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Kuroda H, Tachikawa M, Uchida Y, Inoue K, Ohtsuka H, Ohtsuki S, Unno M, Terasaki T. All-trans retinoic acid enhances gemcitabine cytotoxicity in human pancreatic cancer cell line AsPC-1 by up-regulating protein expression of deoxycytidine kinase. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 103:116-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Ludwig MR, Kojima K, Bowersock GJ, Chen D, Jhala NC, Buchsbaum DJ, Grizzle WE, Klug CA, Mobley JA. Surveying the serologic proteome in a tissue-specific kras(G12D) knockin mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Proteomics 2016; 16:516-31. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoko Kojima
- Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Gregory J. Bowersock
- Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
- Departments of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Nirag C. Jhala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Donald J. Buchsbaum
- Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
- Radiation Oncology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - William E. Grizzle
- Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
- Pathology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Christopher A. Klug
- Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
- Microbiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - James A. Mobley
- Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
- Departments of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
- Surgery; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Retinoic acid (RA) has important functions during embryonic development being involved in cell growth and differentiation. Although approved for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, it is still under investigation for different solid tumors including pancreatic cancer. The objective of this study was to analyze how RA affects pancreatic cancer stem cells and how its combination with chemotherapy could impact cell growth. METHODS Using different pancreatic cancer cell lines, we evaluated the effect of RA alone or in combination with chemotherapy regulating cancer stem cells properties and pathways. RESULTS Retinoic acid treatment reduces the expression of pancreatic stem cell markers CD24, CD44, CD133, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 but not c-Met. Although gemcitabine treatment increases the expression of some of these markers especially CD44 when it is combined with RA, a notable reduction in all of them is observed. Retinoic acid induces a G0/G1 arrest and combined with gemcitabine increases the apoptotic effect produced by chemotherapy probably as a consequence of a regulation of specific stem cell transcription factors. CONCLUSIONS Retinoic acid regulates self-renewal capacity of cells in pancreatic tumors and should be further investigated in combination with chemotherapy as therapeutic strategy in pancreatic cancer.
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di Masi A, Leboffe L, De Marinis E, Pagano F, Cicconi L, Rochette-Egly C, Lo-Coco F, Ascenzi P, Nervi C. Retinoic acid receptors: from molecular mechanisms to cancer therapy. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 41:1-115. [PMID: 25543955 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the major bioactive metabolite of retinol or vitamin A, induces a spectrum of pleiotropic effects in cell growth and differentiation that are relevant for embryonic development and adult physiology. The RA activity is mediated primarily by members of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) subfamily, namely RARα, RARβ and RARγ, which belong to the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of transcription factors. RARs form heterodimers with members of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) subfamily and act as ligand-regulated transcription factors through binding specific RA response elements (RAREs) located in target genes promoters. RARs also have non-genomic effects and activate kinase signaling pathways, which fine-tune the transcription of the RA target genes. The disruption of RA signaling pathways is thought to underlie the etiology of a number of hematological and non-hematological malignancies, including leukemias, skin cancer, head/neck cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, glioblastoma and neuroblastoma. Of note, RA and its derivatives (retinoids) are employed as potential chemotherapeutic or chemopreventive agents because of their differentiation, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-oxidant effects. In humans, retinoids reverse premalignant epithelial lesions, induce the differentiation of myeloid normal and leukemic cells, and prevent lung, liver, and breast cancer. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that regulate the RA and retinoid signaling pathways. Moreover, mechanisms through which deregulation of RA signaling pathways ultimately impact on cancer are examined. Finally, the therapeutic effects of retinoids are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra di Masi
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Roma I-00146, Italy
| | - Loris Leboffe
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Roma I-00146, Italy
| | - Elisabetta De Marinis
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina I-04100
| | - Francesca Pagano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina I-04100
| | - Laura Cicconi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Roma I-00133, Italy; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncohematology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina, 306, Roma I-00142, Italy
| | - Cécile Rochette-Egly
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104 - Inserm U 964, University of Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, Illkirch Cedex F-67404, France.
| | - Francesco Lo-Coco
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Roma I-00133, Italy; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncohematology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina, 306, Roma I-00142, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, Roma I-00146, Italy.
| | - Clara Nervi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina I-04100.
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Wei J, Ye C, Liu F, Wang W. All-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide induce apoptosis and modulate intracellular concentrations of calcium in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Chemother 2014; 26:348-52. [PMID: 25068185 DOI: 10.1179/1973947814y.0000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO), alone and in combination, on apoptosis and intracellular calcium concentration in hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. We used HepG2 cells to test the effects of ATRA and ATO, individually and in combination, on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and intracellular-free calcium concentration. The results indicate that each drug decreased cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, and increased intracellular-free calcium in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We also calculated the coefficients of drug interaction for sub-threshold administration of both drugs in combination (1 μmol/L each). ATRA and ATO acted synergistically in inhibition of cell proliferation and additively in the promotion of apoptosis. All-trans retinoic acid and ATO interacted synergistically to reduce cell proliferation in HepG2 cells.
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Bleul T, Rühl R, Bulashevska S, Karakhanova S, Werner J, Bazhin AV. Reduced retinoids and retinoid receptors' expression in pancreatic cancer: A link to patient survival. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:870-9. [PMID: 24729540 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the deadliest cancers in the world. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is the major physiologically active form of vitamin A, regulating expression of many genes. Disturbances of vitamin A metabolism are prevalent in some cancer cells. The main aim of this work was to investigate deeply the components of retinoid signaling in PDAC compared to in the normal pancreas and to prove the clinical importance of retinoid receptor expression. For the study, human tumor tissues obtained from PDAC patients and murine tumors from the orthotopic Panc02 model were used for the analysis of retinoids, using high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and real-time RT-PCR gene expression analysis. Survival probabilities in univariate analysis were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards model was used for the multivariate analysis. In this work, we showed for the first time that the ATRA and all-trans retinol concentration is reduced in PDAC tissue compared to their normal counterparts. The expression of RARα and β as well as RXRα and β are down-regulated in PDAC tissue. This reduced expression of retinoid receptors correlates with the expression of some markers of differentiation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition as well as of cancer stem cell markers. Importantly, the expression of RARα and RXRβ is associated with better overall survival of PDAC patients. Thus, reduction of retinoids and their receptors is an important feature of PDAC and is associated with worse patient survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Bleul
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary.,Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Svetlana Karakhanova
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Huang GL, Luo Q, Rui G, Zhang W, Zhang QY, Chen QX, Shen DY. Oncogenic activity of retinoic acid receptor γ is exhibited through activation of the Akt/NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in cholangiocarcinoma. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3416-25. [PMID: 23798555 PMCID: PMC3753848 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00384-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression and function of retinoic acid receptor γ (RARγ) are often involved in the progression of several cancers. However, the role of RARγ in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), chemoresistant bile duct carcinoma with a poor prognosis, remains unclear. In the present study, we found that RARγ was frequently overexpressed in human CCA specimens. Its overexpression was associated with poor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, high serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level, and poor prognosis of CCA. Downregulation of RARγ reduced CCA cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation ability in vitro and tumorigenic potential in nude mice. RARγ knockdown resulted in upregulation of cell cycle inhibitor P21, as well as downregulation of cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and matrix metallopeptidase 9, in parallel with suppression of the Akt/NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, overexpression of RARγ contributed to the multidrug chemoresistance of CCA cells, at least in part due to upregulation of P glycoprotein via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Molecular mechanism studies revealed that RARγ interacted with β-catenin and led to β-catenin nuclear translocation. Taken together, our results suggested that RARγ plays an important role in the proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance of CCA through simultaneous activation of the Akt/NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, serving as a potential molecular target for CCA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Li Huang
- Center Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Luo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen Cancer Center, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Rui
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen Cancer Center, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Yan Shen
- Center Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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8
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Oncogenic activity of retinoic acid receptor γ is exhibited through activation of the Akt/NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in cholangiocarcinoma. Mol Cell Biol 2013. [PMID: 23798555 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00384-13mcb.00384-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression and function of retinoic acid receptor γ (RARγ) are often involved in the progression of several cancers. However, the role of RARγ in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), chemoresistant bile duct carcinoma with a poor prognosis, remains unclear. In the present study, we found that RARγ was frequently overexpressed in human CCA specimens. Its overexpression was associated with poor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, high serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level, and poor prognosis of CCA. Downregulation of RARγ reduced CCA cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation ability in vitro and tumorigenic potential in nude mice. RARγ knockdown resulted in upregulation of cell cycle inhibitor P21, as well as downregulation of cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and matrix metallopeptidase 9, in parallel with suppression of the Akt/NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, overexpression of RARγ contributed to the multidrug chemoresistance of CCA cells, at least in part due to upregulation of P glycoprotein via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Molecular mechanism studies revealed that RARγ interacted with β-catenin and led to β-catenin nuclear translocation. Taken together, our results suggested that RARγ plays an important role in the proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance of CCA through simultaneous activation of the Akt/NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, serving as a potential molecular target for CCA treatment.
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Gupta S, Pramanik D, Mukherjee R, Campbell NR, Elumalai S, de Wilde RF, Hong SM, Goggins MG, De Jesus-Acosta A, Laheru D, Maitra A. Molecular determinants of retinoic acid sensitivity in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:280-9. [PMID: 22010213 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify a predictive molecular "signature" for sensitivity to retinoic acid in pancreatic cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Fourteen patient-derived, low-passage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) lines with varied expression of fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5) and cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2 (CRABP2) were used to evaluate the response to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration/invasion assays were used to measure the in vitro response. Tumor growth was monitored in subcutaneous xenografts in athymic nude mice for 4 weeks. RESULTS Response to ATRA was observed to be dependent upon differential expression of FABP5 versus CRABP2. Thus, elevated FABP5 expression was associated with minimal cytotoxicity and tumor growth inhibition and a paradoxical increase in migration and invasion. Conversely, CRABP2 expression in the absence of FABP5 was associated with significant tumor growth inhibition with ATRA, even in gemcitabine-resistant tumors. The ATRA-resistant phenotype of FABP5(high)CRABP2(null) cells could be circumvented by ectopic expression of CRABP2. Alternatively, reexpression of endogenous CRABP2 could be enabled in FABP5(high)CRABP2(null) PDAC lines by exposure to decitabine and trichostatin A, thereby relieving epigenetic silencing of the CRABP2 gene promoter. Immunohistochemical staining for FABP5 in archival human tissue microarrays identifies a subset of cases (13 of 63, ~20%) which are negative for FABP5 expression and might be candidates for ATRA therapy. CONCLUSIONS The widely used agent ATRA deserves a "second look" in PDAC, but needs to be targeted to patient subsets with biopsy-proven FABP5-negative tumors, or be combined with a chromatin-modifying agent to reexpress endogenous CRABP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Jacobs ET, Martínez ME, Campbell PT, Conti DV, Duggan D, Figueiredo JC, Haile RW, LeRoy EC, Poynter JN, Thompson PA, Baron JA. Genetic variation in the retinoid X receptor and calcium-sensing receptor and risk of colorectal cancer in the Colon Cancer Family Registry. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1412-6. [PMID: 20558521 PMCID: PMC2915636 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in the calcium/vitamin D metabolic pathway may be related to risk for colorectal cancer. While several investigations of vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and colorectal cancer have been conducted, no studies to date have evaluated the association of genetic variation in the heterodimer partner for VDR, the retinoid X receptor (RXR). Another important gene in this pathway is the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR). Employing a discordant-sibship case-control design, we examined the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in RXRA and CASR and risk for colorectal cancer overall and by colorectal subsite and microsatellite instability (MSI) status using data from the Colon Cancer Family Registry. No gene-level relationships between RXRA or CASR and colorectal cancer overall were observed. However, for RXRA SNP rs7861779, a high-interest SNP selected for study a priori, there was a statistically significantly increased risk for proximal colorectal cancer among those with at least one A allele [odds ratio (OR) = 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03-1.97]. Another selected RXRA SNP, rs12004589, was significantly associated with risk of MSI-high cancers (OR = 2.27; 95% CI = 1.13-4.56). Additionally, CASR SNP rs1801726 was significantly associated with a reduced risk for rectal cancer (OR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.29-0.96). These results provide support that RXRA SNPs rs7861779 and rs12004589 and CASR SNP rs1801726 may be important markers for colorectal neoplasia. Further work is needed to elucidate their role in the carcinogenic pathway.
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Nakagawa T, Shimizu M, Shirakami Y, Tatebe H, Yasuda I, Tsurumi H, Moriwaki H. Synergistic effects of acyclic retinoid and gemcitabine on growth inhibition in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2009; 273:250-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Balasubramanian S, Chandraratna RAS, Eckert RL. A novel retinoid-related molecule inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation by a retinoid receptor independent mechanism via suppression of cell cycle regulatory protein function and induction of caspase-associated apoptosis. Oncogene 2005; 24:4257-70. [PMID: 15856029 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid-related molecules are important potential agents for the treatment of cancer. In the present study, we test the effect of a novel retinoid-related ligand, AGN193198 (4-[3-(1-heptyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)-3-oxo-prophenyl] benzoic acid), on pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and survival. AGN193198 treatment reduces BxPC-3 cell proliferation more efficiently than high-affinity retinoid acid receptor (RAR)- or retinoid X receptor (RXR)-selective retinoids. Moreover, AGN193198 does not activate transcription from RAR or RXR response elements and its effects on cell survival are not reversed by treatment with RAR- or RXR receptor-selective antagonists. These results suggest that the AGN193198-dependent inhibition of BxPC-3 cell function is not mediated via activation of the classical retinoid receptors. Cell cycle analysis of AGN193198-treated BxPC-3 cells indicates that AGN193198 causes accumulation of cells in G2/M. This change is associated with a marked reduction in regulators of S (cyclin A, cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk)2), G2/M (cyclin B1, cdk1, cdc25c) and G1 (cyclin D1, cyclin E, cdk2, cdk4) phase, and an increase in p21 and p27 level. Kinases assays reveal that cdk1, cdk2 and cdk4 activity are suppressed in AGN193198-treated cells. In addition, reduced cell proliferation is associated with enhanced procaspase (3, 8 and 9) and PARP cleavage. Z-VAD-FMK, a pancaspase inhibitor, inhibits AGN193198-dependent caspase activation and attenuates cell death. Z-VAD-FMK inhibits PARP cleavage, but does not alter the AGN193198-dependent reduction in cell cycle regulatory protein expression and activity, suggesting that caspase activation and suppression of cell cycle regulatory protein levels are independent processes. AGN193198 produces similar responses in other pancreatic cancer cell lines including AsPC-1 and MIA PaCa-2. These studies suggest that AGN193198 may be useful for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakasam Balasubramanian
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA
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Leelawat K, Ohuchida K, Mizumoto K, Mahidol C, Tanaka M. All-trans retinoic acid inhibits the cell proliferation but enhances the cell invasion through up-regulation of c-met in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2004; 224:303-10. [PMID: 15914280 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Revised: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) inhibits proliferation of cancer. However, the effects of ATRA on scattering and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells remain unknown. Also, the effects of ATRA on c-Met expression in pancreatic cancer have never been addressed so far. The effects of ATRA on a pancreatic cancer cell line, Capan-1, were determined by proliferation assay, scattering assay and invasion assay. In addition, the expression of c-Met in pancreatic cancer cell lines treated with ATRA was investigated by real-time PCR and western blotting. The growth-inhibitory effect of ATRA was found when the cells were cultured with 5 microM ATRA for 3 days. In cell scattering assay, ATRA-treated pancreatic cancer cells were found to spread out from their colonies. In invasion assay, cells treated with ATRA invaded the matrigel more than vehicle-treated cells. The expression of c-Met was up-regulated both in the mRNA and protein levels after the treatment of ATRA. The highest expression was found at 48 h after the treatment. ATRA induced scattering and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells, although it inhibited proliferation of those cells. In addition, ATRA also increased the protein level of c-Met. These findings may indicate that the use of retinoic acid as an anti-cancer therapeutic drug needs some additional treatments to control cell invasion or scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawin Leelawat
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Surgery, Rajavithi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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14
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Karamouzis MV, Sotiropoulou-Bonikou G, Vandoros G, Varakis I, Papavassiliou AG. Differential expression of retinoic acid receptor beta (RARβ) and the AP-1 transcription factor in normal, premalignant and malignant human laryngeal tissues. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40:761-73. [PMID: 15010078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2003] [Revised: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer effects of retinoids are mainly mediated by their nuclear receptors. Recent studies have demonstrated that retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta) plays a pivotal role from the early stages of laryngeal carcinogenesis; however, the exact mechanism of this detrimental effect has not yet been elucidated. One of the best-documented actions of retinoid receptors is the transrepression of activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor activity, although this complex interplay has not been clarified. The present report is the first systematic morphological evaluation of the cross-talk of RARbeta and AP-1 transcription factor in a large series of human laryngeal tissues containing normal epithelium, premalignant lesions (hyperplasia and/or dysplasia) and squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical methodology was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections by using a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against RARbeta and the AP-1 components c-Jun, p-c-Jun (phosphorylated, active c-Jun) and c-Fos proteins. Their expression was screened and compared in 154 patients with various laryngeal histological entities. Nuclear expression of RARbeta, c-Jun, p-c-Jun and c-Fos was detected in 81 (89.2%), 48 (52.8%), 66 (72.6%) and 73 (80.3%), respectively, out of 91 specimens with normal-appearing laryngeal epithelium; in 86 (87.8%), 94 (95.9%), 94 (95.9%) and 94 (95.9%), respectively, out of 98 specimens with hyperplastic laryngeal epithelium; in 58 (56.8%), 92 (90.2%), 96 (94.1%) and 96 (94.1%), respectively, out of 102 specimens with dysplastic laryngeal epithelium; in 10 (22.3%), 41 (91.2%), 44 (97.8%) and 41 (91.2%), respectively, out of 45 specimens with well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; in 13 (30.3%), 37 (86%), 39 (90.7%) and 41 (95.3%), respectively, out of 43 specimens with moderately-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; and in 8 (66.7%), 10 (83.3%), 12 (100%) and 12 (100%), respectively, out of 12 specimens with poorly-differentiated squamous cell laryngeal carcinoma. Statistical analysis and correlation of the intensity of nuclear immunostaining of the studied proteins among the various histological entities revealed statistically significant results. The progressive upregulation of the AP-1 transcription factor constituents and downregulation of the RARbeta protein detected from the onset of laryngeal tumorigenesis suggests an important role for the immediate-early AP-1/RARbeta on/off "switch" in the process of laryngeal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Karamouzis
- Department of Anatomy and Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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