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Szoszkiewicz A, Bukowska-Olech E, Jamsheer A. Molecular landscape of congenital vertebral malformations: recent discoveries and future directions. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:32. [PMID: 38291488 PMCID: PMC10829358 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Vertebral malformations (VMs) pose a significant global health problem, causing chronic pain and disability. Vertebral defects occur as isolated conditions or within the spectrum of various congenital disorders, such as Klippel-Feil syndrome, congenital scoliosis, spondylocostal dysostosis, sacral agenesis, and neural tube defects. Although both genetic abnormalities and environmental factors can contribute to abnormal vertebral development, our knowledge on molecular mechanisms of numerous VMs is still limited. Furthermore, there is a lack of resource that consolidates the current knowledge in this field. In this pioneering review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the latest research on the molecular basis of VMs and the association of the VMs-related causative genes with bone developmental signaling pathways. Our study identifies 118 genes linked to VMs, with 98 genes involved in biological pathways crucial for the formation of the vertebral column. Overall, the review summarizes the current knowledge on VM genetics, and provides new insights into potential involvement of biological pathways in VM pathogenesis. We also present an overview of available data regarding the role of epigenetic and environmental factors in VMs. We identify areas where knowledge is lacking, such as precise molecular mechanisms in which specific genes contribute to the development of VMs. Finally, we propose future research avenues that could address knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szoszkiewicz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Bukowska-Olech
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806, Poznan, Poland.
- Centers for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Dąbrowskiego 77A, 60-529, Poznan, Poland.
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Classification of Subtypes of Crouzon Syndrome Based on the Type of Vault Suture Synostosis. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 31:678-684. [PMID: 32068731 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000006173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Crouzon syndrome develop various types of anatomic deformities due to different forms of craniosynostosis, yet they have similar craniofacial characteristics. However, exact homology is not evident. Different pathology then may be best treated by different forms of surgical technique. Therefore, precise classification of Crouzon syndrome, based on individual patterns of cranial suture involvement is needed. METHODS Ninety-five computed tomography (CT) scans (Crouzon, n = 33; control, n = 62) were included in this study. All the CT scans are divided into 4 types based on premature closure of sutures: class I = coronal and lambdoidal synostosis; class II = sagittal synostosis; class III = pansynostosis; and class IV = "Others." The CT scan anatomy was measured by Materialise software. RESULTS The class III, pansynostosis, is the most prevalent (63.6%). The classes I, III, and IV of Crouzon have significantly shortened entire anteroposterior cranial base length, with the shortest base length in class III. The external cranial measurements in class I show primarily a decreased posterior facial skeleton, while the class III presented with holistic facial skeleton reduction. Class II has the least severe craniofacial malformations, while class III had the most severe. CONCLUSION The morphology of patients with Crouzon syndrome is not identical in both cranial base and facial characteristics, especially when they associated with different subtypes of cranial suture synostosis. The classification of Crouzon syndrome proposed in this study, summarizes the differences among each subgroup of craniosynostosis suture involvement, which, theoretically, may ultimately influence both the timing and type of surgical intervention.
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic review (Level 4). OBJECTIVE To summarize the demographics, clinical presentations, and conditions associated with butterfly vertebrae. METHODS A systematic search was performed of multiple databases. A total of 279 articles were identified for screening. Case series or case reports of butterfly vertebrae with adequate clinical detail were complied. RESULTS Eighty-two total articles (109 patients) were selected for final inclusion. Sixty-one percent of patients presented with a single butterfly vertebra, while 39% were multiple. The most common location for butterfly vertebrae was T1. Fifty-six percent of cases were associated with a syndrome, the most common being spondylocostal dysostosis. The presence of multiple butterfly vertebra was strongly associated with a syndrome or additional anomalies (P < .001). Overall, the most common presenting complaint was low back pain. Seventy percent of patients had associated spinal disease. Other organ systems affected included musculoskeletal (43%), craniofacial (30%), neurologic (27%), cardiovascular (24%), genitourinary (23%), gastrointestinal (22%), laboratory abnormality (16%), and endocrine (9%). CONCLUSIONS This study is the largest collection of butterfly vertebrae cases to date. Butterfly vertebrae are associated with spinal deformity and multiple butterfly vertebrae may indicate a syndromic illness. Low back pain or disc herniation may occur with lumbar butterfly vertebrae however the etiology of this phenomena has not been rigorously explained. Many diseases and syndromes are associated with butterfly vertebrae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Katsuura
- University of Tennessee College of Medicine Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN,
USA,Yoshihiro Katsuura, 975 East Third Street, Hospital
Box 260, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA.
| | - Han Jo Kim
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA,New York–Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Umezu T, Fujita N, Yagi M, Tsuji O, Nagoshi N, Ishii K, Nakamura M, Matsumoto M, Watanabe K. Surgical Correction of Severe Kyphoscoliosis Associated with Crouzon Syndrome with Serious Postoperative Respiratory Problems: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect 2019; 7:e98. [PMID: 29280899 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.17.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CASE A 12-year-old girl with Crouzon syndrome presented to our hospital with scoliosis (114°) and kyphosis from T8 to T12 (138°). After she had been in halo-gravity traction for 2 weeks, we performed posterior correction and fusion surgery from T3 to L3, with a posterior vertebral column resection of T10. She experienced postoperative respiratory failure and remained on a ventilator for 4 weeks. With rehabilitation, the respiratory function had recovered by postoperative week 8. At the 2-year follow-up, there was no loss of correction or any other complication. CONCLUSION Serious perioperative respiratory complications may occur when a patient with Crouzon syndrome is treated surgically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Umezu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fujita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Yagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osahiko Tsuji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Ishii
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Watanabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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O'Hara J, Ruggiero F, Wilson L, James G, Glass G, Jeelani O, Ong J, Bowman R, Wyatt M, Evans R, Samuels M, Hayward R, Dunaway DJ. Syndromic Craniosynostosis: Complexities of Clinical Care. Mol Syndromol 2019; 10:83-97. [PMID: 30976282 DOI: 10.1159/000495739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with syndromic craniosynostosis have a molecularly identified genetic cause for the premature closure of their cranial sutures and associated facial and extra-cranial features. Their clinical complexity demands comprehensive management by an extensive multidisciplinary team. This review aims to marry genotypic and phenotypic knowledge with clinical presentation and management of the craniofacial syndromes presenting most frequently to the craniofacial unit at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine O'Hara
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Federica Ruggiero
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Louise Wilson
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Greg James
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Graeme Glass
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Owase Jeelani
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Juling Ong
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Bowman
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Michelle Wyatt
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Robert Evans
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Martin Samuels
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Hayward
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - David J Dunaway
- Great Ormond Street Craniofacial Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
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Abstract
Objective Goldenhar syndrome consists of the triad of craniofacial microsomia, occular dermoid cysts, and spinal anomalies. The exact nature of the spinal anomalies remains poorly defined in the existing craniofacial literature, possibly due to these anomalies being managed by orthopedic surgeons rather than by craniofacial surgeons. The aim of this study was to clarify the nature and extent of these spinal anomalies. Method Review of case notes of patients who had their diagnosis confirmed following review by a clinical geneticist and in conjunction with radiographs (supplemented by three-dimensional computed tomographic [CT] scans where available). Results Seven patients fulfilled the entry criteria and had material available for study. A wide range of anomalies was present, including butterfly vertebrae; hemivertebrae, which produced secondary scoliosis; kyphosis; and rib anomalies. Anomalies occurred at all levels within the spine. Conclusion The possibility of spinal anomalies at all levels of the spine should be considered by those treating cases of Goldenhar syndrome, because these anomalies cannot be predicted from the severity of the facial malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Anderson
- Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Australian Craniofacial Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia.
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Khominsky A, Yong R, Ranjitkar S, Townsend G, Anderson PJ. Extensive phenotyping of the orofacial and dental complex in Crouzon syndrome. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 86:123-130. [PMID: 29223639 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) C342Y/+ mutation is a known cause of Crouzon syndrome that is characterised by craniosynostosis and midfacial hypoplasia. Our aim was to conduct extensive phenotyping of the maxillary, mandibular and dental morphology associated with this mutation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Morphometric data were obtained from 40 mice, representing two genotypes (Crouzon and wild-type) and two sexes (males and females) (n=10 in each group). Dental analysis further categorised the first molars into the two jaws (maxillary and mandibular) (n=20 in each group). Maxillary, mandibular and dental morphology was compared by analysing 23 linear landmark-based dimensions in three-dimensional micro-computed tomography reconstructions. RESULTS Compared with wild-type, Crouzon (FGFR2C342Y/+) maxillae were significantly shorter in maximum height, anterior and posterior lengths and middle width, but larger in posterior width (p<0.05 for height; p<0.001 for other comparisons). In the Crouzon mandible, the ascending and descending heights, effective and mandibular lengths, and intercoronoid and intercondylar widths were significantly shorter, whereas intergonial width was larger (p<0.01 for intercondylar width; p<0.001 for other comparisons). Crouzon teeth were significantly smaller mesiodistally, but larger in crown height (p<0.001 for each comparison). All Crouzon mice presented with bifid mandibular condyles and a quarter presented with expansive bone lesions in the mandibular incisor alveolus. CONCLUSIONS Our findings of hypoplasia in all three planes in Crouzon maxillae and mandibles, together with the presence of bifid mandibular condyles and expansive bone lesions, may be relevant to maxillofacial surgery and orthodontics. Beyond skeletal effects, the FGFR2C342Y/+ mutation is now implicated in affecting tooth development. This study's skeletal phenomics data also provides baseline data against which the effect of various treatments can now be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Khominsky
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Robin Yong
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Sarbin Ranjitkar
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Grant Townsend
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Peter J Anderson
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Australian Craniofacial Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William St, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
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Sargar KM, Singh AK, Kao SC. Imaging of Skeletal Disorders Caused by Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Gene Mutations. Radiographics 2017; 37:1813-1830. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.2017170017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran M. Sargar
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131, St Louis, MO 63110 (K.M.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex (A.K.S.); and Department of Radiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa (S.C.K.)
| | - Achint K. Singh
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131, St Louis, MO 63110 (K.M.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex (A.K.S.); and Department of Radiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa (S.C.K.)
| | - Simon C. Kao
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131, St Louis, MO 63110 (K.M.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex (A.K.S.); and Department of Radiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa (S.C.K.)
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Peskett E, Kumar S, Baird W, Jaiswal J, Li M, Patel P, Britto JA, Pauws E. Analysis of the Fgfr2C342Y mouse model shows condensation defects due to misregulation of Sox9 expression in prechondrocytic mesenchyme. Biol Open 2017; 6:223-231. [PMID: 28069589 PMCID: PMC5312100 DOI: 10.1242/bio.022178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndromic craniosynostosis caused by mutations in FGFR2 is characterised by developmental pathology in both endochondral and membranous skeletogenesis. Detailed phenotypic characterisation of features in the membranous calvarium, the endochondral cranial base and other structures in the axial and appendicular skeleton has not been performed at embryonic stages. We investigated bone development in the Crouzon mouse model (Fgfr2C342Y) at pre- and post-ossification stages to improve understanding of the underlying pathogenesis. Phenotypic analysis was performed by whole-mount skeletal staining (Alcian Blue/Alizarin Red) and histological staining of sections of CD1 wild-type (WT), Fgfr2C342Y/+ heterozygous (HET) and Fgfr2C342Y/C342Y homozygous (HOM) mouse embryos from embryonic day (E)12.5-E17.5 stages. Gene expression (Sox9, Shh, Fgf10 and Runx2) was studied by in situ hybridisation and protein expression (COL2A1) by immunohistochemistry. Our analysis has identified severely decreased osteogenesis in parts of the craniofacial skeleton together with increased chondrogenesis in parts of the endochondral and cartilaginous skeleton in HOM embryos. The Sox9 expression domain in tracheal and basi-cranial chondrocytic precursors at E13.5 in HOM embryos is increased and expanded, correlating with the phenotypic observations which suggest FGFR2 signalling regulates Sox9 expression. Combined with abnormal staining of type II collagen in pre-chondrocytic mesenchyme, this is indicative of a mesenchymal condensation defect. An expanded spectrum of phenotypic features observed in the Fgfr2C342Y/C342Y mouse embryo paves the way towards better understanding the clinical attributes of human Crouzon-Pfeiffer syndrome. FGFR2 mutation results in impaired skeletogenesis; however, our findings suggest that many phenotypic aberrations stem from a primary failure of pre-chondrogenic/osteogenic mesenchymal condensation and link FGFR2 to SOX9, a principal regulator of skeletogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Peskett
- UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Samin Kumar
- UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - William Baird
- UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Janhvi Jaiswal
- UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ming Li
- UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Priyanca Patel
- UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jonathan A Britto
- Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Erwin Pauws
- UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Dicus Brookes
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 149 Brauer Hall, CB #7450, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA
| | - Brent A Golden
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 149 Brauer Hall, CB #7450, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA
| | - Timothy A Turvey
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 149 Brauer Hall, CB #7450, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA.
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Abu-Sittah GS, Jeelani O, Dunaway D, Hayward R. Raised intracranial pressure in Crouzon syndrome: incidence, causes, and management. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2016; 17:469-75. [PMID: 26613275 DOI: 10.3171/2015.6.peds15177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Patients with Crouzon syndrome (CS) are at risk for developing raised intracranial pressure (ICP), which has the potential to impair both vision and neurocognitive development. For this reason, some experts recommend early prophylactic cranial vault expansion on the basis that if ICP is not currently raised, it is likely to become so. The aim of this study was to examine the justification for such a policy. This was done by analyzing the incidence, causes, and subsequent risk of recurrence in a series of patients with CS, in whom raised ICP was treated only after it had been diagnosed. METHODS This study was a retrospective review of the medical records and imaging data of patients with a clinical diagnosis of CS. RESULTS There were 49 patients in the study, of whom 30 (61.2%) developed at least 1 episode of raised ICP. First episodes occurred at an average age of 1.42 years and were attributable to craniocerebral disproportion/venous hypertension (19 patients), hydrocephalus (8 patients), and airway obstruction (3 patients). They were managed, respectively, by vault expansion, ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion, and airway improvement. Fourteen of the 30 patients developed a second episode of raised ICP an average of 1.42 years after treatment for their initial episode, and 3 patients developed a third episode an average of 3.15 years after that. Causes of subsequent episodes of raised ICP often differed from previous episodes and required different management. Patients who were < 1 year old when the first episode was diagnosed were at increased risk of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Although the incidence of raised ICP in CS is high, it did not occur in nearly 40% of children during the course of this study. The several possible causes of CS require different management and may vary from episode to episode. The authors recommend an expectant policy toward these children with careful clinical, ophthalmological, respiratory, and radiological monitoring for raised ICP, reserving intervention for when it has been detected and the appropriate treatment can be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Owase Jeelani
- Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard Hayward
- Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Ozaras N, Gumussu K, Demir SE, Rezvani A. Differential diagnosis of multiple vertebral compression: butterfly vertebrae. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:3601-3. [PMID: 26696746 PMCID: PMC4681953 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] A butterfly vertebra is a rare congenital anomaly resulting from a symmetric
fusion defect. Only a few cases of butterfly vertebra have been described. This anomaly
may be isolated or associated with Pfeiffer, Jarcho-Levins, Crouzon, or Alagille syndrome.
[Subject and Methods] We herein describe a 38-year-old man who presented with neck and low
back pain and was found to have butterfly vertebrae at the T9 and L3 levels. He also had
Behçet’s disease and psoriasis. [Results] The patient’s symptoms improved with analgesics
and physiotherapy. [Conclusion] To our knowledge, butterfly vertebrae at two levels have
never been reported. Butterfly vertebrae may be confused with vertebral fractures in
lateral radiographs, and awareness of this anomaly is important for a correct
diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Ozaras
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bezmialem Vakif University, Turkey
| | - Kevser Gumussu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bezmialem Vakif University, Turkey
| | - Saliha Eroglu Demir
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bezmialem Vakif University, Turkey
| | - Aylin Rezvani
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bezmialem Vakif University, Turkey
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Karargyris O, Lampropoulou-Adamidou K, Morassi LG, Stathopoulos IP, Chatziioannou SN, Pneumaticos SG. Differentiating between Traumatic Pathology and Congenital Variant: A Case Report of Butterfly Vertebra. Clin Orthop Surg 2015; 7:406-9. [PMID: 26330967 PMCID: PMC4553293 DOI: 10.4055/cios.2015.7.3.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterfly vertebra is a rare congenital malformation of the spine, which is usually reported in the literature as an isolated finding. We describe a 40-year-old woman that presented to our emergency department with back pain and sciatica. Initial radiological evaluation revealed an incidental finding of a L4 butterfly vertebra in the anteroposterior and lateral view radiographs. The patient presented with no neurological deficit. This rare congenital anomaly is usually asymptomatic, and awareness of its non-traumatic nature is critical in order to establish a correct diagnosis. Further evaluation of the patient is necessary to exclude pathologic fracture, infection, or associated vertebral anomalies and syndromes, such as Alagille, Jarcho-Levin, Crouzon, and Pfeiffer syndromes. Furthermore, in the emergency setting, awareness of this entity is needed so that a correct diagnosis can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis Karargyris
- Third Orthopaedic Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Athens, KAT General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Lampros-Guiseppe Morassi
- Third Orthopaedic Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Athens, KAT General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis P Stathopoulos
- Third Orthopaedic Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Athens, KAT General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia N Chatziioannou
- Second Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine Section, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Chaidari, Greece
| | - Spyros G Pneumaticos
- Third Orthopaedic Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Athens, KAT General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Kourelis K, Haronis V, Konandreas I, Kontrafouri A, Asimakopoulos A. Atypical post-adenoidectomy Grisel's syndrome in Crouzon child with kyphotic skull base. Auris Nasus Larynx 2015; 42:416-8. [PMID: 25805067 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Crouzon syndrome is characterized by abnormal craniofacial growth due to craniosynostosis. Skull base may also be involved in the pattern of malformations. Grisel's syndrome, an inflammation-mediated atlanto-axial instability occurs rarely in children after adenoidectomy. We report a 9-year-old female Crouzon patient, without vertebral anomalies, who developed severe torticollis few days after adenoid curettage. A deformity of the skull base alone might have induced an irregular arrangement of the craniocervical junction elements, thus increasing the susceptibility to cervical spine complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kourelis
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children Hospital of Patras "Karamandaneio", Erythrou Stavrou 40 str., 26331 Patras, Greece.
| | - Vasileios Haronis
- Department of Radiology, Children Hospital of Patras "Karamandaneio", Erythrou Stavrou 40 str., 26331 Patras, Greece
| | - Ioannis Konandreas
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children Hospital of Patras "Karamandaneio", Erythrou Stavrou 40 str., 26331 Patras, Greece
| | - Athina Kontrafouri
- Department of Radiology, Children Hospital of Patras "Karamandaneio", Erythrou Stavrou 40 str., 26331 Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasios Asimakopoulos
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children Hospital of Patras "Karamandaneio", Erythrou Stavrou 40 str., 26331 Patras, Greece
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Yannakoudakis BZ, Liu KJ. Common skeletal features in rare diseases: New links between ciliopathies and FGF-related syndromes. Rare Dis 2013; 1:e27109. [PMID: 25003013 PMCID: PMC3932950 DOI: 10.4161/rdis.27109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital skeletal anomalies are rare disorders, with a subset affecting both the cranial and appendicular skeleton. Two categories, craniosynostosis syndromes and chondrodysplasias, frequently result from aberrant regulation of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway. Our recent work has implicated FGF signaling in a third category: ciliopathic skeletal dysplasias. In this work, we have used mouse mutants in two ciliopathy genes, Fuzzy (Fuz) and orofacial digital syndrome-1 (Ofd-1), to demonstrate increase in Fgf8 gene expression during critical stages of embryogenesis. While the mechanisms underlying FGF dysregulation differ in the different syndromes, our data raise the possibility that convergence on FGF signal transduction may underlie a wide range of skeletal anomalies. Here, we provide additional evidence of the skeletal phenotypes from the Fuz mouse model and highlight similarities between human ciliopathies and FGF-related syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Z Yannakoudakis
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; King's College London; London, UK
| | - Karen J Liu
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; King's College London; London, UK
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Tabler JM, Barrell WB, Szabo-Rogers HL, Healy C, Yeung Y, Perdiguero EG, Schulz C, Yannakoudakis BZ, Mesbahi A, Wlodarczyk B, Geissmann F, Finnell RH, Wallingford JB, Liu KJ. Fuz mutant mice reveal shared mechanisms between ciliopathies and FGF-related syndromes. Dev Cell 2013; 25:623-35. [PMID: 23806618 PMCID: PMC3697100 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a broad class of human disorders with craniofacial dysmorphology as a common feature. Among these is high arched palate, a condition that affects speech and quality of life. Using the ciliopathic Fuz mutant mouse, we find that high arched palate does not, as commonly suggested, arise from midface hypoplasia. Rather, increased neural crest expands the maxillary primordia. In Fuz mutants, this phenotype stems from dysregulated Gli processing, which in turn results in excessive craniofacial Fgf8 gene expression. Accordingly, genetic reduction of Fgf8 ameliorates the maxillary phenotypes. Similar phenotypes result from mutation of oral-facial-digital syndrome 1 (Ofd1), suggesting that aberrant transcription of Fgf8 is a common feature of ciliopathies. High arched palate is also a prevalent feature of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) hyperactivation syndromes. Thus, our findings elucidate the etiology for a common craniofacial anomaly and identify links between two classes of human disease: FGF-hyperactivation syndromes and ciliopathies. A genetic model for high arched palate, commonly seen in human craniofacial syndromes In ciliopathic mice, Fgf8 overexpression leads to cranial neural crest hyperplasia Enlargement of the maxillary primordia underlies high arched palate in Fuz mutants An etiological link between ciliopathies and FGF-hyperactivation syndromes
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Tabler
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Pagnoni M, Fadda MT, Spalice A, Amodeo G, Ursitti F, Mitro V, Iannetti G. Surgical timing of craniosynostosis: what to do and when. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2013; 42:513-9. [PMID: 24075801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, both isolated and syndromic, are challenging malformations for the craniofacial team. They present the team with an articulated cascade of choices, which need to be addressed early in life and in the growing age to intercept, remove, or correct the direct and indirect consequences of the malformation. Timing of treatment is thus critical and it stands on the experience of a multi-specialty trained craniofacial team. In this paper the authors discuss the timing of treatment of the major craniosynostosis, isolated and syndromic, reviewing the options for treatment and their experience in this complex field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pagnoni
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 9, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fadda
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 9, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Spalice
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Division, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 9, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Amodeo
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 9, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Ursitti
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Division, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 9, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Mitro
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 9, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Iannetti
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 9, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Sonnesen L, Jensen KE, Petersson AR, Petri N, Berg S, Svanholt P. Cervical vertebral column morphology in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea assessed using lateral cephalograms and cone beam CT. A comparative study. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2013; 42:20130060. [PMID: 23503808 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20130060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Few studies have described morphological deviations in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients on two-dimensional (2D) lateral cephalograms, and the reliability of 2D radiographs has been discussed. The objective is to describe the morphology of the cervical vertebral column on cone beam CT (CBCT) in adult patients with OSA and to compare 2D lateral cephalograms with three-dimensional (3D) CBCT images. METHODS For all 57 OSA patients, the cervical vertebral column morphology was evaluated on lateral cephalograms and CBCT images and compared according to fusion anomalies and posterior arch deficiency. RESULTS The CBCT assessment showed that 21.1% had fusion anomalies of the cervical column, i.e. fusion between two cervical vertebrae (10.5%), block fusions (8.8%) or occipitalization (1.8%). Posterior arch deficiency occurred in 14% as partial cleft of C1 and in 3.5% in combination with block fusions. The agreement between the occurrence of morphological deviations in the cervical vertebral column between lateral cephalograms and CBCT images showed good agreement (κ = 0.64). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence and pattern in the cervical column morphology have now been confirmed on CBCT. The occurrence of morphological deviations in the cervical vertebral column showed good agreement between lateral cephalograms and CBCT images. This indicates that 2D lateral cephalograms (already available after indication in connection with, e.g. treatment planning) are sufficient for identifying morphological deviations in the cervical vertebral column. For a more accurate diagnosis and location of the deviations, CBCT is required. New 3D methods will suggest a need for new detailed characterization and division of deviations in cervical vertebral column morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sonnesen
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Back pain, right-sided weakness, and paresthesia in a healthy adult male. JAAPA 2012; 25:33-5. [DOI: 10.1097/01720610-201212000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cho HL, Kim JS, Paeng SS, Lee SH. Butterfly vertebra with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. J Neurosurg Spine 2011; 15:567-70. [PMID: 21819182 DOI: 10.3171/2011.6.spine1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A butterfly vertebra is a rare congenital anomaly that is usually asymptomatic. The authors, however, describe a novel case involving a butterfly vertebra overlapping with disc herniation that presented as radiculopathy. A butterfly vertebra is characterized by a symmetrical fusion defect resulting in a sagittal cleft vertebra. Only a few cases of butterfly vertebrae have been reported as incidental findings. This spinal anomaly may be associated with other congenital conditions such as Pfeiffer, Crouzon, Jarcho-Levin, and Alagille syndromes. Moreover, there is no previous report of a case associated with symptomatic disc herniation from the sagittal cleft. The authors excised the herniated disc fragment. They performed intraoperative discography after exposure of the corresponding intervertebral space via a conventional interlaminar approach. Histological examination of a tissue specimen showed scattered chondrocytes in the myxohyaline stroma, which indicated the nucleus pulposus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Lea Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongrae Wooridul Spine Hospital, Busan, Korea
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Cui G, Watanabe K, Ishii K, Toyama Y, Chiba K, Matsumoto M. Interpedicular graft using a titanium mesh cage in a patient with lumbar scoliosis associated with a congenital butterfly vertebra. J Neurosurg Spine 2011; 14:215-8. [PMID: 21214313 DOI: 10.3171/2010.10.spine10191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A butterfly vertebra is a congenital anomaly often associated with a series of syndromic diseases and is often recognized incidentally without any presenting symptoms. The authors report the case of a 13-year-old girl with lumbar scoliosis and mild spondylolisthesis associated with a butterfly vertebra at L-6 causing radiculopathy. The L-5 and L-6 nerve roots were entrapped at the intervertebral foramina between L-5 and the butterfly vertebra (L-6) and between L-6 and S-1 in the concave side. To decompress and preserve the two nerve roots, correct the deformity, and obtain a solid bone fusion, surgery involving the thorough removal of the facet joints between L-5 and L-6 and between L-6 and S-1 in the concave side was performed, with a partial resection of the butterfly vertebra and the placement of a titanium mesh cage between the L-5 and S-1 pedicles dorsal to the nerve roots. Complete pain relief and correction of the deformity with solid bone fusion was obtained after a 2-year follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Cui
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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23
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Associations between the Cervical Vertebral Column and Craniofacial Morphology. Int J Dent 2010; 2010:295728. [PMID: 20628592 PMCID: PMC2901616 DOI: 10.1155/2010/295728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim. To summarize recent studies on morphological deviations of the cervical vertebral column and associations with craniofacial morphology and head posture in nonsyndromic patients and in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA).
Design. In these recent studies, visual assessment of the cervical vertebral column and cephalometric analysis of the craniofacial skeleton were performed on profile radiographs of subjects with neutral occlusion, patients with severe skeletal malocclusions and patients with OSA. Material from human triploid foetuses and mouse embryos was analysed histologically.
Results. Recent studies have documented associations between fusion of the cervical vertebral column and craniofacial morphology, including head posture in patients with severe skeletal malocclusions. Histological studies on prenatal material supported these findings.
Conclusion. It is suggested that fusion of the cervical vertebral column is associated with development and function of the craniofacial morphology. This finding is expected to have importance for diagnostics and elucidation of aetiology and thereby for optimal treatment.
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This is a report of a patient with T6 butterfly vertebra, which is an uncommon congenital spinal anomaly. OBJECTIVE To illustrate the significance of identifying butterfly vertebra that may be confused with other pathologic conditions like fractures, infections, and metastases. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA We report a 46-year-old woman with butterfly vertebra of T6 spine. The patient presented with complaints of low back pain and examination showed an abnormal bony prominence at midthoracic level. Radiologic and hematologic investigations confirmed the presence of butterfly vertebrae at T6 level, which proved to be a coincidental finding along with nonspecific low back pain. Knowledge about this condition is very important, since the condition can be easily confused with a pathologic fracture. METHODS The patient presented with a history of low back pain of 2 months. The patient was evaluated clinically and with hematological investigations. The diagnosis was confirmed with computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. RESULTS Routine examination of the motor and sensory system was found to be normal. Roentgenogram of the thoracic and lumbosacral spine showed anterior wedging of T6 vertebrae in the lateral view and features suggestive of the presence of a butterfly vertebra at T6 level in the anteroposterior (AP) view. Hematologic evaluation was done to rule out pathologic causes of anterior wedging of the vertebra like infections and metastases in the spine. MRI and CT scans of the spine confirmed the presence of T6 butterfly vertebra. Patient was treated for her low back pain and assured that the abnormal midthoracic bony prominence was a benign condition that needs no treatment. CONCLUSION A high index of suspicion is needed to identify this benign spinal anomaly that may be confused with many pathologic conditions. Knowledge of this condition helps in making rational use of extensive noninvasive and invasive diagnostic procedures.
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Arnaud-López L, Fragoso R, Mantilla-Capacho J, Barros-Núñez P. Crouzon with acanthosis nigricans. Further delineation of the syndrome. Clin Genet 2008; 72:405-10. [PMID: 17935505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Crouzon and acanthosis nigricans syndrome show craniofacial features similar to those observed in patients with classic Crouzon syndrome, in addition to acanthosis nigricans with peculiar characteristics. More severe physical manifestations, such as Chiari malformation, hydrocephalus, and atresia or stenosis of the choanas, which are unusual in individuals with classic Crouzon syndrome, are reported in these patients. The molecular abnormality associated with Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans (CAN) is a transition in the transmembrane domain of the FGFR3 gene that results in an Ala391Glu mutation. We describe two unrelated patients showing this mutation and compare their clinical features with those of other patients with CAN reported in the literature. In addition to craniosynostosis with crouzonoid facies and acanthosis nigricans (present in all patients), melanocytic nevi, choanal atresia or stenosis, hydrocephalus, Chiari malformations and oral abnormalities were observed in the majority of the 35 patients analyzed. Vertebral anomalies and conductive hearing loss were present with less frequency. Some characteristics considered typical of this condition (jaw cementomas, acanthomas and finger abnormalities) were absent in most of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Arnaud-López
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
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Dickerman RD, Lefkowitz M, Arinsburg SA, Schneider SJ. Chiari malformation and odontoid panus causing craniovertebral stenosis in a child with Crouzon's syndrome. J Clin Neurosci 2005; 12:963-6. [PMID: 16242933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2004.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Crouzon's disease is a well-known disorder affecting multiple organ systems, specifically a craniofacial disorder with highly variable penetrance and severity of deformity. Crouzon's patients typically have anomalies of the skull base leading to gross distortion of the cranium and in some cases the cervicocranium. We present a 5-year-old girl with Crouzon's disease who suffered from an acquired Chiari I malformation after insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt and a coexistent ventral odontoid panus. Both these lesions were causing cervicomedullary compression. The literature is controversial on the surgical management of anterior and posterior compression at the craniocervical junction. We review the literature on surgical options for decompression at the craniocervical junction and offer our surgical case as a treatment option for patients in this rare clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob D Dickerman
- Denton Regional Medical Center and Plano Presbyterian Hospitals, Plano, Texas, USA.
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Maeda T, Hatakenaka M, Muta H, Nakayama M, Nakazaki Y, Hiroyama T, Suzuki T, Tani K. Clinically mild, atypical, and aged craniofacial syndrome is diagnosed as Crouzon syndrome by identification of a point mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene (FGFR2). Intern Med 2004; 43:432-5. [PMID: 15206560 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.43.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 53-year-old Japanese woman presented with mild mental retardation, short stature, hypertelorism, saddle nose, vertebral fusion, and hydrocephalus, implying an underlying bone growth impairment mainly of the head and neck. A point mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) was identified that had previously been seen only in sporadic cases of Crouzon syndrome. This patient did not exhibit any of the typical features of Crouzon syndrome primarily seen in affected infants, such as a severely deformed skull, an apical shaped skull, or severe mental retardation. The patient was diagnosed with a mild form of Crouzon syndrome. The patient's symptoms very early in life may have been ameliorated and modified through growth and aging. The age-related phenotype modifications in Crouzon syndrome are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoki Maeda
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Higashi-ku, Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582
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Abstract
Butterfly vertebra is a rare congenital anomaly associated with syndromes such as Pfeiffer, Jarcho-Levin, Crousen, Alagille. In the literature, only a few cases of butterfly vertebra have been reported as incidental finding. We described a 37-year-old male who had an L3 butterfly vertebra associated with an L4-L5 disc protrusion. Awareness of this anomaly is important for making correct diagnosis. Although this uncommon anomaly is considered to be usually asymptomatic, we suggest that it might increase the incidence of disc herniation, because the condition may alter the spinal biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sonel
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.
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Kjaer I, Hansen BF, Kjaer KW, Skovby F. Abnormal timing in the prenatal ossification of vertebral column and hand in Crouzon syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 90:386-9. [PMID: 10706360 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(20000228)90:5<386::aid-ajmg8>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report on a radiographically examined fetus (gestational age 13 weeks) with Crouzon syndrome caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGFR2). We found an approximately 2-week delay in vertebral body and hand ossification with normal vertebral arch ossification, suggesting that regionally delayed skeletal maturation might be a manifestation of FGFR2 mutation syndromes. The findings support other studies indicating that different signaling pathways control skeletal maturation in vertebral bodies and vertebral arches.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kjaer
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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