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Valsamidis K, Printza A, Valsamidis N, Constantinidis J, Triaridis S. Improvement of the aerobic performance in endurance athletes presenting nasal valve compromise with the application of an internal nasal dilator. Am J Otolaryngol 2024; 45:104059. [PMID: 37774642 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.104059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effects of an internal nasal dilator on nasal airflow and cardio-respiratory capacity in adult endurance athletes, while performing controlled exhaustive physical exercise. METHODS Prospective observational study. Participants were 38 adult endurance athletes, 23 with and 15 without nasal valve compromise. Nasal patency was objectively evaluated with anterior rhinomanometry, acoustic rhinometry and peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF). Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximum pulmonary ventilation, time to exhaustion and total time of nasal respiration were recorded during a submaximal treadmill test. Dyspnea intensity and fatigue perception were evaluated using a labeled visual analog scale. All assessments were performed with and without the application of the internal nasal dilator. RESULTS All the parameters related to aerobic capacity were significantly reduced in the group of athletes with nasal valve compromise (p. <0.05 for all variables). The internal nasal dilator improved statistically significantly the nasal patency (p. <0.001), VO2max and aerobic performance and self-rating of dyspnea and fatigue (p. <0.05 for all parameters) only in athletes with nasal obstruction. PNIF correlated significantly with VO2max (rho = 0.4, p. <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Internal nasal dilation improves nasal patency and aerobic performance during submaximal exercise in adult endurance athletes with nasal obstruction symptoms due to nasal valve compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Valsamidis
- 1st Otolaryngology Department, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Athanasia Printza
- 1st Otolaryngology Department, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Valsamidis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jannis Constantinidis
- 1st Otolaryngology Department, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefanos Triaridis
- 1st Otolaryngology Department, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Illidi CR, Romer LM, Johnson MA, Williams NC, Rossiter HB, Casaburi R, Tiller NB. Distinguishing science from pseudoscience in commercial respiratory interventions: an evidence-based guide for health and exercise professionals. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1599-1625. [PMID: 36917254 PMCID: PMC10013266 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory function has become a global health priority. Not only is chronic respiratory disease a leading cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality, but the COVID-19 pandemic has heightened attention on respiratory health and the means of enhancing it. Subsequently, and inevitably, the respiratory system has become a target of the multi-trillion-dollar health and wellness industry. Numerous commercial, respiratory-related interventions are now coupled to therapeutic and/or ergogenic claims that vary in their plausibility: from the reasonable to the absurd. Moreover, legitimate and illegitimate claims are often conflated in a wellness space that lacks regulation. The abundance of interventions, the range of potential therapeutic targets in the respiratory system, and the wealth of research that varies in quality, all confound the ability for health and exercise professionals to make informed risk-to-benefit assessments with their patients and clients. This review focuses on numerous commercial interventions that purport to improve respiratory health, including nasal dilators, nasal breathing, and systematized breathing interventions (such as pursed-lips breathing), respiratory muscle training, canned oxygen, nutritional supplements, and inhaled L-menthol. For each intervention we describe the premise, examine the plausibility, and systematically contrast commercial claims against the published literature. The overarching aim is to assist health and exercise professionals to distinguish science from pseudoscience and make pragmatic and safe risk-to-benefit decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla R Illidi
- Clinical Exercise and Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lee M Romer
- Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Michael A Johnson
- Exercise and Health Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Neil C Williams
- Exercise and Health Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Harry B Rossiter
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W. Carson Street, CDCRC Building, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Richard Casaburi
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W. Carson Street, CDCRC Building, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Nicholas B Tiller
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W. Carson Street, CDCRC Building, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA.
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Hawley A, Rozman M, Hysell M. Safety and Efficacy of External Nasal Dilator Strips with N95 Respirator Masks by Emergency Department Personnel. Spartan Med Res J 2022; 7:30215. [PMID: 35291704 PMCID: PMC8873432 DOI: 10.51894/001c.30215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted increased use of personal protective equipment (PPE) to maintain the health and safety of caregivers. This study was conducted in 2020 to evaluate the safety and efficacy of external nasal dilator strips (ENDS) coupled with N95 respirators in a sample of community hospital emergency department personnel. METHODS After obtaining written consent, the authors tested participants' response to exercise (i.e., walking up 10 flights of stairs) while wearing an N95 respirator, both with and without an ENDS. The authors measured participants' heart rate and respiratory effort responses over four minutes following their exercise trial. A convenience sample of these personnel also repeated their respirator fit testing while wearing an ENDS with the N95 style they had previously been fitted for. RESULTS A total of N = 50 participants were enrolled. Peak heart rate while wearing an ENDS was 125 beats per minute (BPM) with the ENDS versus 130 BPM without (p = 0.21). The Borg Exertion Score while wearing an ENDS peaked at 13 with the ENDS versus 14 without (p = 0.08). However, when subjects were surveyed before and after the trial upon whether they would consider using an ENDS beneath their N95 using a scale of 1-5, their interest in this significantly increased (p = 0.004). Four of the 13 (31%) participants who completed repeated fit testing while wearing the ENDS beneath their N95 respirator failed the repeat testing. CONCLUSIONS These results first suggest that a sizable proportion of ED personnel may fail N95 fit testing while wearing an ENDS beneath the N95 mask for which they had been previously fitted. Although providers' subjective interest in use of ENDS increased, these results also demonstrate that use of an ENDS beneath an N95 respirator may not significantly increase exercise tolerance.
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Cross TJ, Gideon EA, Morris SJ, Coriell CL, Hubbard CD, Duke JW. A comparison of methods used to quantify the work of breathing during exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1123-1133. [PMID: 34410846 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00411.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical work of breathing (Wb) is an insightful tool used to assess respiratory mechanics during exercise. There are several different methods used to calculate the Wb, however, each approach having its own distinct advantages/disadvantages. To date, a comprehensive assessment of the differences in the components of Wb between these methods is lacking. We therefore sought to compare the values of Wb during graded exercise as determined via the four most popular methods: 1) pressure-volume integration; 2) the Hedstrand diagram; 3) the Otis diagram; and the 4) modified Campbell diagram. Forty-two participants (30 ± 15 yr; 16 women) performed graded cycling to volitional exhaustion. Esophageal pressure-volume loops were obtained throughout exercise. These data were used to calculate the total Wb and, where possible, its subcomponents of inspiratory and expiratory, resistive and elastic Wb, using each of the four methods. Our results demonstrate that the components of Wb were indeed different between methods across the minute ventilations engendered by graded exercise. Importantly, however, no systematic pattern in these differences could be observed. Our findings indicate that the values of Wb obtained during exercise are uniquely determined by the specific method chosen to compute its value-no two methods yield identical results. Because there is currently no "gold-standard" for measuring the Wb, it is emphasized that future investigators be cognizant of the limitations incurred by their chosen method, such that observations made by others may be interpreted with greater context, and transparency.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The measurement of the work of breathing (Wb) during exercise provides us with deep insights into respiratory (patho)physiology, and sheds light on the putative factors which lead to respiratory muscle fatigue. There are 4 popular methods available to determine the Wb. Our study demonstrates that no two of these methods produce identical values of Wb during exercise. This paper also discusses the practical and theoretical limitations of each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J Cross
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth A Gideon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Sarah J Morris
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine L Coriell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Colin D Hubbard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Joseph W Duke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
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Schaeffer MR, McBride E, Mitchell RA, Boyle KG, Ramsook AH, Puyat JH, Macnutt MJ, Guenette JA. Effects of the Turbine™ on Ventilatory and Sensory Responses to Incremental Cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:192-199. [PMID: 32520874 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Turbine™ is a nasal dilator marketed to athletes to increase airflow, which may serve to reduce dyspnea and improve exercise performance, presumably via reductions in the work of breathing (WOB). However, the unpublished data supporting these claims were collected in individuals at rest that were exclusively nasal breathing. These data are not indicative of how the device influences breathing during exercise at higher ventilations when a larger proportion of breathing is through the mouth. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to empirically test the efficacy of the Turbine™ during exercise. We hypothesized that the Turbine™ would modestly reduce the WOB at rest and very low exercise intensities but would have no effect on the WOB at moderate to high exercise intensities. METHODS We conducted a randomized crossover study in young, healthy individuals (7M:1F; age = 27 ± 5 yr) with normal lung function. Each participant performed two incremental cycle exercise tests to exhaustion with the Turbine™ device or under a sham control condition. For the sham control condition, participants were told they were breathing a low-density gas to reduce the WOB, but they were actually breathing room air. The WOB was determined through the integration of ensemble averaged esophageal pressure-volume loops. Standard cardiorespiratory measures were recorded using a commercially available metabolic cart. Dyspnea was assessed throughout exercise using the 0-10 Borg scale. RESULTS Peak V˙O2 and work rate were not different between conditions (P = 0.70 and P = 0.35, respectively). In addition, there was no interaction or main effect of condition on dyspnea, ventilation, or WOB throughout the exercise (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the Turbine™ does not reduce the WOB and has no effect on dyspnea or exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily McBride
- Life Science Division, Quest University Canada, Squamish, BC, CANADA
| | | | | | | | - Joseph H Puyat
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care Research Institute, The University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, CANADA
| | - Meaghan J Macnutt
- Life Science Division, Quest University Canada, Squamish, BC, CANADA
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Santos Ferreira CH, Dinardi RR, da Cunha Ibiapina C, Ribeiro de Andrade C. Nasal function and cardio-respiratory capacity of adolescent with external nasal dilator. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 139:110430. [PMID: 33039717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND the external nasal dilator (END) has been employed for the purpose of aiding sporting performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate nasal function and cardio-respiratory capacity in healthy adolescent athletes using the END. METHODS double-blind, crossover clinical trial in which adolescents were evaluated while using the experimental and placebo END during physical exercise. Values for peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF), nasal resistance (NR) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were obtained in randomized order. Additionally, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) after the cardio-respiratory test was assessed. RESULTS for the 71 adolescents evaluated, the use of the experimental END, compared to the placebo, produced a significant improvement in values of PNIF (177.4 ± 20.9 L/min and 172.8 ± 20.2 L/min) (p = 0.020), NR (0.24 ± 0.16 and 0.27 ± 0.16) (p = 0.007), VO2max. (39.5 ± 5.2 mL/kg. min-1 and 37.5 ± 5.2 mL/kg. min-1) (p < 0.001) and RPE (6.0 ± 2.2 and 5.5 ± 2.4) (p < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION the END reduced NR, increased PNIF and improved VO2max. In addition, it improved RPE after the maximal cardio-respiratory test. The use of the END can significantly improve nasal function, increase cardio-respiratory capacity and reduce rating of perceived exertion during a maximal test involving adolescent athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henrique Santos Ferreira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Reis Dinardi
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Department of Physical Education. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Cássio da Cunha Ibiapina
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Ribeiro de Andrade
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Dinardi RR, Ferreira CHS, Silveira GS, de Araújo Silva VE, da Cunha Ibiapina C, de Andrade CR. Does the external nasal dilator strip help in sports activity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:1307-1320. [PMID: 32683573 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have shown that the external nasal dilator (END) increases the cross sectional area of the nasal valve, thereby reducing nasal resistance, transnasal inspiratory pressure, stabilizing the lateral nasal vestibule, and preventing its collapse during final inhalation. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to carry out a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis on the effects of the END during physical exercise. METHODS After selecting articles in the PubMed, Cochrane Library and EMBASE databases, 624 studies were identified. However, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 19 articles were considered eligible for review. RESULTS Those studies included in the meta-analysis, the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max.) outcome was assessed in 168 participants in which no statistically significant difference was found, MD (95% CI) = 0.86 [- 0.43, 2.15], p = 0.19, and I2 = 0%. The heart rate (HR) outcome was assessed in 138 participants in which no statistically significant difference was found, MD (95% CI) = 0.02 [- 3.19, 3.22], p = 0.99, and I2 = 0%. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) outcome was assessed in 92 participants in which no statistically significant difference was found, MD (95% CI) = - 0.12 [- 0.52, 0.28], p = 0.56, and I2 = 27%. CONCLUSIONS The external nasal dilator strip showed no improvement in VO2max., HR and RPE outcomes in healthy individuals during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Reis Dinardi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais-Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Rua Sertões 100 - Ap 201 - Prado, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 30411-164, Brasil.
| | - Carlos Henrique Santos Ferreira
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais-Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Rua Sertões 100 - Ap 201 - Prado, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 30411-164, Brasil
| | - Giordani Santos Silveira
- Department of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais-Post Graduate Program in Orthodontics, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Vânia Eloisa de Araújo Silva
- Department of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais-Post Graduate Program in Orthodontics, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Cássio da Cunha Ibiapina
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais-Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Rua Sertões 100 - Ap 201 - Prado, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 30411-164, Brasil
| | - Cláudia Ribeiro de Andrade
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais-Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Rua Sertões 100 - Ap 201 - Prado, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 30411-164, Brasil
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Feland JB, Hurst J, Fellingham GW, Vehrs PR. Effects of boil-and-bite and custom-fit mouthguards on cardiorespiratory responses to aerobic exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 60:1513-1519. [PMID: 31565911 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological responses to exercise when wearing a mouthguard may depend on the type of mouthguard and the facemask used during exercise testing. This study compared the effects of boil-and-bite (BBMG) and custom-fit (CFMG) protective mouthguards on the metabolic, cardiovascular, and ventilatory responses to exercise when wearing a facemask that allowed mouth only or nose and mouth breathing. METHODS Twenty-four male college Lacrosse players (mean = 20±2 years) participated in this study. Each participant performed six submaximal exercise tests while wearing one of two facemasks (mouth only breathing and nose and mouth breathing) and one of three mouthguard conditions (BBMG, CFMG, no mouthguard). Steady-state VO<inf>2</inf>, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), tidal volume (V<inf>T</inf>), respiratory rate (RR), minute ventilation (VE), and heart rate (HR) values were measured at intensities of exercise corresponding to 60% and 80% of VO<inf>2peak</inf>. RESULTS There were significant main effects for facemask type (mouth only breathing vs. nose and mouth breathing) for VO<inf>2</inf>, VE, V<inf>T</inf>, and RPE. There were significant main effects for mouthguard (BBMG, CFMG, and no mouthguard) for VO<inf>2</inf>, VE, RR, and HR. There were also multiple significant interactions. All of the differences in VO<inf>2</inf>, HR, VE, V<inf>T</inf>, RR, and RPE, although statistically significant, were negligible and of little practical significance. CONCLUSIONS The physiological responses to wearing a BBMG or CFMG are of little practical significance so they can be worn to reduce the likelihood of dental injuries without impeding metabolic, cardiovascular and ventilatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Feland
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hurst
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | | | - Pat R Vehrs
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA -
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Sadan O, Shushan S, Eldar I, Evron S, Lurie S, Boaz M, Glazerman M, Roth Y. The Effects of an External Nasal Dilator on Labor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/194589240501900218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an external nasal dilator on several variables characterizing labor in both mother and fetus. Methods One hundred and fifty primigravida women in active labor were randomized to wear, throughout labor, either a dilator spring-loaded nasal strip or a placebo device. Data were obtained during labor and compared between the groups. After delivery, the satisfaction rate was assessed. Results No differences were found between the study and the control group regarding rate of induction or augmentation of labor as well as Montevideo units reached, frequency of rupture of membranes, duration of the active phase and second stage of labor, usage of epidural analgesia, normal fetal heart pattern, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and neonatal well being. Length of maternal and neonatal hospitalization also did not differ between the groups. Satisfaction rate was significantly higher in parturient women wearing nasal strips with a dilator spring than in parturient women wearing a placebo spring (P < 0.0001). Conclusion Nasal strips do not change the course but ameliorate the quality of labor by improving the ease of breathing. Nasal dilators sustain the respiratory effort associated with the long process of labor and may control the switch from nasal to oronasal breathing during delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Sadan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Holon, Israel
| | - Sagit Shushan
- The Institute of Nose and Sinus Therapy and Clinical Investigations, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, and Tel-Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine, The Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Ido Eldar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Holon, Israel
| | - Shmuel Evron
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Holon, Israel
| | - Samuel Lurie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Holon, Israel
| | - Mona Boaz
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, The Edith Wolfson Medical Center and Tel-Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine, Holon, Israel
| | | | - Yehudah Roth
- The Institute of Nose and Sinus Therapy and Clinical Investigations, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, and Tel-Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine, The Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada
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Dinardi RR, de Andrade CR, da Cunha Ibiapina C. Effect of the external nasal dilator on adolescent athleteswith and without allergic rhinitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 97:127-134. [PMID: 28483221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The ability to effectively breathe through the nose is an important component of physical exercise. The goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of the external nasal dilator (END) on healthy adolescent athletes and those with allergic rhinitis. METHODS Clinical trial, double-blind, crossover, in which we evaluated healthy adolescent athletes with allergic rhinitis, using experimental and placebo ENDs, submitted to a maximum cardio-respiratory test in randomized order. Predicted values for peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF%) and nasal resistance (NR) were obtained, and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was also assessed after the race test. RESULTS 65 adolescents participated in the study, 30 of whom had allergic rhinitis. The use of experimental ENDs demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in peak nasal inspiratory flow values (predicted %), nasal resistance, maximal oxygen uptake value (VO2Max.) and rating of perceived exertion, both in the healthy group and the one with allergic rhinitis. CONCLUSION Results suggested that END reduces nasal resistance, improves maximal oxygen uptake and rating of perceived exertion after a maximum cardio-respiratory test on healthy adolescents and those with allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Reis Dinardi
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Cláudia Ribeiro de Andrade
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cássio da Cunha Ibiapina
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Adams CM, Peiffer JJ. Neither internal nor external nasal dilation improves cycling 20-km time trial performance. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 20:415-419. [PMID: 27637570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research is equivocal regarding endurance performance benefits of external nasal dilators, and currently research focusing on internal nasal dilators is non-existent. Both devices are used within competitive cycling. This study examined the influence of external and internal nasal dilation on cycling economy of motion and 20-km time trial performance. DESIGN The study utilized a randomized, counterbalanced cross-over design. METHODS Fifteen trained cyclists completed three exercise sessions consisting of a 15min standardized warm up and 20-km cycling time trial while wearing either a Breathe Right® external nasal dilator, Turbine® internal nasal dilator or no device (control). During the warm up, heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion and dyspnea and expired gases were collected. During the time trial, heart rate, perceived exertion, and dyspnea were collected at 4-km intervals and mean 20-km power output was recorded. RESULTS No differences were observed for mean 20-km power output between the internal (270±45W) or external dilator (271±44W) and control (272±44W). No differences in the economy of motion were observed throughout the 15-min warm up between conditions. CONCLUSIONS The Turbine® and Breathe Right® nasal dilators are ineffective at enhancing 20-km cycling time trial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona M Adams
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Australia.
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Gómez-Hervás J, García-Valdecasas Bernal J, Fernández-Prada M, Palomeque-Vera JM, García-Ramos A, Fernández-Castanys BF. Effects of oxymetazoline on nasal flow and maximum aerobic exercise performance in patients with inferior turbinate hypertrophy. Laryngoscope 2014; 125:1301-6. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.25107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gómez-Hervás
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología; Hospital Universitario San Cecilio de Granada
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología; Hospital La Inmaculada, Huércal-Overa, Almería; Spain
| | | | - María Fernández-Prada
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Medicina Preventiva, Vigilancia y Promoción de la Salud, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio de Granada
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Oviedo
| | - Juan M. Palomeque-Vera
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología; Hospital Universitario San Cecilio de Granada
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología; Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte de la Universidad de Granada; Granada
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Dinardi RR, de Andrade CR, Ibiapina CDC. External nasal dilators: definition, background, and current uses. Int J Gen Med 2014; 7:491-504. [PMID: 25419156 PMCID: PMC4234285 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s67543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to revise the literature about external nasal dilators (ENDs) as to their definition, history, and current uses. We reviewed journals in the PubMed and MEDLINE databases. The current uses hereby presented and discussed are physical exercise, nasal congestion and sleep, snoring, pregnancy, cancer, and healthy individuals. Numerous studies have shown that ENDs increase the cross-sectional area of the nasal valve, reducing nasal resistance and transnasal inspiratory pressure and stabilizing the lateral nasal vestibule, avoiding its collapse during final inspiration. These effects also facilitate breathing and are beneficial to patients with nasal obstruction. Furthermore, END use is simple, noninvasive, painless, affordable, and bears minimum risk to the user. Most studies have limited sample size and are mainly focused on physical exercise. In conclusion, ENDs seem useful, so further studies involving potential effects on the performance of physical tests and improvements in sleep quality are necessary, especially in children and teenagers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Reis Dinardi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Ribeiro de Andrade
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cássio da Cunha Ibiapina
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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14
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Dinardi RR, de Andrade CR, Ibiapina CDC. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the external nasal dilator strip in adolescent athletes: a randomized trial. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77:1500-5. [PMID: 23876359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluate the cardio-respiratory capacity (VO₂max.) and peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) of healthy adolescent athletes with experimental and placebo external nasal dilator strips (ENDS). METHODS 48 healthy adolescent athletes between the ages of 11 and 15 were evaluated and submitted to a cardio-respiratory 1000 m race in randomized order. The participants had peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) values measured using the In-check-inspiratory flow meter. Dyspnea intensity was evaluated after a 1000 m test race using a labeled visual analog scale for dyspnea. RESULTS In relation to VO2max., when the participants used the experimental ENDS, significantly higher means were noted than when the placebo was used (53.0 ± 4.2 mL/kg min(-1) and 51.2 ± 5.5 mL/kg min(-1), respectively) (p<0.05). In relation to PNIF, there was a statistically significant difference between the experimental and placebo ENDS result, that being, 123 ± 38 L/min and 116 ± 38 L/min, respectively (p<0.05). The dyspnea perceived by the participants was representatively lesser in the experimental ENDS condition compared to the placebo after the cardio-respiratory test (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the ENDS improve maximal oxygen uptake, nasal patency and respiratory effort in healthy adolescent athletes after submaximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Reis Dinardi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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15
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Roberge RJ. Are exhalation valves on N95 filtering facepiece respirators beneficial at low-moderate work rates: an overview. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2012; 9:617-23. [PMID: 22978255 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2012.715066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Exhalation valves (EVs) are touted as useful in dissipating humidity, heat, and carbon dioxide from the dead space of N95 filtering facepiece respirators and decreasing exhalation resistance, thereby making the respirator more comfortable and less physiologically demanding. Despite decades of use, there is limited research on the psychophysiological impact of EVs on the wearer at the current, low-moderate work rates of many workers. The available literature indicates that past and current EVs on the market decrease exhalation resistance to a variable degree and may improve dead space heat dissipation and, consequently, the temperature of the skin covered by the respirator. EVs have little substantial effect on dead space humidity, respiratory rate, heart rate, core temperature, speech intelligibility, or dead space oxygen and carbon dioxide levels at the aforementioned work rates. The studies also indicate that EVs may impact comfort and tolerance when N95 filtering facepiece respirators are worn for extended periods or at high work rates. Because comfort and tolerance impact respirator use compliance and, by extension, protection, more research into the psychophysiological impact of EVs on wearers and the development of new EVs tailored for low-moderate work rates are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J Roberge
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, USA
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16
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Abstract
This study examined the effects of an external nasal dilator (END) on sedentary and aerobically trained women using the blood lactate threshold as a measure of aerobic performance. Three groups of women (sedentary, pre-season, in-season) participated in the study: nine sedentary college students (age 19 +/- 1.0 y), eight pre-season college athletes (age 20 +/- 2.3 y), and six in-season college rowers (age 20 +/- 1.7 y). A two-way repeated-measures design was used with subjects in each group being exposed to both conditions (with END and without END). The first two groups performed two incremental exercise tests in random order on a cycle ergometer, and the third group performed the tests on a rowing ergometer. Participants in each group wore an END strip for only one of the tests. Venous blood was collected at rest, during the final 30 seconds of each stage, and 1 and 3 minutes into the recovery period for the determination of blood lactate concentration and identification of the blood lactate threshold. No significant differences (P = 0.05) were found in blood lactate concentration at the lactate threshold between conditions for either group (sedentary: with END 2.51 +/- 1.18 mmol x L(-1), without END 2.56 +/- 0.84 mmol x L(-1); pre-season: with END 2.93 +/- 0.97 mmol x L(-1), without END 2.81 +/- 1.15 mmol x L(-1); and in-season: with END 3.93 +/- 0.50 mmol x L(-1), without END 3.49 +/- 0.387 mmol x L(-1)). We conclude that (a) the END did not improve the lactate threshold in either sedentary or trained college-age women, and (b) the END did not result in lower blood lactate levels during moderate to high-intensity exercise in the three groups examined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg W Boggs
- Department of Exercise Science, Willamette University, Salem, Oregon, USA
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17
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Høyvoll LR, Lunde K, Li HS, Dahle S, Wentzel-Larsen T, Steinsvåg SK. Effects of an external nasal dilator strip (ENDS) compared to xylometazolin nasal spray. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 264:1289-94. [PMID: 17530269 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-007-0345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nasal blockage is a common complaint in Family Practice. Decongestive nosedrops are frequently employed therapeutic measures. Due to a considerable risk of abuse and side effects, alternatives are wanted. The purpose of this study was to elucidate to what extent ENDS might represent an alternative to decongestive nose sprays (DNS). The effects of DNS (xylometazolin) and ENDS (BreatheRight) on subjective and objective nasal blockage were compared in 89 patients. Main outcome measures were recordings of nasal symptom scores on visual analogue scales (VAS), minimal cross-sectional areas (MCA) and nasal cavity volumes (NCV) as measured by acoustic rhinometry (AR), and peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF). ENDS significantly increased the MCA and the NCV in the anterior 0.0-3.0 cm of the nose compared to DNS, but had no effect on MCA from 3.0 to 5.4 cm behind the nostrils. In contrast to DNS, ENDS had no effect on the posterior NCV. ENDS and DNS gave comparable increase in nasal inspiratory flow as measured by PNIF, and in the subject's own experience of nasal obstruction. ENDS may represent an alternative to DNS as a measure against nasal blockage.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Høyvoll
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Sorlandet Hospital, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
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Slentz CA, Aiken LB, Houmard JA, Bales CW, Johnson JL, Tanner CJ, Duscha BD, Kraus WE. Inactivity, exercise, and visceral fat. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:1613-8. [PMID: 16002776 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00124.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of randomized, dose-response studies for proper evaluation of effective clinical interventions, there have been no dose-response studies on the effects of exercise amount on abdominal obesity, a major risk factor for metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. One hundred seventy-five sedentary, overweight men and women with mild to moderate dyslipidemia were randomly assigned to participate for 6 mo in a control group or for approximately 8 mo in one of three exercise groups: 1) low amount, moderate intensity, equivalent to walking 12 miles/wk (19.2 km) at 40-55% of peak oxygen consumption; 2) low amount, vigorous intensity, equivalent to jogging 12 miles/wk at 65-80% of peak oxygen consumption; or 3) high amount, vigorous intensity, equivalent to jogging 20 miles/wk (32.0 km). Computed tomography scans were analyzed for abdominal fat. Controls gained visceral fat (8.6 +/- 17.2%; P = 0.001). The equivalent of 11 miles of exercise per week, at either intensity, prevented significant accumulation of visceral fat. The highest amount of exercise resulted in decreased visceral (-6.9 +/- 20.8%; P = 0.038) and subcutaneous (-7.0 +/- 10.8%; P < 0.001) abdominal fat. Significant gains in visceral fat over only 6 mo emphasize the high cost of continued inactivity. A modest exercise program, consistent with recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control/American College of Sports Medicine (CDC/ACSM), prevented significant increases in visceral fat. Importantly, a modest increase over the CDC/ACSM exercise recommendations resulted in significant decreases in visceral, subcutaneous, and total abdominal fat without changes in caloric intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cris A Slentz
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Macfarlane DJ, Fong SKK. Effects of an external nasal dilator on athletic performance of male adolescents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 29:579-89. [PMID: 15507694 DOI: 10.1139/h04-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of an external nasal dilator strip (ENDS) on three field tests of maximal performance and monitored the rating of perceived breathing effort (RPBE). Thirty male Chinese students (age 15.2 +/- 1.6 yrs) performed three maximal field tests: (a) short-term anaerobic power (SAnP: 40-m sprint); (b) long-term anaerobic power (LAnP: shuttle sprint); and (c) peak aerobic performance (AeP: multistage 20-m shuttle run) under three conditions: ENDS, placebo, and control. Students were randomly placed into 6 groups using a fully counterbalanced single-blind design. No significant differences were seen between conditions in the anaerobic performances measured by SAnP and LAnP. However, the ENDS produced a significant improvement in peak aerobic performance (p = 0.037) compared to the control condition of 3.2% (95% CI= 6.2-0.2; Cohen effect size = 0.2), and also compared to the placebo condition (p = 0.018) of 2.9% (95% CI = 5.1-0.2; Cohen effect size =0.2). The ENDS condition also significantly reduced RPBE during the AeP and LAnP tests by an average of 5.5% and 3.8%, respectively. Wearing an external nasal dilator can significantly reduce breathing effort and improve peak aerobic performance during field tests involving maximal running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Macfarlane
- Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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