Primary closure of human bite losses of the lip

Surgical site infection and patient-reported outcomes in surgically treated soft tissue facial injury: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Soft tissue facial injuries (STFI) constitute a huge portion of craniofacial trauma, but the risk of surgical site infection (SSI) and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) following surgical management of STFI are unknown.

METHODS

A PRISMA-compliant search was conducted from January 1990 until March 2023, and meta-analysis was performed using R. Pooled effects of the outcomes were estimated using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model or generalised linear mixed model, when feasible.

RESULT

Among the 8897 screened studies, 38 were included. Twelve studies reported PROMs (n = 985), whereas 28 studies reported SSI rates (n = 10,996) following operative treatment for STFI. The pooled SSI rate (n = 28) was 3.30 % (95 % CI 1.89 %-5.71 %). Surgical and non-surgical closure did not differ significantly in SSI rate. PROs focused on scar outcomes, cosmetic outcomes, quality of life and psychological impact. Subgroup analysis showed lower SSI risk in operative repair for general facial trauma compared to primary repair, and in general facial trauma compared to other aetiologies. The pooled patient scar assessment scale, score at 6-12 months post-intervention (5 studies, n = 217) was 16.16 (95 % CI 15.34-16.97). Limited evidence is available on the effect and superiority of surgical treatment in cosmetic outcomes, quality of life and psychological impact.

CONCLUSION

Our findings emphasise the limited and unreliable evidence available on PROs following operative treatment for STFI. Future studies employing robust methodologies are needed to investigate optimal approaches for managing STFI.

Evidenced-Based Practice Among Trainees: A Survey on Facial Trauma Wound Management

OBJECTIVE

Assess whether facial trauma wound care and antibiotic use recommendations are guided by evidence-based practice (EBP) or practice patterns, and investigate strategies to improve EBP adoption among surgical trainees.

DESIGN

We conducted a survey of all trainees who manage facial trauma (general surgery, emergency medicine, plastic surgery, otolaryngology) to assess clinical knowledge and sources of treatment recommendations. Clinical questions were based on Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine Level 1 or 2 evidence. We measured internal validity of questions using Cronbach's α. Results were weight-adjusted for nonresponse and then analyzed using Welch t test and descriptive statistics.

STUDY SETTING

Stanford Hospital and Clinics, a Level I trauma center.

RESULTS

Response rate was 50.3% overall (78/155). For recommendations on facial trauma wound and antibiotic use, nonspecialty junior residents most frequently relied on their own senior or specialty residents (79.1%); nonspecialty senior residents relied on specialty residents (67.9%). Specialty junior residents most often relied on their own senior residents (51.0%), the majority of whom made recommendations based on their own knowledge (73.2%). Questions assessing EBP knowledge had Cronbach's α of 0.98; response accuracy was similar between specialty and nonspecialty residents (54.6% vs 55.5%, p = 0.96). When provided recommendations that conflict with EBP, both nonspecialty and specialty residents more frequently followed recommendations rather than EBP; junior residents reported doing so to avoid conflict with superiors. Total 92.6% of surveyed residents felt cross-departmental EBP guidelines would improve patient care.

CONCLUSIONS

Facial trauma wound care and antibiotic recommendations disseminate down seniority and from craniofacial specialty to nonspecialty residents, yet knowledge of EBP among senior specialty and nonspecialty residents was weak. EBP may be difficult to adopt in the absence of consensus society guidelines. To address this gap, we published a review of EBP for facial trauma and plan to update our trauma manual with cross-departmental guidelines to facilitate EBP adoption among trainees.

Management of human bite injury of the upper and lower eyelids: a rare case report

Human bite injury to the eyelid is extremely rare and poses a significant challenge in surgical reconstruction. We report an extremely rare case of human bite injury to the eyelid in a 43-year-old male with approximately 60% full thickness loss of the upper eyelid and 80% to 90% full thickness loss of the lower eyelid and its successful reconstruction using the local advancement cheek flap.

Management of facial bite wounds

Bite wounds are especially prone to infectious complications, both local and systemic. In bite wounds to the face, such complications can create more difficulties than the initial tissue damage itself for the task of restoring an esthetic appearance. Management should aim to neutralize this potential for infection and provide an infection-free environment for wound healing. Wound cleansing followed by primary closure is the treatment of choice, and the use of prophylactic antibiotics may further decrease the risk of infection. Delay in presentation beyond 24 hours is not necessarily a contraindication to immediate repair, but excessive crushing of the tissues or extensive edema usually dictates a more conservative approach, such as delayed closure.

Human bite injuries in the oro-facial region at the Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania

Background

Human bites in the maxillofacial region compromise function and aesthetics, resulting in social and psychological effects. There is paucity of information regarding human bite injuries in Tanzania. The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence, treatment modalities and prognosis of human bite injuries in the oro-facial region at the Muhimbili National Hospital Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Methods

In a prospective study the details of patients with human bite injuries in the oro-facial region who attended at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Muhimbili National Hospital between January 2001 and December 2005 were recorded. Data included information on age, sex, site, duration of the injury at the time of reporting to hospital, reasons, details of treatment offered and outcome after treatment.

Results

A total of 33 patients, 13 males and 20 females aged between 12 and 49 years with human bite injuries in the oro-facial region were treated. Thirty patients presented with clean uninfected wounds while 3 had infected wounds. The most (45.5%) frequently affected site was the lower lip. Treatment offered included thorough surgical cleansing with adequate surgical debridement and primary suturing. Tetanus prophylaxis and a course of broad-spectrum antibiotics were given to all the patients. In 90% of the 30 patients who were treated by suturing, the healing was uneventful with only 10% experiencing wound infection or necrosis. Three patients who presented with wounds that had signs of infection were treated by surgical cleansing with debridement, antibiotics and daily dressing followed by delayed primary suturing.

Conclusion

Most of the human bite injuries in the oro-facial region were due to social conflicts. Although generally considered to be dirty or contaminated they could be successfully treated by surgical cleansing and primary suture with a favourable outcome. Management of such injuries often need multidisciplinary approach.

Fechamento primário das mordeduras na face

As mordeduras representam uma lesão comum geralmente vista nas emergências dos hospitais, correspondendo a cerca de 1% dos atendimentos. Os autores conduziram um estudo para avaliar a conduta de fechamento primário das mordeduras na face dos pacientes atendidos na emergência do Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica do Hospital Regional da Asa Norte (HRAN, Brasília-DF) de janeiro a dezembro de 1999. O estudo compreendeu 42 pacientes, com média de idade de 17 anos (variação de um a 50 anos) e 29 (69,0%) dos pacientes eram homens. As mordeduras caninas foram as mais freqüentes (71,4%), seguidas pelas mordeduras humanas (26,2%). O tempo médio entre a agressão e o atendimento no Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica do HRAN foi de 16 horas. A orelha foi o sítio principal (40,0%), seguido pelo lábio. O tratamento utilizado foi a sutura direta em 28 (66,7%) pacientes, retalhos locais em 12 (28,6%) pacientes e enxerto em dois casos. Não houve infecção nos casos estudados. Os achados sugerem que o fechamento imediato das lesões na face é seguro, até em casos após várias horas da lesão.

A study of primary closure of human bite injuries to the face

PURPOSE

This study evaluated the management of human bite injuries to the face during the period from May 1995 to April 1996.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Data on 30 patients presenting with human bite injuries during this period were collected on specially designed forms. The information was pooled and analyzed. A standardized surgical treatment consisting of thorough debridement of the wound followed by primary closure either by direct suturing, a local flap, or skin grafting on the day of presentation was used. Most of the cases were treated under local anesthesia. Patients were prescribed tetanus prophylaxis and a course of antibiotics for 1 week. Suture removal was done 1 week postoperatively except for the skin grafts, which were uncovered at 10 days postoperation.

RESULTS

There were 21 males and 9 females ranging in age between 17 and 55 years, with a mean age of 31.8 years. Sixty-six percent of the bites involved the lips. The duration of injury before presentation ranged from 1 to 4 days. In 27 of the cases (90%), wound healing was complete at the time of suture removal.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that immediate closure of human bite injuries is safe, even with old injuries.