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Wang J, Liu S, Li J, Yi Z. The role of the fibroblast growth factor family in bone-related diseases. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 94:1740-1749. [PMID: 31260189 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members are important regulators of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and regeneration. The abnormal expression of certain FGF family members can cause skeletal diseases, including achondroplasia, craniosynostosis syndrome, osteoarthritis, and Kashin-Beck disease. Accumulating evidence shows that FGFs play a crucial role in the growth and proliferation of bone and in the pathogenesis of certain bone-related diseases. Here, we review the involvement of FGFs in bone-related processes and diseases; FGF1 in the differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and fracture repair; FGF2, FGF9, and FGF18 in osteoarthritis; FGF6 in bone and muscle injury; FGF8 in osteoarthritis and Kashin-Beck disease; and FGF21 and FGF23 on bone regulation. These findings indicate that FGFs are targets for novel therapeutic interventions for bone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shizhang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi Yi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
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2
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O'Hara J, Ruggiero F, Wilson L, James G, Glass G, Jeelani O, Ong J, Bowman R, Wyatt M, Evans R, Samuels M, Hayward R, Dunaway DJ. Syndromic Craniosynostosis: Complexities of Clinical Care. Mol Syndromol 2019; 10:83-97. [PMID: 30976282 DOI: 10.1159/000495739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with syndromic craniosynostosis have a molecularly identified genetic cause for the premature closure of their cranial sutures and associated facial and extra-cranial features. Their clinical complexity demands comprehensive management by an extensive multidisciplinary team. This review aims to marry genotypic and phenotypic knowledge with clinical presentation and management of the craniofacial syndromes presenting most frequently to the craniofacial unit at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine O'Hara
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Federica Ruggiero
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Louise Wilson
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Greg James
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Graeme Glass
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Owase Jeelani
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Juling Ong
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Bowman
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Michelle Wyatt
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Robert Evans
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Martin Samuels
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Hayward
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - David J Dunaway
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
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Meng B, Zhang H. Crouzon Syndrome Associated with Congenital Coarctation of Aorta. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:1498-1499. [PMID: 29893369 PMCID: PMC6006823 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.233963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Meng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children's Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children's Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
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Liu H, Fang Q, Wang M, Wang W, Zhang M, Zhang D, He Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Otero M, Ma T, Chen J. FGF8 and FGFR3 are up-regulated in hypertrophic chondrocytes: Association with chondrocyte death in deep zone of Kashin-Beck disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:184-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang B, Wang W, Ni F. Classification of Congenital Deformities of Hands and Upper Limbs and Selection of Surgery Timing. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5101-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Oberg KC, Feenstra JM, Manske PR, Tonkin MA. Developmental biology and classification of congenital anomalies of the hand and upper extremity. J Hand Surg Am 2010; 35:2066-76. [PMID: 21134615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations into the mechanism of limb development have clarified the roles of several molecules, their pathways, and interactions. Characterization of the molecular pathways that orchestrate limb development has provided insight into the etiology of many limb malformations. In this review, we describe how the insights from developmental biology are related to clinically relevant anomalies and the current classification schemes used to define, categorize, and communicate patterns of upper limb malformations. We advocate an updated classification scheme for upper limb anomalies that incorporates our current molecular perspective of limb development and the pathogenetic basis for malformations using dysmorphology terminology. We anticipate that this scheme will improve the utility of a classification as a basis for diagnosis, treatment, and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerby C Oberg
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Ladd AL. Upper-limb evolution and development: skeletons in the closet. Congenital anomalies and evolution's template. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009; 91 Suppl 4:19-25. [PMID: 19571063 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.i.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Ladd
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Robert A Chase Hand and Upper Limb Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Britto JA. Advances in the molecular pathogenesis of craniofacial conditions. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2007; 16:567-86. [PMID: 18088755 DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The impact that the understanding of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) biology and its relevance to the pathogenesis of the craniosynostoses has made cannot be underestimated. As the genetic and molecular pathology of other conditions become increasingly understood, there is much hope that robust and relevant animal models of these conditions may be generated. From these models-and in conjunction with laboratory studies in vitro-comes a real hope of improved therapeutic strategies. The future lies in increased cooperation between clinicians working in high-volume centers and basic scientists. This article decribes the results of a decade of research in which the molecular pathology of the craniosynostoses was unravelled. The understanding of the importance of FGFR mutations to the genetic etiology of craniosynostosis opened up novel studies in developmental biology in various tissues. Such studies describe the functional effects of FGFR mutations. Investigations of FGFR expression in human craniofacial development have related functional molecular studies to human craniosynostosis syndromes, which provides a link between the gene mutation and the affected child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Britto
- Craniofacial Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N3JH, UK
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Gazarian A, Abrahamyan DO. Allogreffe de main chez le nouveau-né agénésique: étude de faisabilité. ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2007; 52:451-8. [PMID: 17688993 DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Would a newborn with a single hand benefit from hand allograft? Transantebrachial aplasia is the chosen clinical form of agenesia in our interrogation. The feasibility study presents several aspects: 1) ethical and psychological aspects. Is this a desired surgery for agenesic population? Which are the functional, psychological and social situations of agenesic patient? Is the hand transplantation in newborn ethically acceptable? What is the parents' attitude toward agenesia? Can we envisage organ donation in neonatal period? 2) immunological aspects. The non-vital character of this condition and its' good functional tolerance cannot make accepting the risk of adverse effects of hand allotransplantation. Hence, one may consider this surgery only without immunosuppression. Can the peculiarities of the neonate "immature" immune system represent an opportunity of easier tolerance obtaining, avoiding immunosuppression? 3) anatomical and technical aspects. The proximal tissues at the level of amputation are all hypoplastic in agenesic patients. Can we efficaciously suture those structures with donor eutrophic tissues? 4) cognitive aspects. Is a neonate born with only one hand is able to use two? A feasibility study on such a subject needs to take into account all these aspects. This research is useful because, even if hand allograft in agenesic newborn will never be done, the provided information will allow to progress in the vaster domain of composite tissue allotransplantation in perinatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gazarian
- Chirurgie de la main et du membre supérieur, clinique du Parc, hôpital Debrousse, pavillons Tbis (orthopédie pédiatrique) et V (transplantation), hôpital Edouard-Herriot, 86, boulevard des Belges, 69006 Lyon, France.
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10
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Discussion. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000260727.39639.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Khan SH, Britto JA, Evans RD, Nischal KK. Expression of FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 in the normal human fetal orbit. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 89:1643-5. [PMID: 16299148 PMCID: PMC1772988 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2005.075978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To demonstrate the expression patterns of two fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR-2 and FGFR-3) in the normal human fetal orbit. METHODS 6 microm orbital slide sections were prepared from 12 week old human fetal material obtained within established ethical guidelines. Radioactive in situ hybridisation techniques were used to demonstrate the expression patterns of FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 within these sections. Only one foetus had appropriate orbital sections taken. RESULTS FGFR-2 was expressed within the extraocular muscles (EOMs) and the optic nerve sheath and to a lesser degree within the orbital periosteal margins and the cranial sutures. FGFR-3 was expressed a lot within the periosteal margins and cranial sutures but not within either the EOMs or the optic nerve sheath. CONCLUSIONS FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 are differentially expressed within different orbital components. FGFR-2 gene mutations may be responsible for craniosynostotic syndromes such as Crouzon, Pfeiffer, and Apert, while those in the FGFR-3 gene may cause isolated unicoronal synostosis. EOMs may be histologically abnormal in cases of Apert, Pfeiffer, and Crouzon syndromes but not isolated unicoronal synostosis. The pattern of expression of FGFR-2 in the normal human fetal orbit may explain some of the EOM histological findings seen in some cases of Apert, Pfeiffer, and Crouzon syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Khan
- Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
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Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a phenomenon that is integral to development and cellular homeostasis. In the last decade, many of the essential molecules and pathways that control this phenomenon have been elucidated. Because apoptosis is involved in almost all physiologic and pathologic processes, the understanding of its regulation has significant clinical ramifications. This article reviews the basic understanding of programmed cell death in terms of the effector molecules and pathways. Areas of interest to plastic surgeons are reviewed as they pertain to apoptosis. These areas include allotransplantation, craniofacial and limb development, flap survival, wound healing, stem cell science, and physiologic aging. These topics have not yet been studied extensively in the context of cell death. In this review article, other related and more comprehensively studied scientific areas are used to extrapolate their relevance to apoptosis. Apoptosis is an increasingly better understood process. With the knowledge of how programmed cell death is controlled, combined with the improved ability to effectively perform genetic manipulation and to design specific chemical approaches, apoptosis is gaining clinical relevance. In the next few years, practical clinical breakthroughs will help the medical community to understand the phenomenon of apoptosis and how it relates to the needs of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Gastman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Shool of Medicine, Pa, USA.
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Ohbayashi N, Shibayama M, Kurotaki Y, Imanishi M, Fujimori T, Itoh N, Takada S. FGF18 is required for normal cell proliferation and differentiation during osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. Genes Dev 2002; 16:870-9. [PMID: 11937494 PMCID: PMC186331 DOI: 10.1101/gad.965702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is involved in skeletal development of the vertebrate. Gain-of-function mutations of FGF receptors (FGFR) cause craniosynostosis, premature fusion of the skull, and dwarfism syndromes. Disruption of Fgfr3 results in prolonged growth of long bones and vertebrae. However, the role that FGFs actually play in skeletal development in the embryo remains unclear. Here we show that Fgf18 is expressed in and required for osteogenesis and chondrogenesis in the mouse embryo. Fgf18 is expressed in both osteogenic mesenchymal cells and differentiating osteoblasts during calvarial bone development. In addition, Fgf18 is expressed in the perichondrium and joints of developing long bones. In calvarial bone development of Fgf18-deficient mice generated by gene targeting, the progress of suture closure is delayed. Furthermore, proliferation of calvarial osteogenic mesenchymal cells is decreased, and terminal differentiation to calvarial osteoblasts is specifically delayed. Delay of osteogenic differentiation is also observed in the developing long bones of this mutant. Conversely, chondrocyte proliferation and the number of differentiated chondrocytes are increased. Therefore, FGF18 appears to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation positively in osteogenesis and negatively in chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Ohbayashi
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Britto JA, Evans RD, Hayward RD, Jones BM. From genotype to phenotype: the differential expression of FGF, FGFR, and TGFbeta genes characterizes human cranioskeletal development and reflects clinical presentation in FGFR syndromes. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001; 108:2026-39; discussion 2040-6. [PMID: 11743396 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-200112000-00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) genes 1, 2, and 3 are causal in a number of craniofacial dysostosis syndromes featuring craniosynostosis with basicranial and midfacial deformity. Great clinical variability is displayed in the pathologic phenotypes encountered. To investigate the influence of developmental genetics on clinical diversity in these syndromes, the expression of several genes implicated in their pathology was studied at sequential stages of normal human embryo-fetal cranial base and facial ossification (n = 6). At 8 weeks of gestation, FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 are equally expressed throughout the predifferentiated mesenchyme of the cranium, the endochondral skull base, and midfacial mesenchyme. Both clinically significant isoforms of FGFR2, IgIIIa/c and IgIIIa/b, are coexpressed in maxillary and basicranial ossification. By 10 to 13 weeks, FGFR1 and FGFR2 are broadly expressed in epithelia, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cell lineages. FGFR3, however, is maximally expressed in dental epithelia and proliferating chondrocytes of the skull base, but poorly expressed in the osteogenic tissues of the midface. FGF2 and FGF4, but not FGF7, and TGFbeta1 and TGFbeta3 are expressed throughout both osteogenic and chondrogenic tissues in early human craniofacial skeletogenesis. Maximal FGFR expression in the skull base proposes a pivotal role for syndromic growth dysplasia at this site. Paucity of FGFR3 expression in human midfacial development correlates with the relatively benign human mutant FGFR3 midfacial phenotypes. The regulation of FGFR expression in human craniofacial skeletogenesis against background excess ligand and selected cofactors may therefore play a profound role in the pathologic craniofacial development of children bearing FGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Britto
- Craniofacial Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, the Developmental Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, England.
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Differential Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors in Human Digital Development Suggests Common Pathogenesis in Complex Acrosyndactyly and Craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00006534-200105000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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