The Essex-Lopresti reduction for calcaneal fractures revisited

Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) in Surgery: Evaluation after Minimally Invasive Reduction and Percutaneous K-Wires Fixation for Intra-Articular Calcaneal Fractures

Background: The optimal surgical treatment of intra-articular calcaneal fractures (IACF) is still under debate. In the literature, results are based on clinical or radiographical findings. Few studies have evaluated the effect of patient expectations on patient-reported outcomes after surgery and little is known about outcomes directly reported by the patient who experienced it. Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) may represent a viable and useful tool for evaluating the efficacy of the procedure and can be considered as an indicators of health-care quality. The aim of this study is to evaluate PROMs after minimally invasive reduction and percutaneous Kirschner-wires fixation for IACF, and to compare PROMs to pre-operative and last follow-up radiographic findings. Methods: 33 consecutive patients with IACF treated with minimally invasive reduction and percutaneous K-wires fixation were included. Data collection included demographics, pre-operative and last available Böhler and Gissane angle X-rays, foot function index (FFI), and foot and ankle outcome score (FAOS). Results: At a mean follow up of 36.7 months, the mean FFI score was 24.3 ± 19.9 and the mean FAOS score was 68 ± 24.8. Patients with better Gissane angle showed better activity limitations FFI subscores. Moreover, worse pre-operative Gissane and Böhler angle were significantly associated with a worse total FAOS score and subscores. Conclusions: Minimally invasive reduction and percutaneous K-wires fixation provided satisfactory PROMs. Despite these results, prospective randomized studies are required to confirm the validity and reliability of PROMs in evaluating different treatments.

Novel Technique for the Treatment of a Tongue-Type Calcaneal Fracture in the Setting of Chronic Osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis of the calcaneus combined with a pathologic fracture is a rare and difficult presentation for any practicing foot and ankle surgeon. Treatment for achieving an aseptic nonunion involves a variety of steps, including surgical debridement, antibiotic administration, and fracture stabilization. In this case series, we report a novel technique for the treatment of a tongue-type calcaneal fracture in the setting of chronic osteomyelitis using the Biomet JuggerLoc bone-to-bone system for fixation.

A Development of the Essex-Lopresti Maneuver: Minimally Invasive Reduction and Fixation of Tongue-Type Calcaneal Fractures via a Single Incision

Tongue-type calcaneal fractures are a subset of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures. A reduction maneuver for this fracture pattern was described by Essex-Lopresti. The aim of this article is to describe a modification of this technique that allows reduction and fixation of tongue-type calcaneal fractures via a single, minimally invasive incision. We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing fixation utilizing this technique at our institution. We identified 13 fractures in 12 patients with a median follow-up of 12 months. Median Böhler angle was 3.5° preoperatively and 26.5° at final follow-up. The median AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) hindfoot score was 78. There were no complications or further surgeries in this series. We believe that reduction and fixation of tongue-type calcaneal fractures using this minimally invasive technique is safe and reliable and avoids the potential soft tissue problems of fixation with more extensive incisions.Levels of Clinical Evidence: Level IV.

Novel Technique for Osteosynthesis of Tongue-Type Calcaneus Fractures in Osteoporotic Bone: A Case Report

CASE

A 75-year-old woman with osteoporosis sustained a low-energy mechanism tongue-type calcaneus fracture. Index surgical fixation with conventionally described cannulated screws was complicated by early screw pull-out despite concomitant Achilles lengthening procedure. Using a novel technique, revision fixation was performed using a 5.0-mm condyle bolt from a retrograde femoral nail system and 2 cannulated screws. She recovered uneventfully and demonstrated union at 7 months postoperatively.

CONCLUSION

Osteosynthesis of tongue-type calcaneus fractures using a condyle bolt can be a practical and readily available solution for primary and revision scenarios in osteoporotic tongue-type calcaneus fractures.

Percutaneous Reduction and Hollow Screw Fixation Versus Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Treating Displaced Intra-Articular Calcaneal Fractures

BACKGROUND We investigated the outcomes of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures (DIACFs) treated by percutaneous reduction and hollow screw fixation (PRHCF) versus open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy-one patients were randomly allocated to group A (by PRHCF) and group B (by ORIF). Operative time, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, time from injury to operation, postoperative hospital stay, preoperative and postoperative radiographic measurements, and complications were recorded. Functional outcomes were assessed using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores. RESULTS Finally, 59 patients were followed up for at least 12 months (range, 12-24 months). Group A showed significantly more advantages than group B in term of operative time, intraoperative blood loss, time to operation, postoperative hospital stay, and postoperative pain relief during the first 3 days (P<0.001). However, more intraoperative fluoroscopy was required in group A than in group B (P<0.001). The calcaneal width, height, length, Böhler angle, and Gissane angle in each group were significantly improved postoperatively (all P<0.001), although not significantly different in the postoperative comparisons between both groups. The AOFAS scores were slightly superior in group A than in group B (88.3 vs. 86.4, P=0.08). The rate of incidence of postoperative complications was lower in group A than in group B (3.2% vs. 10.8%, respectively; OR, 0.28, 95% CI, 0.03 to 2.84), although there was no significant difference (P=0.337). CONCLUSIONS PRHCF showed comparable clinical and radiological outcomes as ORIF, demonstrating it is a safe and effective alternative in treating DIACFs.

Early Complications Following Articular Calcaneus Fracture Repair: Evaluation of Open Versus Percutaneous Techniques

Objectives:

To assess complications and secondary operations in patients treated with either open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) versus percutaneous fixation of displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures.

Design:

Retrospective comparative study.

Setting:

Level 1 trauma center.

Patients/Participants:

Ninety-three adult patients with 111 fractures treated by a single orthopaedic traumatologist between 2001 and 2014.

Intervention:

ORIF through an extensile lateral approach or percutaneous reduction and internal fixation.

Main Outcome Measurements:

Wound-healing complications, infections, posttraumatic arthrosis (PTOA), and secondary procedures.

Results:

Fifty patients with 58 fractures underwent ORIF, and 43 patients with 53 fractures had percutaneous fixation. Mean age was 43 years, and 80% were male. Open fractures and two-part fractures were more often treated percutaneously (26% vs 8%, P = 0.03) and (49% vs 31%, P = 0.02), respectively. Patients undergoing percutaneous fixation were more often tobacco users (58% vs 36%, P = 0.04) and with history of alcohol and other substance abuse. Twenty-seven patients (29%) had 28 complications, including 21% with PTOA, with no differences based on type of treatment. Six patients had secondary procedures, with no difference based on type of treatment. Patients with open fractures (P = 0.001) or tobacco abuse (P = 0.005) were more likely to experience complications.

Conclusions:

No differences in complication rates were found for ORIF versus percutaneous fixation. Regardless of fixation technique, patients with open fractures or history of tobacco abuse were more likely to develop complications. Percutaneous reduction and fixation represents an alternative to extensile ORIF in terms of similar early and late complications, particularly in high risk patients.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level III

Percutaneous Fixation of Calcaneal Tuberosity Avulsion Fracture

There are little data published regarding percutaneous fixation of calcaneal tuberosity avulsion fractures, but tongue-type calcaneal fracture literature can be extrapolated to these injuries because they can be considered the extra-articular form of a tongue-type calcaneus fracture. Both injuries involve similar considerations regarding skin compromise and need for urgent management with similar percutaneous techniques to minimize further soft-tissue injury. Percutaneous fixation of tongue-type calcaneus fractures was first reported by Weshues and Gissane in their description of the Essex Lopresti maneuver as an alternative to open approaches to minimize the risk of soft-tissue complications and flap necrosis and provide a means of improving reductions in smokers and diabetics who may not otherwise be good operative candidates.

Hindfoot Injuries: How to Avoid Posttraumatic Varus Deformity?

Posttraumatic hindfoot varus may result from nonoperative treatment or inadequate reduction and fixation of talar and calcaneal fractures. Adequate visualization of the talar neck via bilateral approaches is essential in avoiding malreduction. In cases of medial comminution of the talar neck, lag screws must be avoided and the use of single or double plates should be considered. A Schanz screw introduced into the calcaneal tuberosity is instrumental in realigning shortening, varus, or valgus deformity of the heel. Special attention should be paid to addressing impaction of the medial facet of both the talus and calcaneus to avoid hindfoot varus.

Role of Subtalar Arthroscopy for Displaced Intra-Articular Calcaneal Fractures

Subtalar arthroscopy has an important role in enhancing the reduction of the posterior facet in percutaneous and open approaches of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. In the percutaneous approach, arthroscopically assistant percutaneous approach must be selected carefully for mild-to-moderately displaced fractures. In the open approach, there is still little evidence of the utility of subtalar arthroscopy. Therefore, intraoperative arthroscopy should always be used in conjunction with fluoroscopy to achieve reduction and assess the internal fixation placement.

COMPARISON OF THREE OPTIONS FOR TREATMENT OF CALCANEAL FRACTURE

Until now the problem of selecting a conservative or operative treatment option for calcaneal fractures and moreover the choice of the most optimal surgical procedure for such lesions have not been solved. Thus, comparative studies in this area is one of the most important tasks of the modern traumatology. Purpose of the study — to compare treatment outcomes, pattern and complications rate following the use of three treatment options for calcaneal fractures. Material and Methods. The authors analyzed treatment outcomes of 95 patients from 2013 till 2016. Mean age of patients was 39.04±12.51 years. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1 consisted of 41 patients with 54 fractures who underwent functional conservative treatment; group 2 consisted of 18 patients with 22 fractures treated by open reduction and plate fixation; group 3 consisted of 36 patients with 40 fractures treated by minimally invasive reduction and intramedullary fixation. Groups did not differ in respect of risk factors rate and rate of surgical risks under ABCDEF scale. Outcomes were evaluated basing on roentgenological criteria of reduction, complications rate and the functional scales FFI (Foot Function Index) and LEFS (Lower Extremity Functional Score). Results. Mean follow up was 20.8±9.0 months. Catamnesis was controlled in 68 out of 95 patients (71.6%). Variances were observed for all criteria of reduction quality between group 1 (no reduction) and groups 2 and 3. Groups 2 and 3 demonstrated similar criteria in respect of reduction quality of posterior articular surface, restoration of height and axis of calcaneus (р0.05). FFI and LEFS scores in group 1 were inferior to results in groups 2 and 3 (р0.05) at 6 and 12 months follow up. At 24 months follow up the variances persisted for mean values but were not statistically significant (р0.05). No differences between groups 2 and 3 were observed during all follow up terms (р0.05). Sum rate of complications in wound healing in group 2 was significantly higher than in groups 1 and 3 (р = 0.033). Conclusion. Any of the described options of surgical treatment resulted in an earlier functional restoration after calcaneal fractures as compared to conservative treatment. Reduction quality and late functional outcomes did not vary between the study groups, however, the rate of complications for wound healing in the group with open internal fixation was higher.

Traumatic Injury to the Subtalar Joint

Traumatic injury to the subtalar joint occurs during subtalar dislocations, talar and calcaneal fractures, and fracture-dislocations. After closed reduction of subtalar dislocations, peripheral talar or calcaneal fractures need to be ruled out by computed tomography scanning. In fractures and fracture-dislocations of the talus and calcaneus involving the subtalar joint, anatomic reconstruction of joint congruity is essential for functional rehabilitation. Failure to anatomically reduce the subtalar joint potentially leads to chronic instability, subtalar arthritis and posttraumatic hindfoot deformity. Despite adequate management, subtalar arthritis may develop as a result of primary cartilage damage at the time of injury.

Fixation Methods for Calcaneus Fractures: A Systematic Review of Biomechanical Studies Using Cadaver Specimens

Calcaneal fractures are notoriously difficult to treat and wound complications occur often. However, owing to the rare nature of these fractures, clinical trials on this subject are lacking. Thus, biomechanical studies form a viable source of information on this subject. With our systematic review of biomechanical studies, we aimed to provide an overview of all the techniques available and guide clinicians in their choice of method of fracture fixation. A literature search was conducted using 3 online databases to find biomechanical studies investigating methods of fixation for calcaneal fractures. A total of 14 studies investigating 237 specimens were identified. Large diversity was found in the tested fixation methods and in the test setups used. None of the studies found a significant difference in favor of any of the fixation methods. All tested methods provided a biomechanically stable fixation. All the investigated methods of fixation for calcaneal fractures seem to be biomechanically sufficient. No clear benefit was found for locking plates in the fixation of calcaneal fractures; however, a subtle mechanical superiority might exist compared with nonlocking plates in the case of fractures in osteoporotic bone. Several of the techniques tested would be suitable for a minimal invasive approach. These should be investigated further in clinical trials.

Pathoanatomy of the Tongue-Type Calcaneus Fracture: Assessment Using 2- and 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography

OBJECTIVE

To define the pathoanatomy of the tongue-type calcaneus fracture and assess the appropriateness of percutaneous techniques in addressing all planes of deformity in this injury.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort.

SETTING

ACS Level I trauma center.

PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS

Fifty-six displaced Sanders 2B and 2C tongue-type calcaneus fractures identified from an initial cohort of 1118 calcaneus fractures treated over a 16-year period.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS

We reviewed cross-sectional imaging and documented the presence of a varus/valgus (coronal plane) or adduction/abduction (axial plane) position of the tongue fragment in relation to the intact posterior facet, with greater than 10 degrees of angulation being diagnostic of displacement.

RESULTS

When assessing for displacement and angulation in the coronal plane, 98% of tongue fragments were either in a position of valgus (77%) or neutral (21%), with a mean valgus angulation of 17.3 degrees. In the axial plane, 98% of tongue pieces were in a position of adduction (64%) or neutral (34%), with an average angulation into adduction of 15.0 degrees. Sanders 2B fractures were more likely to be in a position of valgus and adduction than those of 2C fractures.

DISCUSSION

The tongue-type calcaneus fracture most often displaces into a position of plantarflexion, valgus, and adduction. Knowledge of this deformity may aid in achieving successful closed reduction when using the Essex-Lopresti maneuver or other less invasive techniques.

Role of Subtalar Arthroscopy in Operative Treatment of Sanders Type 2 Calcaneal Fractures Using a Sinus Tarsi Approach

BACKGROUND

This study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of subtalar arthroscopy in the operative treatment of Sanders type 2 calcaneus fractures using a sinus tarsi approach.

METHODS

Forty-six Sanders type 2 calcaneal fractures were consecutively treated using a sinus tarsi approach. Intraoperative fluoroscopy was used to evaluate fracture reduction in the first 23 patients (fluoroscopy group), and intraoperative fluoroscopy and subtalar arthroscopy were used in the latter 23 patients (arthroscopy group). Clinical evaluations were performed using a visual analog scale, the Ankle-Hindfoot Scale developed by the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society, and Short Form Health Survey. Radiographic evaluations were performed using calcaneal and lateral radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans. Böhler's angles and calcaneal widths were compared between the groups. Reduction of the posterior facet was graded according to articular step, defect, and angulation of the posterior facet on CT.

RESULTS

At the last follow-up, clinical results as well as Böhler's angles and calcaneal widths were not different between the groups. On immediately postoperative CT, reduction of the posterior facet showed a higher-than-good grade in 17 feet (73.9%) in the fluoroscopy group and a higher-than-good grade in 22 feet (95.7%) in the arthroscopy group, and these values were significantly different between the groups ( P = .04).

CONCLUSION

A combined approach using fluoroscopy and subtalar arthroscopy showed better reduction of the posterior facet on CT than using fluoroscopy alone. Therefore, subtalar arthroscopy could be a useful method for detecting joint incongruence when using the sinus tarsi approach for Sanders type 2 calcaneal fractures.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III, comparative series.

Optimum Screw Configuration for the Fixation of Sanders Type IIC Tongue-Type Fractures? A Biomechanical Study

BACKGROUND

The minimally invasive technique (percutaneous screw fixation) is one of the options for treating tongue-type IIC fractures successfully. The aim of this study was to assess the biomechanics of four different screw configurations used for the fixation of tongue-type IIC calcaneal fractures.

METHODS

Identical osteotomies, recapitulating a type IIC injury, were created in synthetic calcaneus specimens using a saw. The specimens were randomly assigned to one of the four fixation groups (n = 7 per group): two divergent screws, two parallel screws, two parallel screws plus one screw axially oriented toward the sustentaculum tali, and three parallel screws. A load test was performed on all of the groups, and the specimens were then tested using offset axial loading until 2, 4, and 5 mm of fracture displacement occurred.

RESULTS

Mean force values for the three-parallel screw construct at 2-, 4-, and 5-mm fracture displacements were found to be significantly higher compared with those for the other groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of a three-parallel screw construct seems to provide more stability in the treatment of tongue-type IIC fractures.

Displaced Intra-articular Calcaneal Fractures: Classification and Treatment

The calcaneus is the most commonly fractured tarsal bone. Displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures are usually caused by a fall from height with one or both heels directly hitting the ground. Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures are complex and highly disabling injuries. There is ongoing debate regarding the optimal treatment for each type of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture. This review aims to summarize the classification of, various treatment options for, prevention of perioperative complications in, and management algorithms for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. [Orthopedics. 2017; 40(6):e921-e929.].

Outcome evaluation of minimally invasive surgery versus extensile lateral approach in management of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: A randomised control trial

BACKGROUND

Minimally invasive surgery has a significant and evolving role in the treatment of DIACFs, but there is limited literature on this topic.

OBJECTIVES

To compare the clinico-radiological outcomes of DIACFs fixed with MIS technique with ORIF.

METHODS

This randomised control trial (RCT) included 21 closed Sanders type 2 and 3 DIACFs which were selected from 70 who presented. Extensile lateral approach was used in the ORIF group; while MIS techniques included either percutaneous reduction or small incisions with indirect fragment manipulation.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT

AOFAS hindfoot score, pre-operative and postoperative radiology.

RESULTS

There were 9 fractures in the Extensile group and 12 in the MIS group, with both groups having comparable demography, fracture classification, surgery delay & initial radiology. Bohler's angle improved after surgery by an average of 18.44 with ORIF and 14.67 with MIS (p=0.28). Mean AOFAS in the MIS group was 82.58 (66.67% good and 33.33% fair) and was 89.56 (44.44% excellent, 55.56% good, 0 fair/poor) with ORIF (p=0.034). Two patients who underwent ORIF had a major complication (one deep infection and Sural nerve injury each) while none in the MIS group.

CONCLUSIONS

MIS methods minimized soft tissue complications and achieved comparable radiological reductions but clinical outcomes were poorer, with percutaneous methods having the worst outcomes.

The outcome of super-cutaneous locked plate fixation with percutaneous reduction of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures

INTRODUCTION

Supercutaneous (external) fixation with locking plate is utilized for fixation of long bone fractures. One retrospective study for open reduction and supercutaneous fixation of the calcaneus is reported. We prospectively evaluated the use of this method of fixation combined with percutaneous reduction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between January 2014 and June 2015, 32 displaced calcaneus fractures in 30 patients were stabilized with percutaneous reduction and super-cutaneous fixation. They were 24 males and six females. The mean age was 37.9±5.7 years (21-55). All cases were closed. The time to surgery, complications, radiographic alignment, and time to radiographic union were recorded. Clinical results at the final follow-up were assessed by evaluating Bohler's angles for the radiographic alignment, and the system of the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) for the functional outcome.

RESULTS

According to the Sanders' classification, two cases were type II, 17 cases were type III and 13 cases were type IV. The preoperative average Bohler's angle was 10.57°±4.8. The postoperative X-ray films demonstrated that the average Bohler's angle improved to 29.07°±5.9 (p<0.001). At the time of radiologic healing (about 3 months), the plates and screws were removed under general anesthesia. The average follow-up was 13.2 months (11-18). Four cases (type IV) showed mal-union and heel pain. According to (AOFAS) rating, the fine score was 87.1±17.1 points.

CONCLUSION

Super-cutaneous fixation with percutaneous reduction of calcaneal fracture is an effective method in type II and III and can be effective with type IV but with less favorable results.

[New techniques in the operative treatment of calcaneal fractures]

The ideal treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures is still controversially discussed. Because of the variable fracture patterns and the vulnerable soft tissue coverage an individual treatment concept is advisable. In order to minimize wound edge necrosis associated with extended lateral approaches, selected fractures may be treated percutaneously or in a less invasive manner while controlling joint reduction via a sinus tarsi approach. Fixation in these cases is achieved with screws, intramedullary locking nails or modified plates that are slid in subcutaneously. A thorough knowledge of the three dimensional calcaneal anatomy and open reduction maneuvers is a prerequisite for good results with less invasive techniques. Early functional follow-up treatment aims at early rehabilitation independent of the kind of fixation. Peripheral fractures of the talus and calcaneus frequently result from subluxation and dislocation at the subtalar and Chopart joints. They are still regularly overlooked and result in painful arthritis if left untreated. If an exact anatomical reduction of these intra-articular fractures is impossible, resection of small fragments is indicated.

Surgical Treatment of Sanders Type 2 Calcaneal Fractures Using a Sinus Tarsi Approach

BACKGROUND

Calcaneum is the most commonly fractured tarsal bone. The optimal treatment for displaced calcaneus fractures involving the posterior facet is surgical. The extensile lateral approach is commonly preferred because it provides sufficient exposure of the subtalar facet. However, this technique has the risk of complications such as wound necrosis and sural nerve injury. Various minimally invasive approaches, such as sinus tarsi approach, limited posterior approach, and percutaneous approach, have been introduced to reduce possible complications. This study was prospectively performed to evaluate the results of the sinus tarsi approach for Sanders Type 2 calcaneal fractures using postoperative computed tomography (CT).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between October 2012 and December 2013, 20 Sanders Type 2 calcaneal fractures were consecutively treated using a sinus tarsi approach and checked using CT preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and at 12 months after surgery. Clinical evaluations were performed using the visual analog scale (VAS) and the ankle-hindfoot score developed by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS). Radiographic evaluations were performed using calcaneus lateral and axial radiographs, hindfoot alignment radiograph, and CT. Changes in Böhler's angles and calcaneal widths were evaluated both preoperatively and at last followup. Reduction of the posterior facet was graded according to articular step, defect, and angulation of the posterior facet in CT.

RESULTS

VAS and AOFAS scores were significantly improved at 1 year after surgery but did not improve further. Böhler's angles and calcaneal widths were significantly improved after surgery. Böhler's angle was significantly smaller at the last followup than immediately after surgery, whereas calcaneal width was maintained. Reduction of the posterior facet was graded excellent in five feet (25%), good in ten (50%), and fair in five (25%) on immediately postoperative CT. Two feet (10%) had transient sural nerve injury which resolved within 3 months. Five feet (20%) had subfibular pain due to a prominent screw heads.

CONCLUSION

Surgical management using a sinus tarsi approach produced good clinical and radiographic results and low wound complications for Sanders type 2 calcaneal fractures. It is important to have stable fixation and to achieve sufficient reduction of calcaneal width for the prevention of loss of reduction and lateral subfibular impingement.

Minimally-invasive treatment of calcaneal fractures: A review of the literature and our experience

The optimal treatment of calcaneal fractures (CF) is currently controversial and is still under debate. It is well established that conservative treatment of these fractures is associated with poor results. Several surgical techniques are described in the literature; however, there is no consensus on which of these is more effective. The main goals of surgery are to restore the subtalar joint congruence, and calcaneal width, height, shape and alignment, thus avoiding medial and lateral impingement and enabling the patient to resume a normal lifestyle. ORIF is the most popular technique for these fractures, but it is associated with high rates of wound complications, hardware failure and infections. Several minimally-invasive techniques have been developed recently for the treatment of CF, with the common aim to be as simple, effective and inexpensive as possible and to reduce surgical times, complications and length of hospital stay.

Spontaneous calcaneal fracture in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: Four cases report and review of literature

Spontaneous calcaneal fractures in diabetic patients without obvious trauma may occur, sometimes accompanying diabetic foot ulcers. In the current study we report four cases who were hospitalized for diabetic foot ulcer with concomitant calcaneal fractures. There were four diabetic patients (one type 1 and three type 2) who registered with diabetic foot ulcers with coexisting calcaneal fractures, all of which were classified as Type A according to Essex Lopresti Calcaneal Fracture Classification. Two of the patients with renal failure were in a routine dialysis program, as well as vascular compromise and osteomyelitis in all of the patients. The diabetic foot ulcer of the 61 years old osteoporotic female patient healed with local debridement, vacuum assisted closure and then epidermal growth factor while the calcaneal fracture was then followed by elastic bandage. In two patients could not prevent progression of diabetic foot ulcers and calcaneal fractures to consequent below-knee amputation. The only patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus improved with antibiotic therapy and split thickness skin grafting, while the calcaneal fracture did not heal. In the current study we aimed to emphasize the spontaneous calcaneal fractures as possible co-existing pathologies in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. After all the medical treatment, amputation below knee had to be performed in 2 patients. It should be noted that other accompanying conditions such as impaired peripheral circulation, osteomyelitis, chronic renal failure, and maybe osteoporosis is a challenge of the recovery of calcaneal fractures and accelerate the progress to amputation in diabetic patients.

The use of percutaneous joystick reduction and limited open reduction techniques in pediatric femoral shaft fractures: a study of 63 cases

Our study aimed to compare the effectiveness and clinical outcomes of percutaneous joystick reduction and limited open reduction for flexible intramedullary nailing in the treatment of pediatric femoral shaft fractures. A total of 63 pediatric femoral shaft fractures were studied: 35 fractures were treated with percutaneous fixation using the K-wire pin as a joystick (group A), whereas 28 fractures were treated with limited open reduction (group B). Clinical and radiographic data at the final follow-up were compared between the surgical groups. Their duration of X-ray exposure, postoperative weight-bearing time, healing time, Harris score, and Hospital for Special Surgery score at the last follow-up did not differ statistically. However, the blood loss, operative time, duration of hospital stay, and postoperative pain at the incision site were considerably lower in group A than in group B. Three and two patients from group A and group B, respectively, reported skin irritation, whereas one patient from group B developed infection. Seven patients in group A and eight patients in group B showed some extremity overgrowth (<2 cm) and no redisplacement or delayed union of fracture, iatrogenic vessel and nerve injury, or osteofascial compartment syndrome was reported in any of the groups. Therefore, we conclude that percutaneous joystick reduction may effectively be used for flexible intramedullary nailing in the treatment of pediatric femoral shaft fractures.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III, retrospective comparative study.

Irreducible tongue-type calcaneal fracture due to interposition of flexor hallucis longus

We present a rare case of interposition of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon blocking percutaneous closed reduction of a displaced tongue-type calcaneal fracture, and necessitating open repositioning of the tendon and internal fixation through a single extensile lateral approach. Although not recognized until during surgery, with a high index of suspicion, preoperative diagnosis of this injury combination should be possible on high resolution CT, thus enabling better planning of the procedure. The presence of a small sustentacular fragment, especially if markedly displaced or rotated, should further alert the physician as to increased likelihood of such tendon entrapment within the fracture. In the literature, fracture fixation and extrication of the FHL tendon have been performed via either or both lateral and medial approaches. A medial approach may prove necessary when there is severe displacement or rotation of the sustentacular fragment. Arthroscopically assisted surgery may aid in disengaging the tendon from within the fracture site.

Corrective Osteotomies for Malunited Extra-Articular Calcaneal Fractures

The most effective way to treat calcaneal malunions is avoidance. With any articular fracture, progressive arthrosis and dysfunction are common. By restoring the anatomy initially through reduction, late reconstructive options become less complicated. Numerous studies have shown that restoration of the anatomic alignment either through percutaneous or open techniques is effective. In patients with no or minimal articular degeneration, extrarticular joint-sparing procedures can be performed. This represents a small select group who may benefit from simple osteotomy procedures with associated soft tissue reconstruction, if needed.

Effectiveness of MIS technique as a treatment modality for open intra-articular calcaneal fractures: A prospective evaluation with matched closed fractures treated by conventional technique

Twenty-five displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures in 21 patients, aged 15-55 years were included in this study. Sanders' type I fractures, severe crushing or partial amputation, were excluded from the study. Patients were divided into group 1 (open fractures treated by MIS), and group 2 (closed fractures treated by ORIF). Group 1 had 16 and group 2 had 9 cases. Seven of 25 fractures (28%) developed wound related issues postoperatively. One patient (11.1%) in group 2 had wound margin necrosis, while 6 patients (37.5%) in group 1 developed pin tract and/or wound infection. At 1-year follow-up, the mean MFS for group 1 was 79 and mean MFS for group 2 was 84.4 (66.67% were good). The AOFAS score for group 1 was 77.37 and for group 2 was 86.1. The Bohlers' angle was restored in 81.16% cases in group 1 and 88.8% in group 2, while Gissane angle was restored in 68.75% of group 1 cases and 77.79% of group 2 cases. This study shows that acceptable fracture reduction can be obtained and maintained by MIS technique and it can be used as the primary definitive treatment option in open calcaneal fractures.

Open surgical management of high energy ipsilateral fractures of the fibula and calcaneus

BACKGROUND

Simultaneous ipsilateral fractures of the calcaneus and fibula are the result of high-energy injuries. Open surgical treatment of both fractures can be performed with incisions based on the described blood supply of the lower extremity.

METHODS

A retrospective review for all patients with ipsilateral fractures of the calcaneus and fibula was performed over an eight-year period. Thirty-eight patients were identified. Eleven patients (28.9%) were treated with open reduction and internal fixation through two separate incisions. Average follow-up was 48.8 weeks.

RESULTS

Two patients (18.1%) required a secondary procedure. Three patients (27.2%) developed incisional cellulitis that resolved with oral antibiotics and one patient required local wound care. All fractures united.

CONCLUSIONS

Ipsilateral fractures of the calcaneus and fibula require open reduction and internal fixation when closed or percutaneous treatment is not appropriate. We describe an operative approach based on the angiosomes of the lower extremity that allows for treatment of these complex injuries and report the associated complications.

Comparison of two surgical approaches for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: sinus tarsi versus extensile lateral approach

Background

Two common surgical approaches included the sinus tarsi and extensile lateral are used for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. However, few studies have compared outcome of treated by the two approaches. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcome between these two approaches for Sanders type-II and type-III fractures.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study was performed from 2004 to 2011. Open reduction and internal fixation using the sinus tarsi and extensile lateral approach was studied in 100 cases (40 sinus tarsi and 60 extensile lateral) with displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. All patients were evaluated both clinically and radiologically.

Results

Median Böhler and Gissane angle were improved to 26.5 degree (4.6 to 45), 115.5 degree (101.2 to 127.4) in the sinus tarsi group and 25.3 degree (3.7 to 44.6), 119.0 degree (73.5 to 145.6) in extensile lateral group at the final follow-up, respectively. Median calcaneal height, length, and width in the sinus tarsi and extensile lateral groups showed improvement to 45.1 mm (23.2 to 54.1), 75.9 mm (64.9 to 90.3), 37.6 mm (29.2 to 53.9) and 46.5 mm (32.7 to 59.5), 76.1 mm (67.3 to 97.9), 39.3 mm (29.2 to 47.8) at the final follow-up, respectively. Median AOFAS score was checked to 90 points (76 to 94) in the sinus tarsi group and 86 points (76 to 94) in the extensile lateral group at the final follow-up. No significant differences in clinical and radiologic outcomes were observed between the two groups. However, wound complication rate (13.3%) in the extensile lateral group was significantly higher compared to the sinus tarsi group (p-value = 0.022).

Conclusions

The final clinical and radiographic outcomes between the two approaches for Sanders type-II and type-III intra-articular calcaneal fractures were comparable and equally successful. The selective sinus tarsi approach appears to be an effective and reliable method for the treatment of Sanders type-II and type-III fractures.

Management of intraarticular calcaneal fractures by minimally invasive sinus tarsi approach-early results

ABSTRACT

The operative treatment of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures has been a controversial topic. Soft tissue conditions and concomitant disease must be considered in these patients. The minimally invasive sinus tarsi approach is a valid therapeutic solution that guarantees stability, anatomic reduction of the fracture and soft tissue preservation. Twenty-five closed calcaneal fractures in 20 patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation using the sinus tarsi approach (including fixation with cannulated screws). All fractures healed by the time of final follow-up at 18 months. The time to union judged both clinically and radiographically, averaged 3 months. Mean Maryland foot scores were: 95 in type II; 91 in type III; and 83 in type IV fractures. Advantages offered by this new approach include a less invasive incision while still permitting good visualization and anatomic reduction of articular surfaces and with few complications.

KEY WORDS

Intraarticular calcaneal fractures, sinus tarsi approach, Sanders classification.

Operative treatment of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures: long-term (10-20 Years) results in 108 fractures using a prognostic CT classification

OBJECTIVE

The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether the Sanders computed tomography (CT) scan classification was still prognostic for outcome when long-term (10-20 years) radiographic and functional data of patients after open reduction and internal fixation for Sanders type II versus type III displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures (DIACFs) were compared. The secondary purpose was to assess whether a bone graft or a locked plate was needed to maintain a reduction over time.

DESIGN

Prognostic case-control study.

SETTING

Level I trauma hospital.

PATIENTS

Patients with operatively treated Sanders type II/III DIACF managed between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2000, by a single surgeon were identified from a prospectively gathered database. Skeletally mature patients with a closed isolated DIACF and a minimum of 10-year follow-up were included in this analysis. All fractures were classified according to Essex-Lopresti and Sanders. Of 638 fractures, 208 met the inclusion criteria.

INTERVENTION

Surgery consisted of a lateral extensile approach, posterior facet reduction, and lag screw fixation, followed by reduction of the anterior process and tuberosity with the application of a nonlocked lateral plate. Neither bone graft nor locking plates were used.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Articular congruity and overall reduction were assessed by CT scan and plain radiography (Böhler and Gissane angle) immediately postoperatively and at the final follow-up examination in all patients. Functional assessment and outcome scores were obtained [AOFAS-AHS, the Maryland Foot Score, Short Form-36 (SF-36), Ankle Osteoarthritis Score (AOS), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS)], and all complications and/or subsequent surgeries were noted. A subtalar (ST) arthrodesis was considered a treatment failure and was used as the determining outcome variable for comparing the 2 groups (II vs.

III) RESULTS

One hundred eight fractures in 93 patients were available for follow-up at a minimum of 10 years (52%). Average follow-up was 15.22 years (range, 10.5-21.2 years). Eighty were joint depression (J) and 28 were tongue-type (T) fractures. There were 70 Sanders type II and 38 Sanders type III fractures. On immediate postoperative CT scan, posterior facet reduction was anatomic in 103 fractures (95%), near anatomic in 3 fractures (1-3 mm), and approximate in 2 fractures (3-5 mm step). There were no failed reductions (>5 mm step). Long-term results indicated that only 3 fractures settled, but no plates failed. There was 1 missed peroneal tendon dislocation. Seven patients had sural neuritis. Twelve fractures (11%) required local wound care for apical necrosis. One patient had a dehiscence resulting in osteomyelitis, requiring a ST fusion. Thirty-one fractures (29 patients) developed ST arthritis, requiring an arthrodesis (30 ST, 1 triple) for unrelenting pain (VAS, 8-10) during the follow-up period, resulting in an overall long-term failure rate of 29%. Further breakdown by fracture type revealed that an ST fusion was performed in 47% of type III fractures (18/38) versus only 19% of type II (13/70) fractures (P = 0.002). Type III fractures were 4 times more likely to need a fusion compared with type II fractures (relative risk = 3.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.64-9.48). The remaining 66 patients (77 fractures) who did not require a fusion were evaluated for long-term functional outcome. Of these, only 1 patient used a cane and had a limp. Seventy-seven percent of the nonfused group (51/66) were within the US norm for the SF-36 PCS, with 46% (30/66) above the norm. The average AOFAS-AHS was 75. The average VAS was 1.75, with scores of 0-1 (very little or no pain) seen in 56% of this subset of patients (37/66).

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of this comparative analysis, the Sanders classification remains prognostic; after a minimum of 10 years, type III fractures were 4 times more likely to need a fusion than type II fractures. Secondarily, it seems that neither a locked plate nor a bone graft is required to maintain a reduction over time, as virtually no loss of reduction was seen in this series (3/108, 0.9%). The "joint first" surgical treatment did not adversely affect calcaneocuboid joint outcome. Based on these results, if severe posttraumatic ST arthritis does not occur, long-term (10-20 years) functional results with mild pain, minimal alterations in activities of daily living or work, and essentially normal shoe wear can be expected from a properly performed open reduction and internal fixation. Patients must be counseled regarding difficulty with uneven ground and an inability to return to vigorous sports activities.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Arthroscopic reduction and percutaneous fixation of selected calcaneus fractures: surgical technique and early results

OBJECTIVES

To highlight a technique combining fluoroscopy and arthroscopy to aid percutaneous reduction and internal fixation of selected displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures, assess outcome scores, and compare this method with other previously reported percutaneous methods.

DESIGN

Retrospective review of all patients treated by this technique between June 2009 and June 2012.

SETTING

A tertiary care center located in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

PATIENTS

Thirteen consecutive patients were treated by this method during this period. All patients had a minimum of 13 months follow-up and were available for radiological checks and assessment of complications; functional outcome scores were available for 9 patients.

INTERVENTION

The patient was placed in a lateral decubitus position. Reduction was achieved with the aid of both intraoperative fluoroscopy and subtalar arthroscopy and held with cannulated screws in orthogonal planes. The patient was mobilized non-weight bearing for 10 weeks.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT

Outcomes measured were improvement in Bohler angle, postoperative complications, and 3 functional outcome scores (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score, Foot Function Index, and Calcaneal Fracture Scoring System).

RESULTS

Mean postoperative improvement in Bohler angle was 18.3 degrees, with subsidence of 1.7 degrees. Functional outcome scores compared favorably with the prior literature. Based on available postoperative computed tomography scans (8/13), maximal residual articular incongruity measured 2 mm or less in 87.5% of our cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Early results indicate that this technique, when combined with careful patient selection, offers a valid therapeutic option for the treatment of a distinct subset of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures, with diminished risk of wound complications. Large, prospective multicenter studies will be necessary to better evaluate the potential benefits of this technique.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV Therapeutic. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures treated in a minimally invasive fashion: longitudinal approach versus sinus tarsi approach

BACKGROUND

The optimal treatment for displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus remains controversial. This study aims to assess the clinical outcomes of a minimally invasive longitudinal approach compared with the sinus tarsi approach in the surgical treatment of these fractures.

METHODS

Patients with a displaced intra-articular fracture of the calcaneus who were admitted to the trauma center of our hospital from September 2009 through April 2010 were randomly assigned to treatment using one of these two surgical techniques. All patients underwent the same standardized postoperative rehabilitation protocol. Functional outcome was assessed by using the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society scores. Linear regression analysis was performed to identify the potential influencing factors for functional outcomes.

RESULTS

One hundred and sixty-seven patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Thirty-seven patients were lost to follow-up for various reasons, and the remaining 130 patients were followed for an average of twenty-seven months. Sixty-nine fractures in sixty-three patients were treated using a minimally invasive longitudinal approach (the MILA group), and seventy-two feet in sixty-seven patients were treated with a sinus tarsi approach (the STA group). The two groups were comparable in terms of age, sex, fracture type, and time from injury to operation. The operative time in the MILA group was significantly shorter than that in STA group (p < 0.05). Wound-healing complications were 2.9% in the MILA group and 12.5% in the STA group. The average time to the start of progressive weight-bearing exercise was 5.3 weeks in the MILA group and 5.6 weeks in the STA group (p > 0.05). The good and excellent results in the two groups were comparable for the Sanders type-II and III calcaneal fractures (p > 0.05), but the good to excellent rate in the STA group was significantly higher for the Sanders type-IV fractures (p < 0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that surgical technique, Sanders classification, and the time to the start of weight-bearing activity have a significant influence on functional outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Outcomes are similar for the minimally invasive longitudinal and sinus tarsi surgical approaches in the treatment of Sanders type-II and III displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus, with the benefit of a lower complication rate and shorter operative time for the minimally invasive technique. For Sanders type-IV fractures, however, the sinus tarsi approach appears to be the treatment of choice.

Management of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures using the limited open sinus tarsi approach and fixation by screws only technique

PURPOSE

Evaluation of management of the displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures (DIACF) Sanders types II and III by using minimally invasive sinus tarsi approach and fixation by screws only technique.

METHODS

Open reduction using the limited lateral approach and internal fixation using screws only was studied in 33 patients with unilateral isolated simple DIACF with a mean age of 35 years (15 type II patients and 18 type III patients). All patients were evaluated both clinically and radiologically.

RESULTS

With a mean follow-up period of 28.8 months (range 12-53 months), no cases of failure of reduction or displacement of hardware were detected. The mean AOFAS was 91.73 points while the mean MFS was 95.09 points. Twenty-eight patients were able to resume their pre-injury level of work while the remaining five refrained to sedentary jobs. The mean pre-operative Bohlers' angle was 2.8° (range from -38º to 24º) while postoperatively it was 19.4° (range 5º to 49º). There was no statistically significant difference when comparing the results (AOFAS p-value 1.00, MFS p-value 0.81) between Sanders' type II and III fractures. One patient had postoperative superficial wound infection. Seven patients complained of prominent screw heads. Complex regional pain syndrome occurred in seven patients and was treated successfully at six months duration.

CONCLUSION

The limited open sinus tarsi approach can be used successfully to treat displaced Sanders type II and III fractures. It allows for adequate visualization and reduction. Fixation by screws only is also sufficient. It also clearly avoids the major wound complication problems.

Functional outcome of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: a comparison between open reduction/internal fixation and a minimally invasive approach featured an anatomical plate and compression bolts

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study is to assess the clinical results of a minimally invasive treatment featured the concept of internal compression, including an anatomic plate and multiple compression bolts compared with open reduction and internal fixation for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures (DIACFs).

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed 329 patients (383 feet) who were identified from trauma inpatient database in our hospital for DIACFs from January 2004 to December 2009. Of them, 148 patients (170 feet) were treated with open reduction and internal fixation (OR group), which involved using a traditional L-shaped extended lateral approach, and fractures were fixed by plate and screws from January 2004 to December 2006; 181 patients (213 feet) were treated with a minimally invasive approach featured the concept of calcaneal internal compression (CIC group), which was achieved by an anatomic plate and multiple compression bolts through a small lateral incision from January 2007 to December 2009. Postoperative complications were recorded. During follow-up, pain and functional outcome were evaluated with the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores and compared between the two groups. Subsequent subtalar arthrodesis and early implant removal were performed when indicated. Routine hardware removal was scheduled for all patients at 1-year follow-up.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences in sex, age, and fracture classification (Sanders classification) between the two groups. Wound healing complications were 4 of 213 (1.88%) in CIC group and 20 of 170 (11.76%) in OR group. Subtalar arthrodesis had to be performed in one case in OR group. Four cases in CIC group and four cases in OR group had the hardware removed earlier due to complications. The average time after surgery to start weight-bearing exercise is 5.64 weeks in CIC group and 9.38 weeks in OR group (p < 0.001). The mean AOFAS score is higher in CIC group than in OR group, although the difference is not statistically significant (87.53 vs. 84.95; p = 0.191). The overall results according to the AOFAS scoring system were good or excellent in 185 of 213 (86.85%) in CIC group and 144 of 170 (84.71%) in OR group. The subjective portion of the AOFAS survey answered by patients showed statistically significant difference in activity limitation and walking surface score (7.31 vs. 7.02 and 3.72 vs. 3.42; p < 0.05) but not in pain and walking distance between the two groups (32.72 vs. 32.29 and 4.37 vs. 4.42; p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The study results suggest that this minimally invasive approach featured the concept of the calcaneal internal compression can achieve functional outcome as good as, if not better than the open techniques. It is proved to be an effective alternative treatment for DIACFs.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic study, level IV.

[Calcaneus fractures]

Fractures of the calcaneus generally occur in the setting of high-energy trauma, resulting in complex, three-dimensionally oriented fracture patterns. Surgical treatment is typically indicated for displaced intra-articular fractures, permitting restoration of calcaneal height, width and overall morphology, in addition to the posterior facet articular surface where possible, and enabling late in situ arthrodesis as a means of salvage in the event of post-traumatic arthritis. The present article briefly discusses our preferred methods for the management of calcaneal fractures. An English full text version of this article is available at SpringerLink as supplemental.

Turning tongues into joint depressions: a new calcaneal osteotomy

The articular surface of the posterior facet may be extremely difficult to reduce anatomically in a tongue-type calcaneal fracture because the fragment tends to translate when attempting the rotational component of the reduction. A new osteotomy that converts the tongue into a joint depression fragment to permit an accurate articular surface reduction is described to assist in realignment. This technique has been used successfully by the author in more than 30 fractures, and the results are reported herein. Surgeons faced with this dilemma may use the maneuver to solve a difficult problem.

Current concepts review: intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus

1) Intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus are associated with severe long-term consequences for function and pain. The condition of the soft tissues is of paramount importance when determining the method of treatment,the timing of surgery, and the post-injury rehabilitation.2) Intra-articular fractures are difficult to fully evaluate with plain radiographs. Computed tomography may assist in assessing the fracture pattern and planning for surgery. The likelihood of a good to excellent outcome is increased when an anatomic reduction is obtained.3) The outcome after operative management is difficult to characterize and appears to be influenced by factors related to the fracture, the patient, and the experience of the institution where the patient obtains treatment.All these factors should be factors in the decision to operate, but no single factor reliably determines the most appropriate treatment.4) Open reduction and internal fixation through an extensile approach achieves acceptable results in carefully selected patients. The use of a limited exposure with minimally invasive techniques may decrease the incidence of wound complications. However, this option is technically demanding and the quality of the reduction achieved may be more difficult to obtain and determine intraoperatively. Open fractures should be promptly debrided. The choice of fixation after reduction is based on the surgeons assessment of the soft tissue and the risk of infection.5) Post-traumatic arthritis of the subtalar joint is a common complication. Successful salvage can be achieved with a subtalar arthrodesis. However, these results may be influenced by the institution at which the initial management was rendered.

Controversies in calcaneus fracture management: a systematic review of the literature

Despite the fact that the calcaneus is the commonest tarsal bone fractured, many controversies exist in the literature regarding the management options. This stems from the fact that the understanding of the fracture pattern has evolved only recently, surgical approaches have lately been standardized, surgical timing has become more clear, and newer implants are regularly being introduced. Despite the significant advances, complications and controversies related to this common fracture abound. The present paper looks at all aspects of modern management options of calcaneus fractures and tries to review the literature with regard to the controversial issues that still persist.

Advancements in percutaneous fixation for foot and ankle trauma

Operative fixation of foot and ankle trauma can be challenging. Often times, the soft tissue envelope can have extensive damage as a result of the fracture. In these cases, percutaneous fixation may be used. Percutaneous fixation can benefit both soft tissue and osseous healing when used correctly. Many techniques have been described in the literature that may help to preserve blood supply, minimize soft tissue dissection, and restore a functional limb. This article reviews general guidelines for fracture and soft tissue management, osseous healing of fractures, and how certain techniques influence fracture healing. It also illustrates certain techniques for specific fracture reduction.

Percutaneous Fixation of Displaced Calcaneal Fract

Purpose

To review the techniques and outcomes of percutaneous fixation, with the modified Essex-Lopresti technique, in isolated, displaced tongue-type calcaneal fractures.

Methods

This is a retrospective review of 24 patients who received percutaneous calcaneal screw fixation in our hospital, from April 2003 to June 2009. One patient had bilateral fixation performed. All patients had a serial of X-rays of the injured foot, which included anteroposterior, axial, lateral, and Broden's views. Preoperative and postoperative Bohler's and Gissane's angles were measured. The patients’ conditions were continuously assessed in serial follow-ups, and the Maryland Foot Score was used to evaluate the clinical outcome.

Results

Bohler's and Gissane's angles were fully restored in 13 and 17 out of 25 fractures, respectively. The mean duration of postoperative hospital stay was 4 days. There were no major postoperative complications. Sixteen patients were able to resume their original jobs. The Maryland Foot Score rated 13 out of 25 injured limbs (52%) as excellent, 9 (36%) as good, and 3 (12%) as fair. There were no patients rated as poor. The three patients with fair results complained of pain and stiffness at the subtalar joint.

Conclusion

Percutaneous fixation of displaced tongue-type calcaneal fractures is an effective treatment with acceptable clinical outcome, short hospital stay, minimal skin complications, and quick recovery.