthold
- Polyclinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Krone
- Polyclinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiner K Berthold
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Bethel Clinic, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Association between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-2 gene Pro12Ala polymorphisms and risk of hypertension: an updated meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190022. [PMID: 30777927 PMCID: PMC6393226 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies investigate the relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-2 (PPAR) gene Pro12Ala polymorphisms and risk of hypertension. However, the number of available studies was extremely limited. We updated this evidence and gave more significant results. We performed comprehensive computer-based searches in the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar, the Cochrane library, Wanfang database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and China Biological Medicine Database. All studies that reported the association between the PPARγ2Pro12Ala polymorphisms and hypertension were identified. Twenty-one studies were finally included in the present study. In the domain model, the PPARγ1Pro12Ala polymorphism was not associated with hypertension (odds ratio (OR) = 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.71-1.03, P=0.108). The significant relationship was found in the recessive model (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.53-0.85), in the additive model (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.48-0.77), and in the allele genetic model (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.66-0.99). Subgroup analysis indicated that the PPARγ1Pro12Ala polymorphism from the all gene models was also not related to the risk of hypertension in Caucasians. In Asians, however, the results (P=0.002; I2 = 57.6%) suggested a significant relationship between PPARγ1Pro12Ala and hypertension in the domain model (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65-0.99), in the recessive model (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.44-0.75), in the additive model (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.39-0.66), and in the allele model (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.60-0.94). The PPARγ1Pro12Ala polymorphism could affect the risk of primary hypertension amongst Asians. The A allele gene was a protective genotype for primary hypertension. The PPARγ1Pro12Ala polymorphism was not associated with hypertension amongst Caucasians.
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Quantitative evaluation of PPAR-γ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism with hypertension. Herz 2017; 43:719-727. [PMID: 28920998 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-017-4618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2)Pro12Ala polymorphism has been reported to be associated with hypertension. However, relevant studies have shown inconsistent results. METHODS To quantitatively evaluate the relationship between the PPARγ2Pro12Ala polymorphism and hypertension risk, we conducted a meta-analysis based on all available studies selected from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases. RESULTS In all, 13 studies were finally included in this meta-analysis. In the allelic model (Ala vs. Pro), the Ala allele of PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism was associated with hypertension (Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.723, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.607-0.861). Sensitivity analysis and exclusion of studies with poor quality scores or controls complicated by other diseases confirmed the validity of this association. Moreover, the PPARγ2Pro12Ala polymorphism was associated with hypertension in the codominant (OR = 0.710, 95% CI = 0.626-0.806), recessive (OR = 0.561, 95% CI = 0.418-0.754), and dominant (OR = 0.693, 95% CI = 0.577-0.833) models. CONCLUSION The Ala allele appears to have a protective effect against hypertension and a dominant function.
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Cai G, Zhang X, Weng W, Shi G, Xue S, Zhang B. Associations between PPARG polymorphisms and the risk of essential hypertension. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181644. [PMID: 28727849 PMCID: PMC5519177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) plays an important role in the pathogenesis and maintenance of essential hypertension (EH). It has been suggested that polymorphisms of PPARG are associated with the risk of EH. However, findings to date remain controversial. To elucidate the associations between the PPARG Pro12Ala and C161T polymorphisms and EH risk, a meta-analysis was carried out. Methods A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, CNKI (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure), VIP and Wanfang databases was conducted. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to estimate the size of the effect using the random-effects model. At the same time, the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI was used for the meta-analysis of the PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism and blood pressure. Results Finally, Fifteen papers (seventeen studies) including 4,151 cases and 4,997 controls to evaluate the association of the PPARGPro12Ala polymorphism and EH risk, were included in this study. Overall, the results suggested that Ala allele was associated with the decreased EH risk (for allelic model, OR = 0.757, 95%CI: 0.624–0.918, P = 0.005; for dominant model, OR = 0.771, 95%CI: 0.627–0.946, P = 0.013). The subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity showed that the significant association between the PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism and EH was only detected in the Asian subgroup. There was no difference in blood pressure values between Ala carriers and non-carriers. For the C161T polymorphism, only 5 studies comprising 1,118 cases and 1,357 controls met the inclusion criteria. The overall results showed that the PPARG C161T polymorphism was not associated with the risk of EH. But in the subgroup analysis, we found that the PPARG C161T polymorphism significantly associated with the risk of EH in the Asian subgroup (for allelic model, OR = 0.719, 95% CI: 0.537–0.963, P = 0.027; for dominant model, OR = 0.653, 95% CI: 0.439–0.972, P = 0.036). Conclusion Our meta-analysis suggested that the PPARG polymorphisms might be associated with the risk of EH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xinyong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Huai’an second people’s hospital, the affiliated Huai’an hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weijin Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ganwei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sheliang Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bifeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
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Uyar M, Sezer S, Ozdemir FN, Kulah E, Arat Z, Atac FB, Haberal M. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphism influences renal allograft outcome. Clin Transplant 2013; 28:223-8. [PMID: 24372826 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerotic lesions within the graft are considered to be a major cause of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA). We evaluated the factors that influence the development of IF/TA and three- and five-yr graft survival including nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and angiotensin II type 1 and type 2 receptor gene polymorphism. METHODS Seventy-one male and 35 female patients (age: 34.9 ± 11.2 yr) who underwent living-related renal transplantation were included. Angiotensin type 1 and type 2 receptor gene polymorphisms and eNOS intron 4 gene polymorphism were analyzed. The pre- and post-transplant laboratory data, patient characteristics, acute rejection episodes, and presence of IF/TA were evaluated. RESULTS Patients with the bb allele of eNOS gene had a lower prevalence of post-transplant third year (12.6% and 38.5%, p = 0.005) and fifth year IF/TA (46.6% and 82.3%, p = 0.02) and a lower incidence of five-yr graft failure (35.4% and 55.6%, p < 0.005). The eNOS gene polymorphism was independent and was the most prominent factor associated with third and fifth year IF/TA (p = 0.01, RR: 29.72, and p = 0.03, RR: 4.1, respectively). No significant relationship existed when angiotensin II gene polymorphisms were considered. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that recipient eNOS gene polymorphism can predict IF/TA, and the presence of the bb allele is associated with better graft outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murathan Uyar
- Department of Nephrology, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Selenium and hypertension: do we need to reconsider selenium supplementation in cancer patients? J Hypertens 2013; 31:1050-2. [PMID: 23552030 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32835efecb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Influence of serum selenium concentrations on hypertension: the Lipid Analytic Cologne cross-sectional study. J Hypertens 2012; 30:1328-35. [PMID: 22573120 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32835414df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Selenium is an antioxidant micronutrient with potential associations with hypertension. Few studies have investigated the association of serum selenium concentrations with blood pressure and hypertension in countries with low dietary selenium intake such as Germany, with inconsistent findings. METHODS We undertook a cross-sectional analysis of participants in the Lipid Analytic Cologne (LIANCO) cohort. To reduce potential confounding, we restricted the analysis to 792 participants who were never smokers, who did not use antihypertensive medications, and who did not have diabetes or known atherosclerotic disease. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure at least 140 and/or at least 90 mmHg. About half of the cohort was diagnosed as hypertensive. Selenium was measured by inductively coupled plasma-dynamic reaction cell-mass spectrometry (ICP-DRC-MS). RESULTS Mean ± standard deviation (SD) serum selenium concentration was 68 ± 32 μg/l. The multivariable adjusted differences (95% confidence intervals) in blood pressure levels comparing the highest (>91.9 μg/l) to the lowest (≤ 42.8 μg/l) quartile of serum selenium were 5.2 (1.4 to 8.9), 2.8 (0.7 to 4.8), and 2.4 (-0.4 to 5.2) mmHg for systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure, respectively (P for trend for all <0.003). The corresponding multivariable adjusted odds ratio for the presence of hypertension was 1.52 (0.98 to 2.36; P trend = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that even in a population with very low serum selenium concentrations higher serum selenium concentrations are associated with higher blood pressure levels and a higher prevalence of hypertension. These findings call for careful evaluation of the effects of selenium on blood pressure endpoints in randomized clinical trials.
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Wang Y, Liu C. Quantitative evaluation of common polymorphism (rs1801282) in the PPARγ2 gene and hypertension susceptibility. Gene 2012; 502:159-62. [PMID: 22561695 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Berthold HK, Laudes M, Krone W, Gouni-Berthold I. Association between the interleukin-6 promoter polymorphism -174G/C and serum lipoprotein(a) concentrations in humans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24719. [PMID: 21935443 PMCID: PMC3173458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor antagonist tocilizumab has been shown to lower serum Lp(a) concentrations. We investigated whether the IL-6 single nucleotide polymorphism -174G/C is associated with baseline serum Lp(a) concentrations. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We divided 2321 subjects from the Lipid Analytic Cologne (LIANCO) cohort into 2 groups, the ones with substantially elevated Lp(a), defined as concentrations ≥60 mg/dl (n = 510), and the ones with Lp(a) <60 mg/dl (n = 1811). The association with the genotypes GG (33.7%), GC (50.75%) and CC (15.55%) was investigated. The GC and the CC genotype were associated with a significantly increased odds ratio of having substantially elevated Lp(a) concentrations (OR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.63, P = 0.02 and OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.93, P = 0.018). These associations remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, smoking behavior, body mass index, serum lipoproteins, hypertension and diabetes. Of these covariates, only LDL cholesterol was significantly and independently associated with elevated Lp(a) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The IL-6 single nucleotide polymorphism -174G/C is associated with increased odds of having elevated Lp(a). Whether this association plays a role in the Lp(a)-lowering effects of IL-6 receptor antagonists remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner K Berthold
- Research Group on Geriatrics, Evangelical Geriatrics Center Berlin (EGZB), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Niu W, Qi Y. An updated meta-analysis of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene: three well-characterized polymorphisms with hypertension. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24266. [PMID: 21912683 PMCID: PMC3166328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous individually underpowered association studies have been conducted on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) genetic variants across different ethnic populations, however, the results are often irreproducible. We therefore aimed to meta-analyze three eNOS widely-evaluated polymorphisms, G894T (rs1799983) in exon 7, 4b/a in intron 4, and T−786C (rs2070744) in promoter region, in association with hypertension from both English and Chinese publications, while addressing between-study heterogeneity and publication bias. Methods Data were analyzed using Stata software (version 11.0), and random-effects model was applied irrespective of between-study heterogeneity, which was evaluated by subgroup and meta-regression analyses. Publication bias was weighed using the Egger's test and funnel plot. Results There were total 19284/26003 cases/controls for G894T, and 6890/6858 for 4b/a, and 5346/6392 for T−786C polymorphism. Overall comparison of allele 894T with 894G in all study populations yielded a 16% increased risk for hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.07–1.27; P = 0.001), and particularly a 32% increased risk (95% CI: 1.16–1.52; P<0.0005) in Asians and a 40% increased risk (95% CI: 1.19–1.65; P<0.0005) in Chinese. Further subgroup analyses suggested that published languages accounted for the heterogeneity for G894T polymorphism. The overall OR of allele 4a versus 4b was 1.29 (95% CI: 1.13–1.46; P<0.0005) in all study populations, and this estimate was potentiated in Asians (OR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.16–1.72; P<0.0005). For T−786C, ethnicity-stratified analyses suggested a significantly increased risk for −786C allele (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.06–1.47; P = 0.007) and −786CC genotype (OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.20–2.38; P = 0.003) in Whites. As an aside, the aforementioned risk estimates reached significance after Bonferroni correction. Finally, meta-regression analysis on other study-level covariates failed to provide any significance for all polymorphisms. Conclusion We, via a comprehensive meta-analysis, ascertained the role of eNOS G894T and 4b/a polymorphisms on hypertension in Asians, and T−786C polymorphism in Whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenquan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics at Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (WN); (YQ)
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WN); (YQ)
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Jguirim-Souissi I, Jelassi A, Hrira Y, Najah M, Slimani A, Addad F, Hassine M, Hamda KB, Maatouk F, Rouis M, Slimane MN. +294T/C polymorphism in the PPAR-delta gene is associated with risk of coronary artery disease in normolipidemic Tunisians. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2010; 9:1326-33. [PMID: 20645257 DOI: 10.4238/vol9-3gmr831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-delta) is a transcription factor implicated in metabolism and inflammation. The +294T/C polymorphism in the PPAR-delta gene is associated with risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in dyslipidemic women and hypercholesterolemic men. Whether this polymorphism influences the risk of CAD in the absence of dyslipidemia was not known, so we investigated a possible association of this polymorphism with plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels and with risk and outcome of CAD in a normolipidemic Tunisian population. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP in 112 CAD patients and 113 healthy volunteers. The C-allele was significantly more frequent in patients than in controls (0.320 vs 0.189, P = 0.001). This association remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Subjects carrying either one or two copies of the C-allele had a 2.7-fold higher risk of CAD than subjects homozygous for the T-allele. PPAR-delta genotypes were not associated with lipoprotein concentrations or outcome of CAD. We conclude that PPAR-delta +294T/C polymorphism is an independent risk factor of CAD in normolipidemic Tunisian subjects. The lack of association with lipoprotein concentrations suggests that the effect of the polymorphism on CAD is not mediated through lipoprotein levels in this population and that it may influence the atherosclerotic process through mechanisms involving inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jguirim-Souissi
- Research Unit: Genetic and Biologic Factors of Atherosclerosis, Faculty of Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia.
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Gao L, Wang L, Yun H, Su L, Su X. Association of the PPARγ2 gene Pro12Ala variant with primary hypertension and metabolic lipid disorders in Han Chinese of Inner Mongolia. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2010; 9:1312-1320. [DOI: 10.4238/vol9-3gmr833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
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Influence of ghrelin gene polymorphisms on hypertension and atherosclerotic disease. Hypertens Res 2009; 33:155-60. [PMID: 20010782 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2009.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is involved in several metabolic and cardiovascular processes. Recent evidence suggests its involvement in blood pressure regulation and hypertension. The aim of the study was to determine associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of the ghrelin gene (GHRL) with hypertension and atherosclerotic disease. Six GHRL SNPs (rs27647, rs26802, rs34911341, rs696217, rs4684677 and a -473G/A (with no assigned rsID)) were investigated in a sample of 1143 hypertensive subjects and 1489 controls of Caucasian origin. Both single-locus and haplotype association analyses were performed. In single-locus analyses, only the non-synonymous rs34911341 was associated with hypertension (odds ratio (OR)=1.95 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26-3.02), P=0.003). Six common haplotypes with frequency >1% were inferred from the studied GHRL SNPs, and their frequency distribution was significantly different between hypertensive subjects and controls (chi(2)=12.96 with 5 d.f. (degree of freedom), P=0.024). The effect of rs26802 was found to be significantly (P=0.017) modulated by other GHRL SNPs, as its C allele conferred either an increased risk (OR=1.30 (1.08-1.57), P=0.005) or a decreased risk (OR=0.50 (0.23-1.06), P=0.07) of hypertension according to the two different haplotypes on which it can be found. No association of GHRL SNPs or haplotypes with atherosclerotic disease was observed. In conclusion, we observed statistical evidence for association between GHRL SNPs and risk of hypertension.
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma polymorphisms and coronary heart disease. PPAR Res 2009; 2009:543746. [PMID: 20016803 PMCID: PMC2792957 DOI: 10.1155/2009/543746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG) gene have been associated with cardiovascular risk factors, particularly obesity and diabetes. We assessed the relationship between 4 PPARG SNPs (C-681G, C-689T, Pro12Ala, and C1431T) and coronary heart disease (CHD) in the PRIME (249 cases/494 controls, only men) and ADVANCE (1,076 cases/805 controls, men or women) studies. In PRIME, homozygote individuals for the minor allele of the PPARG C-689T, Pro12Ala, and C1431T SNPs tended to have a higher risk of CHD than homozygote individuals for the frequent allele (adjusted OR [95% CI] = 3.43 [0.96–12.27], P = .058, 3.41 [0.95–12.22], P = .060 and 5.10 [0.99–26.37], P = .050, resp.). No such association could be detected in ADVANCE. Haplotype distributions were similar in cases and control in both studies. A meta-analysis on the Pro12Ala SNP, based on our data and 11 other published association studies (6,898 CHD cases/11,287 controls), revealed that there was no evidence for a significant association under the dominant model (OR = 0.99
[0.92–1.07], P = .82). However, there was a borderline association under the recessive model (OR = 1.29 [0.99–1.67], P = .06) that became significant when considering men only (OR = 1.73 [1.20–2.48], P = .003). In conclusion, the PPARG Ala12Ala genotype might be associated with a higher CHD risk in men but further confirmation studies are needed.
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Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is an important transcription factor regulating adipocyte differentiation, lipid and glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity. Numerous genetic mutations of PPARγ have been identified and these mutations positively or negatively regulate insulin sensitivity. Among these, a relatively common polymorphism of PPARγ, Pro12Ala of PPARγ2, the isoform expressed only in adipose tissue has been shown to be associated with lower body mass index, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and resistance to the risk of type 2 diabetes in human subjects carrying this mutation. Subsequent studies in different ethnic populations, however, have revealed conflicting results, suggesting a complex interaction between the PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism and environmental factors such as the ratio of dietary unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids and/or between the PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism and genetic factors such as polymorphic mutations in other genes. In addition, this polymorphic mutation in PPARγ2 is associated with other aspects of human diseases, including cancers, polycystic ovary syndrome, Alzheimer disease and aging. This review will highlight findings from recent studies.
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Lu Z, Dong B, Mo X, Chen T, Wu H, Zhang Y, Xiao H. Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPAR γ 2 associated with essential hypertension in Chinese nonagenarians/centenarians. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43:1108-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2008.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 08/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Pereira TV, Rudnicki M, Cheung BMY, Baum L, Yamada Y, Oliveira PSL, Pereira AC, Krieger JE. Three endothelial nitric oxide (NOS3) gene polymorphisms in hypertensive and normotensive individuals: meta-analysis of 53 studies reveals evidence of publication bias. J Hypertens 2007; 25:1763-74. [PMID: 17762636 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3281de740d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the relationship between endothelial nitric oxide (NOS3) gene variants and hypertension have been conflicting. To explore this hypothesis further, we performed a meta-analysis and re-evaluated the relationship between the three most widely studied NOS3 polymorphisms and hypertension status and blood pressure levels. METHODS Data on 40,413 subjects from 53 studies were combined in five distinct meta-analyses, and heterogeneity and publication bias were explored. RESULTS Heterogeneity was observed in all meta-analyses. By a random-effects model, carriers of the four 27-basepair repeat variable number of tandem repeats in intron 4 were associated with a 28% increase in the risk of hypertension compared with those homozygous for the 5 repeat: odds ratio (OR) 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-1.47, P=0.001. In Asian individuals, Asp allele carriers displayed a similar association: OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.06-1.54, P=0.01, as well as a 2 mmHg increase in both systolic (P=0.04) and diastolic (P=0.009) blood pressure levels. Furthermore, meta-regression analysis indicated that the effect of the Glu298Asp genotype on the risk of hypertension might be dependent on total cholesterol status. No effect of the T-786C variant on hypertension was detected. There was evidence that such findings might be a result of selectively reporting/publishing positive reports. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that current data on the relationship between NOS3 variants and hypertension are subject not only to important heterogeneity but also to publication bias. Future research should preferentially focus on gene-environment interactions as well as haplotype analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago V Pereira
- Heart Institute (InCor), São Paulo University Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Zintzaras E, Kitsios G, Stefanidis I. Endothelial NO synthase gene polymorphisms and hypertension: a meta-analysis. Hypertension 2006; 48:700-10. [PMID: 16940230 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000238124.91161.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies investigated the association between endothelial NO synthase gene polymorphisms and hypertension-reported contradicted or nonconclusive results. A meta-analysis of 35 genetic association studies that examined the relation between hypertension and the G894T, 4a/b, T786C, and G23T polymorphisms of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene was carried out. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity and potential sources of heterogeneity and bias were explored. The meta-analysis included genotype data on 7779/10 498, 2216/3222, 2491/3913, and 833/587 cases/controls for G894T, 4b/a, T786C, and G23T, respectively. For the 4b/a polymorphism, overall, the heterogeneity between studies was not significant (P=0.82), and the allele b was associated with a 15% decreased risk of hypertension relative to allele a (odds ratio: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.98). Overall and in whites, the recessive model for allele b produced significant results (odds ratios: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.68 to 0.90 and OR: 0.76 95% CI: 0.62 to 0.92, respectively), whereas the dominant model produced nonsignificant results. In studies involved East Asians and blacks, an association was not demonstrated. Regarding the G894T, T768C, and G23T polymorphisms, in no case (ie, overall, in whites, or in East Asians) was a statistically significant association and heterogeneity found. There was no substantial source of bias in the selected studies. In conclusion, there is evidence of association only between 4b/a polymorphism and hypertension; however, studies exploring combinations of the polymorphisms may help us better understand the genetics of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Zintzaras
- Department of Biomathematics, University of Thessaly School of Medicine, Papakyriazi 22, 41222 Larissa, Greece.
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Taylor BC, Schreiner PJ, Zmuda JM, Li J, Moffett SP, Beck TJ, Cummings SR, Lee JM, Walker K, Ensrud KE. Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase genotypes with bone mineral density, bone loss, hip structure, and risk of fracture in older women: the SOF study. Bone 2006; 39:174-80. [PMID: 16503213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important bone-signaling molecule. We examined the associations between the Glu298Asp polymorphism of NOS3, indices of bone strength, and the incidence of fracture among 6691 women aged 65 years and older enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Calcaneal BMD was measured at an initial exam and after an average of 5.9 years of follow-up. Hip BMD was measured at an initial exam and after 3.7 years of follow-up. Baseline spine BMD and hip structural parameters were measured. Incident hip fractures were confirmed by review of radiographic reports; follow-up was greater than 98% complete. Incident vertebral fractures were defined by morphometry using lateral spine radiography at baseline and an average of 3.7 years later. The frequencies of the NOS3 Glu298Asp genotypes were Glu/Glu=46.2%, Glu/Asp=42.7%, and Asp/Asp=11.1%. There were no significant associations between NOS3 genotypes and initial calcaneal BMD, hip BMD, or rate of change in hip or calcaneal BMD. None of the hip structural parameters differed substantially by genotype. NOS3 genotype was not significantly associated with either incident or prevalent radiographic vertebral fractures. Women with the heterozygous Glu/Asp genotype had a borderline statistically significantly lower rate of hip fracture than either the Glu/Glu genotype (HR=0.87, 95% CI: 0.74, 1.01) or the Asp/Asp genotype (HR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.62, 0.98). In conclusion, the Glu298Asp polymorphism does not contribute substantially or consistently to indices of bone strength in this sample of older white women, although our findings suggest allelic variation at the NOS3 locus maybe associated with hip fracture risk. Confirmation of these findings is needed in other populations and with additional markers within and flanking the NOS3 gene region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent C Taylor
- Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research (152/2E), Minneapolis VA Medical Center, and Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Sandrim VC, de Syllos RWC, Lisboa HRK, Tres GS, Tanus-Santos JE. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase haplotypes affect the susceptibility to hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 2006; 189:241-6. [PMID: 16427644 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HT) commonly coexist. While endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) haplotypes have been associated with HT, it is unknown whether eNOS genotypes/haplotypes are associated with altered susceptibility to HT in patients with T2DM. We studied the distribution of three eNOS genetic polymorphisms: a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region (T(-786)C), in exon 7 (Glu298Asp), and a variable number of tandem repeats in intron 4(b/a). Genotypes were determined for 102 healthy controls, 119 patients with HT, 66 patients with T2DM, and 113 patients with T2DM+HT. In addition, we also compared the distribution of eNOS haplotypes in the four groups of subjects. No differences were found in genotype and allele distribution among the four groups. Conversely, the haplotypes "C Glu b" and "C Asp b" were, respectively, more and less common in healthy controls than in HT or in T2DM+HT groups (24% versus 6% and 5%, respectively; both P<0.00625; and 8% versus 18% and 18%, respectively; both P<0.00625). Moreover, DM patients presented an overall distribution of eNOS haplotypes that was not different from healthy controls (P>0.05). Additionally, the haplotypes "C Glu b" and "C Asp b" were, respectively, more and less common in T2DM group than in T2DM+HT group (19% versus 5%; and 7% versus 18%, respectively; both P<0.00625). Our findings suggest a protective effect for eNOS haplotype "C Glu b" against the development of hypertension, and that haplotype "C Asp b" increases the susceptibility to hypertension in patients without or with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria C Sandrim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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