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Moreira BJ, Schiave LCA, Martinez R, Dias SG, Masetto de Gaitani C. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by green high-performance liquid chromatography for fluconazole determination in cerebrospinal fluid with the aid of chemometric tools. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3106-3114. [PMID: 32930170 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00704h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new method, simple and fast, for fluconazole (FLU) quantification in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and an eco-friendly mobile phase for HPLC-PDA was developed. The study of DLLME extraction condition covered the investigation of 12 combinations of extraction and disperser solvents followed by a fractional factorial design 2(7-3) to determine the influence of seven factors. After this stage, a central composite design was performed for three factors and a response surface was obtained. Aiming a compromise between a good recovery and a low organic solvent use it was established an extraction condition that consists of: 100 μL of chloroform, 100 μL of isopropyl alcohol, 200 μL of CSF, 200 μL of 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.3 and centrifugation for 5 min at 2200g and 4 °C. The HPLC analysis used an Ascentis® Express C18 column (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm) and an Ascentis® Express C18 guard column (3 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm), ethanol : water (15 : 85, v/v) as mobile phase, temperature of 45 °C, flow rate of 0.8 mL min-1 and phenacetin as internal standard. The method validation was performed according to European Agency's Guideline on Bioanalytical Validation Methodology and a linear range was obtained from 0.25 to 62.5 μg mL-1, with precision and accuracy within the recommended limits and recovery of 70% for FLU and 81% for phenacetin. Samples were stable in the studies performed and the method showed to be selective and with no carryover effect. The feasibility of the obtained method was confirmed by FLU determination at a CSF from a patient who was treated for neuromycosis. Therefore, here is described a method that meets many principles of green analytical chemistry and is useful for FLU therapeutic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Juliana Moreira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Letà Cia Aparecida Schiave
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Martinez
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Samuel Generoso Dias
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP), Campus São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Masetto de Gaitani
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Liapatas G, Kousoulos C, Koupparis MA. LC-Ion Trap-MS Method for the Determination of Fluconazole in Plasma for Bioequivalence Studies of Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Semi-Automated Sample Handling. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1113545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos Liapatas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - C. Kousoulos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael A. Koupparis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
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Corrêa JCR, Salgado HRN. Review of Fluconazole Properties and Analytical Methods for Its Determination. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2011.588924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Corrêa JCR, Salgado HRN. Review of Fluconazole Properties and Analytical Methods for Its Determination. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2011.557980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Uranishi H, Nakamura M, Nakamura H, Ikeda Y, Otsuka M, Kato Z, Tsuchiya T. Direct-injection HPLC method of measuring micafungin in human plasma using a novel hydrophobic/hydrophilic hybrid ODS column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1029-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for determination of fluconazole in human plasma and its application in infants with Candida infections. Ther Drug Monit 2010; 31:703-9. [PMID: 19745791 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181b20b40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed to quantify fluconazole in human plasma. Seventy microliters of plasma were treated with protein precipitation procedures. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using a gradient mobile phase of acetonitrile and water in 0.1% formic acid. Fluconazole and its deuterium-labeled internal standard were monitored in positive mode using electrospray ionization source. The method was fully validated over the range of 0.01 to 10 microg/mL. Intraday and interday precision ranged from 2.84% to 10.8% and 5.27% to 11.5%, respectively. The process recovery efficiency for fluconazole ranged from 98.6% to 104.4%. No carryover and minimal matrix effects were observed. Acceptable stability of fluconazole in blood at room temperature for up to 72 hours guaranteed that fluconazole concentrations in scavenged blood specimens were usable for infant PK analysis and model development. This method has been utilized for a fluconazole pharmacokinetic trial with 55 preterm and term infants younger than 90 days of age. The fast sample preparation cycle and lower limit of quantitation make this method a potential tool for therapeutic drug monitoring of fluconazole to optimize pediatric antifungal therapy. Optimal dose regimen of fluconazole in neonates and young infants might be achieved with application of TDM and pharmacometric approach designed to achieve AUC/MIC >50 for most Candida species with a MIC90 less than 8 microg/mL.
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Santos SRCJ, Campos EV, Sanches C, Gomez DS, Ferreira MC. Fluconazole plasma concentration measurement by liquid chromatography for drug monitoring of burn patients. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2010; 65:237-43. [PMID: 20186309 PMCID: PMC2827712 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322010000200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edvaldo Vieira Campos
- Servico de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital do Servidor Publico Estadual - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina Sanches
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - David Souza Gomez
- Plastic Surgery and Burns, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil,
, Tel.: 55 11 3069.2189
| | - Marcus Castro Ferreira
- Plastic Surgery and Burns, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil,
, Tel.: 55 11 3069.2189
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Neubauer W, König A, Bolek R, Trittler R, Engelhardt M, Jung M, Kümmerer K. Determination of the antifungal agent posaconazole in human serum by HPLC with parallel column-switching technique. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2493-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bock MJ, Neilson KL, Dudley A. Use of trifluoroacetic acid to quantify small, polar compounds in rat plasma during discovery-phase pharmacokinetic evaluation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 856:165-70. [PMID: 17581800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although it is accepted that trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) can cause suppression of an analyte during LC/MS analysis, this paper presents a relatively sensitive gradient method that uses a TFA mobile phase for the improved quantification of small, polar drug-like compounds. The described method was developed in a discovery drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) laboratory for the screening measurement of compound concentrations to calculate PK parameters and CNS exposure of compounds from a chemical series that had poor chromatography under generic methods using formic acid mobile phase. The samples were collected by a Culex automated sampling unit, and the plasma proteins were precipitated by a Tecan robot in 96-well plates. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed, dried down using a SPE-Dry unit, and the samples were reconstituted in aqueous buffer on the robot. The samples were analyzed on an Agilent LC/MSD using a 5-min gradient on a 5 cm phenyl column. No additional steps, such as the "TFA-fix", were necessary. Although sample batches were analyzed over 6h, no drift or degradation of signal was observed. The improved chromatography resulted in a method that was selective, rugged, and had a dynamic range from 5 to 20,000 nM, which was sufficient to quantitate low volume, serial plasma samples collected out to 8 h postdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bock
- AstraZeneca, Discovery DMPK, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19803, United States.
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Kim SS, Im HT, Kang IM, Lee HS, Lee HW, Cho SH, Kim JB, Lee KT. An optimized analytical method of fluconazole in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and its application to a bioequivalence study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 852:174-9. [PMID: 17275423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and accurate HPLC-UV method for the quantification of fluconazole (FLA) level in human plasma has been developed. The sample was prepared by one-step liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) of FLA from plasma using dichloromethane. Phenacetin was used as the internal standard. The chromatographic retention times of FLA and phenacetin were 4.6 and 8.3 min, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was 0.05 microg/mL, and no interferences were detected in the chromatograms. The devised HPLC-UV method was validated by evaluating its intra- and inter-day precisions and accuracies in a linear concentration range between 0.05 and 10.00 microg/mL. The devised method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence studies involving the oral administration of a single 150 mg FLA tablet and 3 x 50 mg FLA capsules in healthy Korean male volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Su Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Marciniec B, Dettlaff K, Jaroszkiewicz E, Bafeltowska J. Radiochemical stability of fluconazole in the solid state. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:1876-80. [PMID: 17329057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of ionizing radiation in doses between 20 and 200 kGy on physicochemical properties of fluconazole (alpha-(2,4-diflurophenyl)-alpha-(1H-triazol-1-methyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol) in the solid state was examined. A number of qualitative and quantitative methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and organoleptic analysis were used to determine and analyse any changes resulting from irradiation. A change in colour from white to cream was observed at even smallest dose (20 kGy) and as the dose increased the colour deepened from salmon pink to orange at the highest dose of 200 kGy. The UV method showed an increase in absorbance at lambda(max) and an appearance of an additional band in the range 280-310 nm for irradiated samples. These changes were associated with the appearance of one to two decomposition products observed by TLC. Depending on the dose of radiation, the HPLC method detected between 2 and 3 radiolysis products and the decreasing fluconazole content from 0.48 to 7.12%. The remaining analytical methods (SEM, IR and NMR) did not provide any conclusive information in respect of radiological stability of fluconazole. The results indicate that fluconazole is a compound of low radiological stability and should not be sterilized using gamma, beta or E-beam radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Marciniec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznań, Grunwaldzka 6, Poland
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