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Randomized Trial of Screening and Brief Intervention to Reduce Injury and Substance Abuse in an urban Level I Trauma Center. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 208:107792. [PMID: 32028253 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TIP (Traumatic Injury Prevention) Project evaluated the impact on post-injury drug use of two brief motivational interventions compared to brief advice (BA) among injured patients who use drugs. METHOD Three-group, single blind, randomized controlled trial in a Level 1Trauma Center enrolled 395 admitted patients with drug positive toxicology screen or verbal report of drug use in the previous 30 days. 34% were Hispanic, 45% non-Hispanic White, 16% non-Hispanic Black. 88% smoked marijuana, 28% used cocaine and 11% prescription opioids. Brief Advice (BA) provided advice to abstain from drugs, educational materials and referral to community resources. Brief Motivational Intervention (BMI) additionally included a 30-45 minute session, with assessment feedback, based on motivational interviewing. BMI + B included a telephone booster 4-weeks post-intervention. Drug use as measured by percent days abstinent and total abstinence, derived from the Timeline Follow back was the primary outcome. RESULTS A significant reduction from baseline was observed at 3, 6, and 12 months in the primary outcomes of any drug use (excluding alcohol); cannabis and cocaine, the most frequently used drugs, were analyzed individually. There were no between group differences or group X time interactions. Similarly, there were no between groups differences on secondary outcomes including perceived health status, re-injury, arrest, incarceration, alcohol and drug treatment, employment, AA attendance, homelessness, physical abuse, and problems associated with alcohol and drug use. CONCLUSIONS The study does not support use of these enhanced motivational interventions over brief advice for trauma patients with a positive screen for drug use.
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Erdogan M, Kureshi N, Karim SA, Tallon JM, Asbridge M, Green RS. Retrospective analysis of alcohol testing in trauma team activation patients at a Canadian tertiary trauma centre. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e024190. [PMID: 30429147 PMCID: PMC6252682 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although alcohol screening is an essential requirement of level I trauma centre accreditation, actual rates of compliance with mandatory alcohol testing in trauma patients are seldom reported. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) testing in patients requiring trauma team activation (TTA) for whom blood alcohol testing was mandatory, and to elucidate patient-level, injury-level and system-level factors associated with BAC testing. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Tertiary trauma centre in Halifax, Canada. PARTICIPANTS 2306 trauma patients who required activation of the trauma team. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE The primary outcome was the rate of BAC testing among TTA patients. Trends in BAC testing over time and across patient and injury characteristics were described. Multivariable logistic regression examined patient-level, injury-level and system-level factors associated with testing. RESULTS Overall, 61% of TTA patients received BAC testing despite existence of a mandatory testing protocol. Rates of BAC testing rose steadily over the study period from 33% in 2000 to 85% in 2010. Testing varied considerably across patient-level, injury-level and system-level characteristics. Key factors associated with testing were male gender, younger age, lower Injury Severity Score, scene Glasgow Coma Scale score <9, direct transport to hospital and presentation between midnight and 09:00 hours, or on the weekend. CONCLUSIONS At this tertiary trauma centre with a policy of empirical alcohol testing for TTA patients, BAC testing rates varied significantly over the 11-year study period and distinct factors were associated with alcohol testing in TTA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mete Erdogan
- Trauma Nova Scotia, NS Department of Health and Wellness, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Nelofar Kureshi
- Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Saleema A Karim
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - John M Tallon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark Asbridge
- Departments of Community Health and Epidemiology and Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert S Green
- Trauma Nova Scotia, NS Department of Health and Wellness, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Departments of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine, and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Green RS, Kureshi N, Erdogan M. Legal consequences for alcohol-impaired drivers injured in motor vehicle collisions: A systematic review. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2015; 80:106-116. [PMID: 25899058 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of alcohol-impaired drivers injured in a motor vehicle collision (MVC) is a complex public health issue. We conducted a systematic review to describe the legal consequences for alcohol-impaired drivers injured in a MVC and taken to a hospital or trauma center. Methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL databases from inception until August 2014. We included studies that reported legal consequences including charges or convictions of injured drivers taken to a hospital or trauma center after a MVC with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) exceeding the legal limit.Results Twenty-six studies met inclusion criteria; twenty studies were conducted in the USA, five in Canada, and one in Sweden. All were cohort studies (23 retrospective, 3 prospective) and included 11,409 patients overall. A total of 5,127 drivers had a BAC exceeding the legal limit, with legal consequences reported in 4937 cases. The median overall DUI/DWI conviction rate was 13% (range 0-85%). The median percentage of drivers with a previous conviction on their record for driving under the influence (DUI) or driving while intoxicated (DWI) was 15.5% (range 6-40%). The median percentage of drivers convicted again for DUI/DWI during the study period was 3.5% (range 2-10%). Heterogeneity between study designs, legal jurisdictions, institutional procedures and policies for obtaining a legally admissible BAC measurement precluded a meta-analysis. Conclusions The majority of intoxicated drivers injured in MVCs and seen in the emergency department are never charged or convicted. A substantial proportion of injured intoxicated drivers had more than one conviction for DUI/DWI on their police record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Green
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Trauma Nova Scotia, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Nelofar Kureshi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Purssell RA, Chan H, Brown D, Fang M, Brubacher JR. Risk factors for subsequent impaired driving by injured passengers. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2014; 15:355-360. [PMID: 24471359 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2013.822966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of, and risk factors for, subsequent impaired driving activity (IDA) in a cohort of injured passengers who were treated for injuries in a Canadian trauma center. METHODS We studied adult passengers who were occupants in vehicles involved in motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) and either included in the British Columbia (BC) trauma registry (January 1, 1992-December 31, 2004) or treated in the emergency department (ED) of Vancouver General Hospital (VGH; January 1, 1999-December 31, 2003). Passengers were linked to their driver's license and hence to their driving record using personal health number and demographic information. Injured passengers were stratified into 3 groups based on their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at time of ED presentation: group 1: BAC = 0, group 2: 0 < BAC ≤ 17.3 mM (0.08%), group 3: BAC > 17.3 mM (0.08%). Two outcome variables were studied: involvement in a subsequent IDA and time to their first subsequent IDA. IDA was defined as a criminal code conviction for impaired driving, a 24-h or 90-day license suspension for impaired driving, and/or involvement in an MVC where police cited alcohol as a factor. Time to first IDA following the index event among passenger BAC groups was compared with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to examine the effect of various potential risk factors on time to engage in first IDA. RESULTS Injured passengers with any BAC at the time of ED visit were more likely to engage in IDA and had their first IDA sooner after the index event than those with zero BAC. Among this cohort of injured passengers, 12.1 percent with BAC = 0, 29.9 percent with 0 < BAC ≤ 17.3 mM (0.08%), and 37.8 percent with a BAC > 17.3 mM (0.08%) engaged in IDA. Compared to passengers with BAC = 0, group 3 passengers and group 2 passengers were 2.06 times and 1.79 times more likely to engage in future IDA. Twenty-five percent of injured passengers engaged their first IDA by 57 and 38 months in groups 2 and 3, respectively. Previous IDA and being male were also significant risk factors for future IDA. Those with a history of IDA before the index event were 2.37 times more likely to engage in subsequent IDA. CONCLUSIONS Injured alcohol-impaired passengers are at high risk for IDA and should be included in impaired driving prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Purssell
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
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Romano E, Kelley-Baker T, Lacey J. Passengers of impaired drivers. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2012; 43:163-70. [PMID: 22974681 PMCID: PMC3490704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aims of this study are: (a) to estimate the prevalence of passengers riding with alcohol-impaired drivers; (b) to investigate the role of demographic factors (age, gender, race/ethnicity, educational status) and relevant driving conditions (time of the day, trip origin, vehicle ownership) on shaping the likelihood of alcohol-impaired driving; (c) to identify and estimate the prevalence of passengers as alternative drivers (PADs); and (d) to examine the role that vehicle ownership plays in shaping the occurrence of PADs. METHOD Data came from a unique convenience sample of passengers obtained from the 2007 National Roadside Survey, a random sample of drivers from the 48 contiguous states. RESULTS The prevalence of PADs in the targeted population (mostly weekend night vehicles) was higher with drivers at .00
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Romano
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE), Impaired Driving Center, PIRE, 11720 Beltsville Dr., Suite 900, Calverton, MD USA 20705-3111
| | - Tara Kelley-Baker
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE), Impaired Driving Center, PIRE, 11720 Beltsville Dr., Suite 900, Calverton, MD USA 20705-3111
| | - John Lacey
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE), Impaired Driving Center, PIRE, 11720 Beltsville Dr., Suite 900, Calverton, MD USA 20705-3111
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Shults RA, Kresnow MJ, Lee KC. Driver- and passenger-based estimates of alcohol-impaired driving in the U.S., 2001-2003. Am J Prev Med 2009; 36:515-22. [PMID: 19362801 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-impaired driving (AID) continues to be a major public health problem in the U.S. The objective of this study was to estimate the number of annual driver- and passenger-reported episodes of AID and explore the effect of sociodemographic characteristics and drinking patterns on both behaviors. METHODS Data from a nationally representative random-digit-dial telephone survey of U.S. adults were analyzed in 2007. RESULTS From July 23, 2001, to February 7, 2003, an estimated 7 million drivers reported 190 million annual episodes of AID, and an estimated 10.5 million passengers reported 290 million annual episodes of AID. A comparison of estimates from this survey to those from a similar survey conducted in 1994 shows that episodes of both driver- and passenger-reported AID have increased by slightly more than 50%. Multivariable analysis revealed several gender differences in risk factors for both driver- and passenger-reported AID. For example, being of Hispanic ethnicity and not always wearing a seat belt were both associated with an increased risk of AID episodes for men but not women. A strong association between binge drinking and both driver- and passenger-reported AID was found for both genders. CONCLUSIONS Episodes of driver- and passenger-reported AID increased substantially between the middle 1990s and the early 2000s. The passenger estimates suggest that drivers may under-report AID by about 50%. Public health interventions to reduce AID should give equal consideration to impaired drivers and their passengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Shults
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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McKay MP, Garrison HG. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) notes. Breath test refusals in DWI enforcement: an interim report. Ann Emerg Med 2006; 46:552-3; discussion 553-5. [PMID: 16308073 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Pat McKay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Injury Prevention and Control, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Fabbri A, Marchesini G, Dente M, Iervese T, Spada M, Vandelli A. A Positive Blood Alcohol Concentration Is the Main Predictor of Recurrent Motor Vehicle Crash. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 46:161-7. [PMID: 16046947 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The identification of risk factors for recurrent motor vehicle crashes is the basis for prevention, but few studies have been published on predictors of recurrence. Our objective is to determine the main variables predicting recurrent crashes in subjects attending an emergency department (ED) for injuries after motor vehicle crash. METHODS During a 5-year follow-up period, we studied 2,354 consecutive adult subjects treated in the ED after a motor vehicle crash in 1998. The variables of the original event were tested for predicting recurrence in a Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS During follow-up, 390 of 2,325 (16.8%) survivors were treated for injury after a new crash. The overall event rate was 34 per 1,000 subject-years. Four variables (age < or =32 years, male sex, nighttime crash, and blood alcohol concentration >50 mg/dL) were identified as independent predictors of recurrent crash. After adjustment for sex, age, and nighttime, alcohol was the leading predictor (relative risk 3.73; 95% confidence interval 3.00 to 4.64). In the presence of the 4 variables, the recurrence rate was as high as 145 (117 to 175) events per 1,000 subject-years, and alcohol per se accounted for more than 75% of events. In the absence of the 4 variables, the rate was as low as 11 (7 to 17) events per 1,000 subject-years. CONCLUSION Alcohol was the most powerful behavioral factor predicting recurrent events in subjects treated in an ED for injury after motor vehicle crash, along with young age, male sex, and nighttime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fabbri
- Dipartimento di Urgenza-Accettazione, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale di Forlì, Forlì, Italy.
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