1
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Wang Y, Zou H, Ji W, Huang M, You B, Sun N, Qiao Y, Liu P, Xu L, Zhang X, Cai M, Kuang Y, Fu S, Sun W, Jia X, Wu J. Repression of the SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 is associated with lowered double minutes and reduced tumor progression. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2323768. [PMID: 38465861 PMCID: PMC10936631 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2323768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Double minutes (DMs), extrachromosomal gene fragments found within certain tumors, have been noted to carry onco- and drug resistance genes contributing to tumor pathogenesis and progression. After screening for SUMO-related molecule expression within various tumor sample and cell line databases, we found that SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 has been associated with genome instability and tumor cell DM counts, which was confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. Karyotyping determined DM counts post-UBC9 knockdown or SUMOylation inhibitor 2-D08, while RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to measure DM-carried gene expression in vitro. In vivo, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) identified micronucleus (MN) expulsion. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were then used to determine DNA damage extent, and a reporter plasmid system was constructed to detect changes in homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways. Our research has shown that UBC9 inhibition is able to attenuate DM formation and lower DM-carried gene expression, in turn reducing tumor growth and malignant phenotype, via MN efflux of DMs and lowering NHEJ activity to increase DNA damage. These findings thus reveal a relationship between heightened UBC9 activity, increased DM counts, and tumor progression, providing a potential approach for targeted therapies, via UBC9 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Min Huang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Benhui You
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuandong Qiao
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lidan Xu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuelong Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengdi Cai
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xueyuan Jia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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2
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Purshouse K, Pollard SM, Bickmore WA. Imaging extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) in cancer. Histochem Cell Biol 2024:10.1007/s00418-024-02280-2. [PMID: 38625562 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-024-02280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) are circular regions of DNA that are found in many cancers. They are an important means of oncogene amplification, and correlate with treatment resistance and poor prognosis. Consequently, there is great interest in exploring and targeting ecDNA vulnerabilities as potential new therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. However, the biological significance of ecDNA and their associated regulatory control remains unclear. Light microscopy has been a central tool in the identification and characterisation of ecDNA. In this review we describe the different cellular models available to study ecDNA, and the imaging tools used to characterise ecDNA and their regulation. The insights gained from quantitative imaging are discussed in comparison with genome sequencing and computational approaches. We suggest that there is a crucial need for ongoing innovation using imaging if we are to achieve a full understanding of the dynamic regulation and organisation of ecDNA and their role in tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Purshouse
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair & Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Steven M Pollard
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair & Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wendy A Bickmore
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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3
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Tan Y, Ke M, Huang Z, Chong CM, Cen X, Lu JH, Yao X, Qin D, Su H. Hydroxyurea Facilitates Manifestation of Disease Relevant Phenotypes in Patients-Derived IPSCs-Based Modeling of Late-Onset Parkinson's Disease. Aging Dis 2019; 10:1037-1048. [PMID: 31595201 PMCID: PMC6764725 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived dopaminergic neurons might be reset back to the fetal state due to reprogramming. Thus, it is a compelling challenge to reliably and efficiently induce disease phenotypes of iPSCs-derived dopaminergic neurons to model late-onset Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here, we applied a small molecule, hydroxyurea (HU), to promote the manifestation of disease relevant phenotypes in iPSCs-based modeling of PD. We established two iPS cell lines derived from two sporadic PD patients. Both patients-iPSCs-derived dopaminergic neurons did not display PD relevant phenotypes after 6 weeks culture. HU treatment remarkably induced ER stress on patients-iPSCs-derived dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, HU treatment significantly reduced neurite outgrowth, decreased the expression of p-AKT and its downstream targets (p-4EBP1 and p-ULK1), and increased the expression level of cleaved-Caspase 3 in patients-iPSCs-derived dopaminergic neurons. The findings of the present study suggest that HU administration could be a convenient and reliable approach to induce disease relevant phenotypes in PD-iPSCs-based models, facilitating to study disease mechanisms and test drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Minjing Ke
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Cheong-Meng Chong
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiaotong Cen
- 2South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiaoli Yao
- 3Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dajiang Qin
- 2South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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4
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Sei-1 promotes double minute chromosomes formation through activation of the PI3K/Akt/BRCA1-Abraxas pathway and induces double-strand breaks in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:341. [PMID: 29497033 PMCID: PMC5832785 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sei-1 is a potential oncogene that plays an important role in promoting genomic instability. Double minute chromosomes (DMs) are hallmarks of gene amplification and contribute to tumorigenesis. Defects in the DNA double-strand break (DSB) repairing pathways can lead to gene amplification. To date, the mechanisms governing the formation of DMs induced by Sei-1 are not fully understood. We established DMs induced by Sei-1 in the NIH-3T3 cell line. RNA-sequencing was used to identify key characteristics of differentially expressed genes. Metaphase spreads were used to calculate DM numbers. Immunofluorescence was employed to detect γH2AX foci. Western blot and Akt pathway inhibition experiments were performed to reveal the role of the PI3K/Akt/BRCA1-Abraxas pathway in Sei-1-induced DMs. Luciferase reporter assay was employed to explore the regulatory mechanisms between Sei-1 and BRCA1. DM formation was associated with a deficiency in DSB repair. Based on this finding, activation of the PI3K/Akt/BRCA1-Abraxas pathway was found to increase the DM population with passage in vivo, and inhibition resulted in a reduction of DMs. Apart from this, it was shown for the first time that Sei-1 could directly regulate the expression of BRCA1. Our results suggest that the PI3K/Akt/BRCA1-Abraxas pathway is responsible for the formation of DMs induced by Sei-1.
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5
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Bao Y, Liu J, You J, Wu D, Yu Y, Liu C, Wang L, Wang F, Xu L, Wang L, Wang N, Tian X, Wang F, Liang H, Gao Y, Cui X, Ji G, Bai J, Yu J, Meng X, Jin Y, Sun W, Guan XY, Zhang C, Fu S. Met promotes the formation of double minute chromosomes induced by Sei-1 in NIH-3T3 murine fibroblasts. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56664-56675. [PMID: 27494853 PMCID: PMC5302943 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sei-1 is an oncogene capable of inducing double minute chromosomes (DMs) formation. DMs are hallmarks of amplification and contribute to oncogenesis. However, the mechanism of Sei-1 inducing DMs formation remains unelucidated. RESULTS DMs formation significantly increased during serial passage in vivo and gradually decreased following culture in vitro. micro nuclei (MN) was found to be responsible for the reduction. Of the DMs-carrying genes, Met was found to be markedly amplified, overexpressed and highly correlated with DMs formation. Inhibition of Met signaling decreased the number of DMs and reduced the amplification of the DMs-carrying genes. We identified a 3.57Mb DMs representing the majority population, which consists of the 1.21 Mb AMP1 from locus 6qA2 and the 2.36 Mb AMP2 from locus 6qA2-3. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed NIH-3T3 cell line with Sei-1 overexpression to monitor and characterize DMs in vivo and in vitro. Array comparative genome hybridization (aCGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed to reveal amplification regions and DMs-carrying genes. Metaphase spread was prepared to count the DMs. Western blot and Met inhibition rescue experiments were performed to examine for involvement of altered Met signaling in Sei-1 induced DMs. Genomic walking and PCR were adopted to reveal DMs structure. CONCLUSIONS Met is an important promotor of DMs formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Bao
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia You
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Genetics and Eugenics, Maternity and Child Care Center of Qinghuangdao, Qinghuangdao, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Genetic Diagnosis Center, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xing Tian
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Falin Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbin Liang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yating Gao
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobo Cui
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guohua Ji
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingcui Yu
- Scientific Research Centre, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangning Meng
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China
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6
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Wang Y, Wu N, Sun D, Sun H, Tong D, Liu D, Pang B, Li S, Wei J, Dai J, Liu Y, Bai J, Geng J, Fu S, Jin Y. NUBPL, a novel metastasis-related gene, promotes colorectal carcinoma cell motility by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1169-1176. [PMID: 28346728 PMCID: PMC5480060 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide binding protein‐like, NUBPL, is an assembly factor for human mitochondrial complex I, which is the biggest member of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. However, the relationship between NUBPL and carcinoma progression remains unknown. In this study, NUBPL was characterized for its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Data (n = 197) from the Oncomine database revealed that mRNA levels of NUBPL were remarkably overexpressed in CRC tissues compared with normal tissues. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis of 75 pairs of CRC and non‐tumor tissues showed that the expression level of NUBPL was significantly higher in CRC tissues, and its expression level was positively associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.028) and advanced staging (P = 0.030). Expression of NUBPL in metastatic lymph nodes of CRC patients was also detected by immunohistochemical staining and high expression levels of NUBPL were observed. Overexpression of NUBPL significantly promoted the migration and invasion ability of CRC cell lines SW480 and SW620, whereas knockdown of NUBPL lead to an opposite effect. Our further study found that NUBPL could induce epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), characterized by downregulation of epithelial markers (E‐cadherin) and upregulation of mesenchymal markers (N‐cadherin and vimentin). Moreover, NUBPL was able to activate ERK, which is believed to promote EMT and tumor metastasis. Inhibition of ERK suppressed the NUBPL‐induced changes in EMT and cell motility. These data showed that NUBPL plays a vital role in CRC migration and invasion by inducing EMT and activating ERK. It might be a novel therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Donglin Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haiming Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dandan Tong
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Duo Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Su Li
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jialin Dai
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingshu Geng
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Clinical Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics (Harbin Medical University), Harbin, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics (Harbin Medical University), Harbin, China
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7
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Erson-Omay EZ, Henegariu O, Omay SB, Harmancı AS, Youngblood MW, Mishra-Gorur K, Li J, Özduman K, Carrión-Grant G, Clark VE, Çağlar C, Bakırcıoğlu M, Pamir MN, Tabar V, Vortmeyer AO, Bilguvar K, Yasuno K, DeAngelis LM, Baehring JM, Moliterno J, Günel M. Longitudinal analysis of treatment-induced genomic alterations in gliomas. Genome Med 2017; 9:12. [PMID: 28153049 PMCID: PMC5290635 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) constitutes nearly half of all malignant brain tumors and has a median survival of 15 months. The standard treatment for these lesions includes maximal resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy; however, individual tumors display immense variability in their response to these approaches. Genomic techniques such as whole-exome sequencing (WES) provide an opportunity to understand the molecular basis of this variability. Methods Here, we report WES-guided treatment of a patient with a primary GBM and two subsequent recurrences, demonstrating the dynamic nature of treatment-induced molecular changes and their implications for clinical decision-making. We also analyze the Yale-Glioma cohort, composed of 110 whole exome- or whole genome-sequenced tumor-normal pairs, to assess the frequency of genomic events found in the presented case. Results Our longitudinal analysis revealed how the genomic profile evolved under the pressure of therapy. Specifically targeted approaches eradicated treatment-sensitive clones while enriching for resistant ones, generated due to chromothripsis, which we show to be a frequent event in GBMs based on our extended analysis of 110 gliomas in the Yale-Glioma cohort. Despite chromothripsis and the later acquired mismatch-repair deficiency, genomics-guided personalized treatment extended survival to over 5 years. Interestingly, the case displayed a favorable response to immune checkpoint inhibition after acquiring mismatch repair deficiency. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the importance of longitudinal genomic profiling to adjust to the dynamic nature of treatment-induced molecular changes to improve the outcomes of precision therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-017-0401-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zeynep Erson-Omay
- Yale Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Octavian Henegariu
- Yale Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S Bülent Omay
- Yale Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akdes Serin Harmancı
- Yale Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark W Youngblood
- Yale Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ketu Mishra-Gorur
- Yale Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Koray Özduman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Acıbadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Geneive Carrión-Grant
- Yale Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Victoria E Clark
- Yale Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Caner Çağlar
- Yale Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mehmet Bakırcıoğlu
- Yale Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Necmettin Pamir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Acıbadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Viviane Tabar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Yale Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, Orange, CT, USA
| | - Katsuhito Yasuno
- Yale Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lisa M DeAngelis
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joachim M Baehring
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Brain Tumor Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer Moliterno
- Yale Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Brain Tumor Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Murat Günel
- Yale Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Yale Brain Tumor Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Yale Neurosurgery, PO Box 208082, New Haven, CT, 06520-8082, USA.
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8
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Kisurina-Evgenieva OP, Sutiagina OI, Onishchenko GE. Biogenesis of Micronuclei. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:453-64. [PMID: 27297896 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916050035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of micronuclei in a cell is an indicator of DNA damage and genetic instability. In this review, mechanisms of emergence of micronuclei, their functional activity, and pathways of elimination are discussed. It is supposed that morphological and functional varieties of micronuclei as well as their degradation pathways can be determined by the chromosomal material localized inside these cell structures.
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9
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Wu N, Wei J, Wang Y, Yan J, Qin Y, Tong D, Pang B, Sun D, Sun H, Yu Y, Sun W, Meng X, Zhang C, Bai J, Chen F, Geng J, Lee KY, Fu S, Jin Y. Ribosomal L22-like1 (RPL22L1) Promotes Ovarian Cancer Metastasis by Inducing Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143659. [PMID: 26618703 PMCID: PMC4664398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Double minute chromosomes (DMs) have important implications for cancer progression because oncogenes frequently amplified on them. We previously detected a functionally undefined gene amplified on DMs, Ribosomal L22-like1 (RPL22L1). The relationship between RPL22L1 and cancer progression is unknown. Here, RPL22L1 was characterized for its role in ovarian cancer (OC) metastasis and its underlying mechanism was examined. DNA copy number and mRNA expression of RPL22L1 in OC cells was analyzed using data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Gene Expression Omnibus database. An immunohistochemical analysis of clinical OC specimens was performed and the relationships between expression level and clinicopathological factors were evaluated. Additionally, in vivo and in vitro assays were performed to understand the role of RPL22L1 in OC. RPL22L1 expression was higher in OC specimens than in normal tissues, and its expression level was highly positively correlated with invasion and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). RPL22L1 over-expression significantly enhanced intraperitoneal xenograft tumor development in nude mice and promoted invasion and migration in vitro. Additionally, RPL22L1 knockdown remarkably inhibited UACC-1598 cells invasion and migration. Further, RPL22L1 over-expression up-regulated the mesenchymal markers vimentin, fibronectin, and α-SMA, reduced expression of the epithelial markers E-cadherin, α-catenin, and β-catenin. RPL22L1 inhibition reduced expression of vimentin and N-cadherin. These results suggest that RPL22L1 induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our data showed that the DMs amplified gene RPL22L1 is critical in maintaining the aggressive phenotype of OC and in triggering cell metastasis by inducing EMT. It could be employed as a novel prognostic marker and/or effective therapeutic target for OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinyan Yan
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Qin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dandan Tong
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Donglin Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haiming Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangning Meng
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingshu Geng
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Clinical Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (YJ); , (SF)
| | - Yan Jin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (YJ); , (SF)
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10
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Extrachromosomal driver mutations in glioblastoma and low-grade glioma. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5690. [PMID: 25471132 PMCID: PMC4338529 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration of the number of copies of Double Minutes (DMs) with oncogenic EGFR mutations in response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is a novel adaptive mechanism of glioblastoma. Here we provide evidence that such mutations in DMs, called here Amplification-Linked Extrachromosomal Mutations (ALEMs), originate extrachromosomally and could therefore be completely eliminated from the cancer cells. By exome sequencing of 7 glioblastoma patients we reveal ALEMs in EGFR, PDGFRA and other genes. These mutations together with DMs are lost by cancer cells in culture. We confirm the extrachromosomal origin of such mutations by showing that wild type and mutated DMs may coexist in the same tumor. Analysis of 4198 tumors suggests the presence of ALEMs across different tumor types with the highest prevalence in glioblastomas and low grade gliomas. The extrachromosomal nature of ALEMs explains the observed drastic changes in the amounts of mutated oncogenes (like EGFR or PDGFRA) in glioblastoma in response to environmental changes.
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11
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Yu L, Zhao Y, Quan C, Ji W, Zhu J, Huang Y, Guan R, Sun D, Jin Y, Meng X, Zhang C, Yu Y, Bai J, Sun W, Fu S. Gemcitabine eliminates double minute chromosomes from human ovarian cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71988. [PMID: 23991020 PMCID: PMC3750019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Double minute chromosomes are cytogenetic manifestations of gene amplification frequently seen in cancer cells. Genes amplified on double minute chromosomes include oncogenes and multi-drug resistant genes. These genes encode proteins which contribute to cancer formation, cancer progression, and development of resistance to drugs used in cancer treatment. Elimination of double minute chromosomes, and therefore genes amplified on them, is an effective way to decrease the malignancy of cancer cells. We investigated the effectiveness of a cancer drug, gemcitabine, on the loss of double minute chromosomes from the ovarian cancer cell line UACC-1598. Gemcitabine is able to decrease the number of double minute chromosomes in cells at a 7500X lower concentration than the commonly used cancer drug hydroxyurea. Amplified genes present on the double minute chromosomes are decreased at the DNA level upon gemcitabine treatment. Gemcitabine, even at a low nanomolar concentration, is able to cause DNA damage. The selective incorporation of double minutes chromatin and γ-H2AX signals into micronuclei provides a strong link between DNA damage and the loss of double minute chromosomes from gemcitabine treated cells. Cells treated with gemcitabine also showed decreased cell growth, colony formation, and invasion. Together, our results suggest that gemcitabine is effective in decreasing double minute chromosomes and this affects the biology of ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Yu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Quan
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rongwei Guan
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Donglin Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics (Harbin Medical University), Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangning Meng
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics (Harbin Medical University), Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China
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12
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Kovacic P. Hydroxyurea (therapeutics and mechanism): Metabolism, carbamoyl nitroso, nitroxyl, radicals, cell signaling and clinical applications. Med Hypotheses 2011; 76:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Hélias-Rodzewicz Z, Pédeutour F, Coindre JM, Terrier P, Aurias A. Selective elimination of amplifiedCDK4sequences correlates with spontaneous adipocytic differentiation in liposarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:943-52. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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14
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Dresemann G, Weller M, Rosenthal MA, Wedding U, Wagner W, Engel E, Heinrich B, Mayer-Steinacker R, Karup-Hansen A, Fluge O, Nowak A, Mehdorn M, Schleyer E, Krex D, Olver IN, Steinbach JP, Hosius C, Sieder C, Sorenson G, Parker R, Nikolova Z. Imatinib in combination with hydroxyurea versus hydroxyurea alone as oral therapy in patients with progressive pretreated glioblastoma resistant to standard dose temozolomide. J Neurooncol 2009; 96:393-402. [PMID: 19688297 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-009-9976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A randomized, multicenter, open-label, phase 3 study of patients with progressive, recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) for whom front-line therapy had failed was conducted. This study was designed to determine whether combination therapy with imatinib and hydroxyurea (HU) has superior antitumor activity compared with HU monotherapy in the treatment of recurrent GBM. The target population consisted of patients with confirmed recurrent GBM and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-2 who had completed previous treatment comprising surgical resection, irradiation therapy, and first-line chemotherapy (preferably temozolomide (TMZ) containing regimen) and who have progressed despite treatment. If first-line chemotherapy did not contain TMZ, a second completed chemotherapy was acceptable. The primary efficacy parameter was progression-free survival (PFS). The primary comparison of combination therapy versus monotherapy for PFS was not significant (adjusted P = 0.56). The hazard ratio (HR) (adjusted HR = 0.93) was not clinically relevant. The median PFS for the combination arm was low at 6 weeks and similar to the median PFS in the monotherapy arm (6 weeks). The 6-month PFS for the two treatment groups was very similar (5% in the combination arm vs. 7% in the monotherapy arm). No clinically meaningful differences were found between the two treatment arms, and the primary study end point was not met. Among the patients receiving imatinib, no adverse events were reported that were either previously unknown or unexpected as a consequence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Dresemann
- Zentrum für Neuro-Onkologie am Arztehaus Velen, Ignatiusstrasse 8, 46342, Velen, Germany.
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15
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Shimizu N, Misaka N, Utani KI. Nonselective DNA damage induced by a replication inhibitor results in the selective elimination of extrachromosomal double minutes from human cancer cells. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:865-74. [PMID: 17616968 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene amplification plays a pivotal role in human malignancy. Highly amplified genes frequently localize to extrachromosomal double minutes (dmin), which usually segregate to daughter cells in association with mitotic chromosomes. We and others had shown that treatment with low-dose hydroxyurea (HU) results in the elimination of dmin and reversion of the cancer cell phenotype. HU treatment in early S-phase, when dmin are replicated, results in their detachment from chromosomes at the next M-phase, leading to the appearance of micronuclei enriched in dmin, followed by their elimination. In this article, we examined the effect of low-dose HU on the behavior of dmin in relation to DNA damage induction by simultaneously monitoring LacO-tagged dmin and phosphorylated histone H2AX (gammaH2AX). As expected, treatment with low-dose HU induced numerous gammaH2AX foci throughout the nucleus in early S-phase, and these rarely coincided with dmin. Most chromosomal gammaH2AX foci disappeared by metaphase, whereas, unexpectedly, those that persisted frequently associated with dmin. We found that these dmin aggregated, detached from anaphase chromosomes, and apparently formed micronuclei. Because gammaH2AX foci likely represent DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), the response to DSBs sustained by extrachromosomal dmin appears to be different from that sustained by chromosomal loci, which may explain why DSB-inducing agents cause the selective elimination of dmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Shimizu
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, Japan.
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16
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Shimizu N, Kamezaki F, Shigematsu S. Tracking of microinjected DNA in live cells reveals the intracellular behavior and elimination of extrachromosomal genetic material. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:6296-307. [PMID: 16269822 PMCID: PMC1277811 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We here addressed the basic question, how does extrachromosomal DNA behave when it is placed in the nuclear or the cytoplasmic environment and how is it eliminated? To do this, we tracked microinjected DNA molecules in live cells. In the cytoplasm, the diffusion of microinjected DNA was inhibited in a size- and linearity-dependent manner, probably by the intermediate filament. This was followed by the rapid disappearance of the DNA fluorescent signal. In the nucleus, the diffusion was also dependent on the size of the molecule and was accompanied by the aggregation of the DNA. The aggregation may be due to a putative DNA-binding molecule, whose level is high during the G1 phase. Surprisingly, the injected DNA could move across the nuclear membrane and appeared in the cytoplasm, which suggests the presence of a transport system. The intracytoplasmic behavior and the elimination of such DNA was obviously different from the DNA that was directly injected at the cytoplasm. The DNA remaining in the nucleus appeared to be stable and persisted in the nucleus or, after cell division, in the cytoplasm, for more than one cell cycle. These findings provide a novel and basic understanding of the behavior and elimination of a wide variety of extrachromosomal genetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Shimizu
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan.
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17
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Debatisse M, Malfoy B. Gene amplification mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2005; 570:343-361. [PMID: 18727507 DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3764-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Debatisse
- UMR 7147, Institut Curie, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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18
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Eller JL, Longo SL, Hicklin DJ, Canute GW. Activity of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody C225 against glioblastoma multiforme. Neurosurgery 2002; 51:1005-13; discussion 1013-4. [PMID: 12234411 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200210000-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2001] [Accepted: 05/31/2002] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) secondary to EGFR gene amplification is associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype and a worse clinical outcome. The purpose of this study was to analyze whether blocking this receptor with the anti-EGFR chimeric monoclonal antibody C225 would decrease proliferation and increase apoptosis in GBM cells. METHODS EGFR expression and amplification were analyzed for seven human GBM cell lines. These lines were then exposed to different concentrations of C225 for 48 hours, 72 hours, and 7 days, after which time cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression were assessed in vitro. Two EGFR-amplified human GBM were implanted in the flanks of nude mice, and the animals received C225 twice per week intraperitoneally for 5 weeks. Tumor volumes and survival times were compared with those of sham-treated mice. RESULTS EGFR gene amplification was demonstrated in three of the primary GBM lines. C225 treatment produced significant cytotoxicity in all three EGFR-amplified GBM lines, but not in unamplified lines. Flow cytometry demonstrated increased apoptosis in C225-treated, EGFR-amplified GBM lines, but not in unamplified lines. There was a decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor expression in all GBM lines with exposure to C225. Tumor-bearing mice treated with C225 experienced significant inhibition of tumor growth as well as a 200% increase in median survival. CONCLUSION Blocking EGFR in GBM cells that overexpress this receptor significantly changes tumor cell biology by promoting apoptosis while decreasing proliferation and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. This approach holds great promise for the treatment of patients with GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Eller
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse 13210, USA.
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19
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Eller JL, Longo SL, Hicklin DJ, Canute GW. Activity of Anti-epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Monoclonal Antibody C225 against Glioblastoma Multiforme. Neurosurgery 2002. [DOI: 10.1227/00006123-200210000-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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20
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Kanda T, Wahl GM. The dynamics of acentric chromosomes in cancer cells revealed by GFP-based chromosome labeling strategies. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY. SUPPLEMENT 2001; Suppl 35:107-14. [PMID: 11389539 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4644(2000)79:35+<107::aid-jcb1133>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous replicons, such as viral episomes and oncogene containing double minute chromosomes (DMs), lack centromeres and consequently should be lost rapidly when the nuclear membrane breaks down at mitosis. Surprisingly, they are not. This raises the important question of the mechanisms that enable their efficient transmission to daughter cells. We review recent developments in GFP-based chromosome labeling strategies that enable real time analyses using high resolution light microscopy to provide insights into this issue. The results reveal that episomes and DMs both adhere to host chromosomes, a process referred to as "chromosome tethering". Such association enables acentric molecules to use the chromosomal centromere in trans, thereby achieving efficient transmission to daughter cells. This unique mechanism of mitotic segregation also raises the possibility of developing a new class of anti-cancer drugs that work by selectively eliminating growth enhancing genes from cancer cells. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 35:107-114, 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kanda
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Nevaldine BH, Rizwana R, Hahn PJ. Differential sensitivity of double minute chromosomes to hydroxyurea treatment in cultured methotrexate-resistant mouse cells. Mutat Res 1999; 406:55-62. [PMID: 10479722 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5726(98)00010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Treating mammalian cells with continuous sub-lethal doses of Hydroxyurea (HU) causes the loss of double minute chromosomes (DMs) containing amplified oncogenes in culture. Recently, we have shown that treating glioblastoma multiforme cells in culture with low doses of HU causes the loss of DMs containing epidermal growth factor receptor genes. Loss of amplified EGFR genes was accompanied by cessation of growth, and greatly decreased tumorigenicity. To further study HU-induced elimination of DMs we have now followed the fate of dihydrofolate reductase gene (DHFR) amplifying DMs in methotrexate-resistant mouse cells during simultaneous treatment with both MTX and HU. We report that in the presence of both HU and MTX, the amplified genes decreased to 25% of starting levels in the first week of treatment, but that ultimately the cells become resistant to HU and reamplify the DHFR gene. We also report that some DHFR amplifying DMs are much more sensitive to HU than others. This study demonstrates that HU does not simply increase the rate of passive loss of DMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Nevaldine
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Health Science Center, Syracuse, USA
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22
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Abstract
Conventional therapies such as surgery, radiotherapy and, to a lesser extent, chemotherapy have produced significant increases in survival in patients with some types of brain tumours such as medulloblastoma. However, in many other types of brain tumour in both adults and children, the effect of these modalities has been more modest. A thorough understanding of the biology of malignant brain tumours is likely to provide the background for the development of new leads that might be amenable to therapeutic exploitation. This review examines some aspects of glioma biology that have been reported in the past 12 months, and which might be translated into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Darling
- University Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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23
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Abstract
Double-minute chromosomes (DMs) amplify oncogenes in human tumors. The organization of genomic DNA in four independently isolated DMs amplifying the DHFR (dihydrofolate reductase) gene has been compared by mapping locations of CpG islands. When cleaved with methylation-sensitive rare-cutting restriction endonucleases, three hypomethylated GC-rich DNA sequences were frequently found in specific regions in these DMs. One such zone was in the CpG island containing the divergently transcribed promoter separating the DHFR and the Rep-3 genes. The other two sites were approximately 500 kb upstream and 300 kb downstream of the DHFR gene. An approximately 800-kb amplified core genomic region containing the DHFR gene using DM-specific probes has been identified in this study. All the DMs consisted of the core amplified region combined with additional DNA fragments. These additional fragments are different for each DM. Therefore, while the DNAs in each of the DMs are different, they have common hypomethylated regions in similar locations. These results suggest a role for the location of hypomethylated GC-rich sites such as the CpG islands in genesis of DMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rizwana
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse 13210, USA
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