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De Bellis M, Sanarica F, Carocci A, Lentini G, Pierno S, Rolland JF, Conte Camerino D, De Luca A. Dual Action of Mexiletine and Its Pyrroline Derivatives as Skeletal Muscle Sodium Channel Blockers and Anti-oxidant Compounds: Toward Novel Therapeutic Potential. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:907. [PMID: 29379434 PMCID: PMC5770958 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mexiletine (Mex) has been recently appointed as an orphan-drug in myotonic-syndromes, being a potent use-dependent blocker of skeletal-muscle sodium channels (NaV1.4). Available evidences about a potential anti-oxidant effect of Mex and its tetramethyl-pyrroline-derivatives in vivo, suggest the possibility to further enlarge the therapeutic potential of Mex-like compounds in myopathies in which alteration of excitation-contraction coupling is paralleled by oxidative stress. In line with this and based on our previous structure-activity-relationship studies, we synthesized new compounds with a tetramethyl-pyrroline-ring on the amino-group of both Mex (VM11) and of its potent use-dependent isopropyl-derivative (CI16). The compounds were tested for their ability to block native NaV1.4 and to exert cyto-protective effects against oxidative-stress injury in myoblasts. Voltage-clamp-recordings on adult myofibers were performed to assess the tonic and use-dependent block of peak sodium-currents (INa) by VM11 and CI16, as well as Mex, VM11 and CI16 were 3 and 6-fold more potent than Mex in producing a tonic-block of peak sodium-currents (INa), respectively. Interestingly, CI16 showed a 40-fold increase of potency with respect to Mex during high-frequency stimulation (10-Hz), resulting the strongest use-dependent Mex-like compound so far. The derivatives also behaved as inactivated channel blockers, however the voltage dependent block was modest. The experimental data fitted with the molecular-modeling simulation based on previously proposed interaction of main pharmacophores with NaV1.4 binding-site. CI16 and VM11 were then compared to Mex and its isopropyl derivative (Me5) for the ability to protect C2C12-cells from H2O2-cytotoxicity in the concentration range effective on Nav1.4. Mex and Me5 showed a moderate cyto-protective effect in the presence of H2O2, Importantly, CI16 and VM11 showed a remarkable cyto-protection at concentrations effective for use-dependent block of NaV1.4. This effect was comparable to that of selected anti-oxidant drugs proved to exert protective effect in preclinical models of progressive myopathies such as muscular dystrophies. Then, the tetramethyl-pyrroline compounds have increased therapeutic profile as sodium channel blockers and an interesting cyto-protective activity. The overall profile enlarges therapeutic potential from channelopathies to myopathies in which alteration of excitation-contraction coupling is paralleled by oxidative-stress, i.e., muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela De Bellis
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Sanarica
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessia Carocci
- Unit of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lentini
- Unit of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sabata Pierno
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Diana Conte Camerino
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria De Luca
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Chau BA, Drummond G, Jackson WR, Jarrott B, Miller AA, Subasinghe KR, Tan CYR, White PJ, Wright CE, Ziogas J. Synthesis of six mexiletine derivatives with isoindolines attached as potential antioxidants and their evaluation as cardioprotective agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00459k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Some mexiletine derivatives with isoindoline based antioxidants attached have been shown to have significant cardioprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bich Anh Chau
- ARC Centre for Free Radical Chemistry & Biotechnology
- Australia
- Centre for Green Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
| | - Grant Drummond
- Department of Pharmacology
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - W. Roy Jackson
- ARC Centre for Free Radical Chemistry & Biotechnology
- Australia
- Centre for Green Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
| | - Bevyn Jarrott
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
| | | | - Kamani R. Subasinghe
- ARC Centre for Free Radical Chemistry & Biotechnology
- Australia
- Centre for Green Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
| | - Christina Y. R. Tan
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Paul J. White
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Christine E. Wright
- ARC Centre for Free Radical Chemistry & Biotechnology
- Australia
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
| | - James Ziogas
- ARC Centre for Free Radical Chemistry & Biotechnology
- Australia
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
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Soumya RS, Vineetha VP, Salin Raj P, Raghu KG. Beneficial properties of selenium incorporated guar gum nanoparticles against ischemia/reperfusion in cardiomyoblasts (H9c2). Metallomics 2014; 6:2134-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00241e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Carreira RS, Lee P, Gottlieb RA. Mitochondrial therapeutics for cardioprotection. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 17:2017-35. [PMID: 21718247 DOI: 10.2174/138161211796904777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria represent approximately one-third of the mass of the heart and play a critical role in maintaining cellular function-however, they are also a potent source of free radicals and pro-apoptotic factors. As such, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis is essential to cell survival. As the dominant source of ATP, continuous quality control is mandatory to ensure their ongoing optimal function. Mitochondrial quality control is accomplished by the dynamic interplay of fusion, fission, autophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis. This review examines these processes in the heart and considers their role in the context of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Interventions that modulate mitochondrial turnover, including pharmacologic agents, exercise, and caloric restriction are discussed as a means to improve mitochondrial quality control, ameliorate cardiovascular dysfunction, and enhance longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Carreira
- BioScience Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-4650, USA
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Abstract
Limiting myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is essential for preventing contractile dysfunction and limiting morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic heart disease. Over the last few decades, it has become clear that during IR insults, myocardial oxygen radical formation is accelerated and plays a critical role in mediating cellular damage and dysfunction. This review provides a brief summary of a variety of approaches that have been undertaken to alleviate the oxidant stress associated with myocardial IR, and a summary of the data demonstrating the potential therapeutic value of oxidant scavenging in limiting IR-induced myocardial damage. Included is a review of investigations using novel free radical scavengers, antioxidant extracts from a variety of plants, polyphenolic compounds from foods such as cocoa, soy, grapes, and wine, as well as vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene. Also reviewed is the evidence that exercise-induced increases in endogenous antioxidants may be an important change contributing to cardioprotection. One must conclude from this brief review that current evidence suggests that enhancing oxidant-scavenging capacity protects against some of the cardiomyocyte disturbances during IR and helps salvage myocardial tissue. Data in cultured cell and animal models are convincing; trials in humans are significantly more conflicting, but still promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn L Hamilton
- Applied Human Sciences, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1582, USA.
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Kálai T, Khan M, Balog M, Kutala VK, Kuppusamy P, Hideg K. Structure-activity studies on the protection of Trimetazidine derivatives modified with nitroxides and their precursors from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5510-6. [PMID: 16697647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trimetazidine, the known anti-anginal and anti-ischemic drug, was modified by pyrroline and tetrahydropyridine nitroxides and their hydroxylamine and sterically hindered secondary amine precursors. The synthesized new compounds proved to be better superoxide scavenger molecules compared to the parent Trimetazidine in an in vitro experiment. This reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity was further supported by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) studies on Langendorff-perfused rat hearts pretreated with Trimetazidine and with the modified Trimetazidine derivatives before ischemia. Two of the investigated compounds, containing 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole and 4-phenyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole substituents on the piperazine ring, provided significant protection from the cardiac dysfunction caused by I/R. The protective effect could be attributed to the combined anti-ischemic and antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Kálai
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Pécs, Hungary
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Deres P, Halmosi R, Toth A, Kovacs K, Palfi A, Habon T, Czopf L, Kalai T, Hideg K, Sumegi B, Toth K. Prevention of doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity by an experimental antioxidant compound. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005; 45:36-43. [PMID: 15613977 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200501000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin is a widely used anticancer agent, but its application is restricted by its cardiotoxic side effects. The current theory of its cardiotoxicity is based on free radical formation. The compound H-2545, having a 3-carboxamido-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole moiety, was reported to exhibit antioxidant properties and accumulate in cell membranes, scavenging free radicals at the site of formation. Therefore, we hypothesized that H-2545 could reduce the doxorubicin-induced acute deterioration of cardiac function. Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were treated with doxorubicin and/or H-2545, its metabolite H-2954, or dihydrolipoamide. High-energy phosphate levels, contractile function, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and Akt phosphorylation were investigated. We also determined whether the antioxidants influenced doxorubicin toxicity on malignant cells. During perfusion with doxorubicin, the energetic and functional parameters of the myocardium were improved by adding H-2545. H-2545 significantly diminished doxorubicin-induced lipid and protein damage. On H-2545 treatment, the doxorubicin-triggered Akt phosphorylation was markedly reduced, whereas dihydrolipoamide had such an effect only at higher concentrations. H-2545 did not alter the anticancer effect of doxorubicin on malignant cell lines. We propose that the coadministration of the antioxidant H-2545 attenuates doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity without interfering with its anticancer effects. Prevention of the acute adverse effects of doxorubicin on myocardium may hinder the later development of cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Deres
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology,University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
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Kálai T, Várbiró G, Bognár Z, Pálfi A, Hantó K, Bognár B, Osz E, Sümegi B, Hideg K. Synthesis and evaluation of the permeability transition inhibitory characteristics of paramagnetic and diamagnetic amiodarone derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2629-36. [PMID: 15755662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several amiodarone analogues were synthesized varying the 2-substituent on the benzofuran ring and diethylaminoethyl side chain of phenolether by introducing 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole and 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine nitroxides or their amino or hydroxylamino precursors. The new compounds were screened on isolated mitochondria and perfused heart and their toxicity was evaluated on WRL-68 liver cells and H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Most of the newly synthesized derivatives exerted uncoupling effect on the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorilation at higher concentrations, compared to amiodarone and one of the modified amiodarone analogues showed an effect similar to that of amiodarone on the mitochondrial permeability transition and on restoring of mitochondrial high-energy phosphate metabolites in perfused hearts. This amiodarone analogue can be new leading compound among the experimental amiodarone analogues with the same or enhanced efficiency of amiodarone, but with less side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Kálai
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti street, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Toth A, Kovacs K, Deres P, Halmosi R, Czopf L, Hanto K, Kalai T, Hideg K, Sumegi B, Toth K. Impact of a novel cardioprotective agent on the ischaemia-reperfusion-induced Akt kinase activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 66:2263-72. [PMID: 14609750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardioprotective effect of a free radical-scavenging compound (HO-3073) was examined during ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) in isolated heart perfusion system and its influence on the pro-survival Akt signalling pathway was addressed. Rat hearts were perfused according to the Langendorff method and subjected to a global 25-min ischaemia and 15, 45 and 90-min reperfusion either untreated or treated with HO-3073 (2, 5 and 10 microM) and/or wortmannin (100 nM, inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase). HO-3073 facilitated the recovery of myocardial energy metabolism as assessed by 31P NMR spectroscopy (creatine phosphate recovery in reperfusion was 76+/-5%, while in untreated hearts 32+/-4%). Functional performance of the hearts followed by a left ventricular balloon manometer was also markedly improved by HO-3073 administration (recovery of rate-pressure product related to normoxia was 47+/-3%, while in untreated hearts 12+/-3%). HO-3073 diminished the infarct size measured by TTC staining (29+/-6% as opposed to 64+/-7% in untreated ischaemia-reperfusion). HO-3073 also significantly attenuated lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and protein oxidation (protein carbonyl content) compared to untreated hearts. HO-3073 enhanced the ischaemia-reperfusion-triggered phosphorylation of Akt-1 (activation) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (inactivation) as evidenced by Western blot analysis. Wortmannin co-administration neutralised the beneficial effects of HO-3073 on cardiac energetics, contractile function, infarct size, as well as Akt signalling. Our results first display that a radical-scavenging molecule possesses the ability to intensify the pro-survival functioning of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt pathway, which is presumed to play an additive role in the cardioprotective properties of HO-3073.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrus Toth
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Pecs Medical School, H-7624, Pecs, Ifjusag u. 13, Hungary
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Toth A, Halmosi R, Kovacs K, Deres P, Kalai T, Hideg K, Toth K, Sumegi B. Akt activation induced by an antioxidant compound during ischemia-reperfusion. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35:1051-63. [PMID: 14572608 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of cardioprotection afforded by modified mexiletine compounds were investigated during ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in Langendorff perfused hearts. Rat hearts were subjected to a global 25 min ischemia followed by reperfusion, either untreated or treated with mexiletine, or three substituted mexiletine derivates (5 muM). A modified mexiletine derivative (H-2693) promoted best the recovery of myocardial energy metabolism (assessed by (31)P NMR spectroscopy) compared to untreated and mexiletine-treated hearts. H-2693 also preserved cardiac contractile function and attenuated the IR-induced lipid peroxidation (TBARS formation) and protein oxidation (carbonyl content). Western blot revealed that H-2693 propagated the phosphorylation of Akt (activation) and its downstream substrate glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta, inactivation) compared to untreated IR. Parallel treatment with the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (upstream activator of Akt) inhibitor wortmannin (100 nM) abolished the beneficial effects of H-2693 on energetics and function, and reduced Akt and GSK-3beta phosphorylation. As a result of the antiapoptotic impacts of Akt activation, H-2693 decreased caspase-3 activity, which was neutralized by wortmannin. Here we first demonstrated that a free radical-entrapping compound could activate the prosurvival Akt pathway beyond its proven ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, the favorable influence of H-2693 on signaling events during IR may have considerably contributed to its cardioprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrus Toth
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
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Varbiro G, Toth A, Tapodi A, Veres B, Sumegi B, Gallyas F. Concentration dependent mitochondrial effect of amiodarone. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 65:1115-28. [PMID: 12663047 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although, the antiarrhythmic effect of amiodarone is well characterized, its effect on post-ischemic heart and cardiomyocytes, as well as the mechanism of its toxicity on extracardiac tissues is still poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed energy metabolism in situ during ischemia-reperfusion in Langendorff-perfused heart model by measuring the high-energy phosphate metabolites using 31P NMR spectroscopy. The toxicity of amiodarone on cardiomyocytes and cell lines of extracardiac origin, as well as direct effect of the drug on mitochondrial functions in isolated mitochondria was also analyzed. Amiodarone, when was present at low concentrations and predominantly in membrane bound form, protected heart and mitochondrial energy metabolism from ischemia-reperfusion-induced damages in Langendorff-perfused heart model. Toxicity of the drug was significantly higher on hepatocytes and pancreatic cells than on cardiomyocytes. In isolated mitochondria, amiodarone did not induce reactive oxygen species formation, while it affected mitochondrial permeability transition in a concentration dependent way. Up to the concentration of 10 microM, the drug considerably inhibited Ca(2+)-induced permeability transition, while at higher concentrations it induced a cyclosporin A independent permeability transition of its own. At concentrations where it inhibited the Ca(2+)-induced permeability transition (IC(50)=3.9+/-0.8 microM), it did not affect, between 6 and 30 microM it uncoupled, while, at higher concentrations it inhibited the respiratory chain. Thus, the concentration dependent nature of amiodarone's effect on permeability transition together with the different sensitivities of the tissues toward amiodarone can be involved in the beneficial cardiac and the simultaneous toxic extracardiac effects of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Varbiro
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti st., H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
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