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Stratta RJ, Harriman D, Gurram V, Gurung K, Sharda B. The use of marginal kidneys in dual kidney transplantation to expand kidney graft utilization. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2022; 27:75-85. [PMID: 34939967 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to chronicle the history of dual kidney transplantation (DKT) and identify opportunities to improve utilization of marginal deceased donor (MDD) kidneys through DKT. RECENT FINDINGS The practice of DKT from adult MDDs dates back to the mid-1990s, at which time the primary indication was projected insufficient nephron mass from older donors. Multiple subsequent studies of short- and long-term success have been reported focusing on three major aspects: Identifying appropriate selection criteria/scoring systems based on pre- and postdonation factors; refining technical aspects; and analyzing longer-term outcomes. The number of adult DKTs performed in the United States has declined in the past decade and only about 60 are performed annually. For adult deceased donor kidneys meeting double allocation criteria, >60% are ultimately not transplanted. MDDs with limited renal functional capacity represent a large proportion of potential kidneys doomed to either discard or nonrecovery. SUMMARY DKT may reduce organ discard and optimize the use of kidneys from MDDs. New and innovative technologies targeting ex vivo organ assessment, repair, and regeneration may have a major impact on the decision whether or not to use recovered kidneys for single or DKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Stratta
- The Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Harriman
- The Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Venkat Gurram
- The Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Komal Gurung
- The Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Berjesh Sharda
- The Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Živčić-Ćosić S, Süsal C, Döhler B, Katalinić N, Markić D, Orlić L, Rački S, Španjol J, Trobonjača Z. Kidney Transplants from Elderly Donors: The Experience of a Reference Center in Croatia. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2022; 20:19-27. [DOI: 10.6002/ect.2021.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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3
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Stratta RJ, Harriman D, Gurram V, Gurung K, Sharda B. Dual kidney transplants from adult marginal donors: Review and perspective. Clin Transplant 2021; 36:e14566. [PMID: 34936135 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The practice of dual kidney transplantation (DKT) from adult marginal deceased donors (MDDs) dates back to the mid-1990s with initial pioneering experiences reported by the Stanford and Maryland groups, at which time the primary indication was estimated insufficient nephron mass from older donors. Multiple subsequent studies of short and long-term success have been reported focusing on three major aspects of DKT: Identifying appropriate selection criteria and developing scoring systems based on pre- and post-donation factors; refining technical aspects; and analyzing mid-term outcomes. The number of adult DKTs performed in the United States has declined in the past decade and only about 60 are performed annually. For adult deceased donor kidneys meeting double allocation criteria, >60% are ultimately not transplanted. Deceased donors with limited renal functional capacity represent a large proportion of potential kidneys doomed to either discard or non-recovery. However, DKT may reduce organ discard and optimize the use of kidneys from MDDs. In an attempt to promote utilization of MDD kidneys, the United Network for Organ Sharing introduced new allocation guidelines pursuant to DKT in 2019. The purpose of this review is to chronicle the history of DKT and identify opportunities to improve utilization of MDD kidneys through DKT. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Stratta
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Wake Forest School of Medicine, One Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, United States
| | - David Harriman
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z1M9, Canada
| | - Venkat Gurram
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Wake Forest School of Medicine, One Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, United States
| | - Komal Gurung
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Wake Forest School of Medicine, One Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, United States
| | - Berjesh Sharda
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Wake Forest School of Medicine, One Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, United States
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Callaghan CJ, Harper SJF, Saeb-Parsy K, Hudson A, Gibbs P, Watson CJE, Praseedom RK, Butler AJ, Pettigrew GJ, Bradley JA. The discard of deceased donor kidneys in the UK. Clin Transplant 2014; 28:345-53. [PMID: 24506794 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
It is essential to minimize the unnecessary discard of procured deceased donor kidneys, but information on discard rates and the extent to which discard can be avoided are limited. Analysis of the UK Transplant Registry revealed that the discard rate of procured deceased donor kidneys has increased from 5% in 2002-3 to 12% in 2011-12. A national offering system for hard-to-place kidneys was introduced in the UK in 2006 (the Declined Kidney Scheme), but just 13% of kidneys that were subsequently discarded until 2012 were offered through the scheme. In order to examine the appropriateness of discard, 20 consecutive discarded kidneys from 13 deceased donors were assessed to determine if surgeons agreed with the decision that they were not implantable. Donors had a median (range) age of 67 (31-80) yr. Kidneys had been offered to a median of 3 (1-12) centers before discard. Four (20%) of the discarded kidneys were thought to be usable, and nine (45%) were possibly usable. As a result of these findings, major changes to the UK deceased donor kidney offering system have been implemented, including simultaneous offering and broader entry criteria for hard-to-place kidneys. Organizational changes are necessary to improve utilization of deceased donor kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Callaghan
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
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The Prognostic Utility of Deceased Donor Implantation Biopsy in Determining Function and Graft Survival After Kidney Transplantation. Transplantation 2010; 89:559-66. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181ca7e9b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Abbadie O, Lobbedez T, Ficheux M, El Haggan W, Chatelet V, Levaltier B, Henri P, Ryckelynck JP, Hurault de Ligny B. Le seul jugement clinique peut-il être utilisé pour accepter un greffon marginal ? Expérience d’un centre de transplantation. Nephrol Ther 2009; 5:559-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Sung RS, Christensen LL, Leichtman AB, Greenstein SM, Distant DA, Wynn JJ, Stegall MD, Delmonico FL, Port FK. Determinants of discard of expanded criteria donor kidneys: impact of biopsy and machine perfusion. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:783-92. [PMID: 18294347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We examined factors associated with expanded criteria donor (ECD) kidney discard. Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR)/Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) data were examined for donor factors using logistic regression to determine the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of discard of kidneys recovered between October 1999 and June 2005. Logistic and Cox regression models were used to determine associations with delayed graft function (DGF) and graft failure. Of the 12,536 recovered ECD kidneys, 5139 (41%) were discarded. Both the performance of a biopsy (AOR = 1.21, p = 0.02) and the degree of glomerulosclerosis (GS) on biopsy were significantly associated with increased odds of discard. GS was not consistently associated with DGF or graft failure. The discard rate of pumped ECD kidneys was 29.7% versus 43.6% for unpumped (AOR = 0.52, p < 0.0001). Among pumped kidneys, those with resistances of 0.26-0.38 and >0.38 mmHg/mL/min were discarded more than those with resistances of 0.18-0.25 mmHg/mL/min (AOR = 2.5 and 7.9, respectively). Among ECD kidneys, pumped kidneys were less likely to have DGF (AOR = 0.59, p < 0.0001) but not graft failure (RR = 0.9, p = 0.27). Biopsy findings and machine perfusion are important correlates of ECD kidney discard; corresponding associations with graft failure require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Sung
- Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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9
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Rossetti O, Soldano S, Aseni P, Colombo V, Roselli E, De Gasperi A, Sansalone CV. Renal Grafts From Elderly Donors: Histological Studies and Long-Term Results. Transplant Proc 2007; 39:1820-2. [PMID: 17692621 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To satisfy the increasing requests for renal grafts, elderly donors are increasingly accepted for kidney transplant at many centers. The main unresolved question is the long-term effect on graft survival of potential histological lesions due to donor age. We present a prospective histological study performed from January 1997 to December 2001 on 184 consecutively transplanted renal grafts in which the only criterion for graft acceptance was a normal value of serum creatinine upon admission to the intensive care unit independent of donor age. At the end of the study, 57 recipients (31%) of mean age 55 years (range 39 to 67 years) received a renal graft from donors aged more than 60 years (mean age 66 years; range 60 to 75 years), this cohort denoted as older donor kidney transplant group (ODKTG) and 127 recipients (69%) with a mean age of 49 years (range 21 to 63 years) received a renal graft from donors whose age was lower than 60 years (mean age 49 years; range 16 to 59 years), a cohort denoted as the younger donor kidney transplant group (YDKTG). The two groups were comparable for time of dialysis, cold ischemia time, immunosuppression therapy, grading of histological damage. At the end of the study with a mean follow-up of 5.6 years (range 3.5 to 7.5 years), primary graft nonfunction and delayed graft function were significantly more represented in the ODKTG than the YDKTG. Cumulative patient and graft survival was 84.3% and 79.4% in the ODKTG, respectively, and 93.8% and 85.9% in the YDKTG, respectively (P = NS). Cumulative serum creatinine values were 1.98 mg/100 mL in ODKTG and 1.65 mg/100 mL in YDKTG (P = NS). In conclusion, renal grafts from older donors presented histological damage comparable to that seen among renal grafts from younger donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rossetti
- Renal Trasplant Surgery, AO Ospedale Niguarda Ca Granda, Milan, Italy
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Dahmane D, Audard V, Hiesse C, Pessione F, Bentaarit B, Barrou B, Rondeau E, Cohen S, Lang P, Grimbert P. Retrospective follow-up of transplantation of kidneys from 'marginal' donors. Kidney Int 2006; 69:546-52. [PMID: 16407884 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The organ shortage has led to extend the procurement to kidneys from 'marginal' donors. As a result, an increasing number of kidneys are discarded, but an extended analysis of the validity of the clinical decision to accept or decline a marginal graft remains to be determined. We have retrospectively analyzed the outcome of 170 kidney transplantations, performed in eight renal transplantation centers between 1992 and 1998. Study group included transplantation from donors accepted after refusal for poor donor or graft quality by at least two centers. Control group included 170 paired recipients from kidneys unanimously accepted by all centers. Main causes of kidney refusal included impaired donor hemodynamics (28%), abnormal pre-harvesting serum creatinine (22%), advanced age in donors (15%), and donor atheroma (14%). The 5-year patient survival (88.2% in the study group and 88.9% in controls) and graft survival (70.4% in the study group and 76.7% in controls, P=0.129) were not significantly different. Delayed graft function occurred significantly more often in the study group patients than in controls patients (63 vs 32%, P<0.0001). Primary non-functioning kidneys were significantly more frequently observed in study patients than in controls (7.7 vs 1.8%, P=0.01). Mean creatinine clearance was significantly lower in the study group patients compared with controls during the post-transplant course. Our results suggest that these initially discarded kidneys provide satisfactory survival rates despite their impaired early functional recovery and poorer long-term renal function, and therefore might be considered acceptable for transplantation in the context of organ shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dahmane
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Hôpital Henri-Mondor and Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris XII, Créteil, France
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11
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Cadillo-Chávez R, Santiago-Delpín EA, González-Caraballo Z, Morales-Otero L, Saade M, Davis J, Heinrichs D. The Fate of Organs Refused Locally and Transplanted Elsewhere. Transplant Proc 2006; 38:892-4. [PMID: 16647501 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The number of kidney allografts procured from deceased donors has been fairly constant in the past few years, while organs from living donors steadily increase. In our program, existing protocols refused some kidneys which were subsequently accepted and transplanted at other hospitals. Thus, a review of our criteria to accept kidneys became necessary. METHODS We studied the outcome of all kidneys refused by us but transplanted in other programs between 2002 and 2004. The data analyzed included ID no. donor, transplant center, procurement date, donor age, ischemic times, recipient alive or dead, creatinine level (when it was offered), initial function, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, biopsy, reason why the kidney was not accepted in our program, kidney functioning or lost, and cause of graft failure. The chi-square, Fisher, and t tests were used to analyze our data; P values of <.05 were regarded as significant. RESULTS Originally 137, we excluded kidneys exported due to mandatory sharing (26 of 137 = 18.97%) and multiorgan placement (10 of 137 = 7.3%). Thus, 101 kidneys were not accepted by us because they did not meet the existing criteria of our program, but were accepted elsewhere. Reasons for nonacceptance were divided into donor quality, donor social history, donor age, donor size/weight, positive serological test, as well as organ preservation time, organ anatomical damage, elevated creatinine, abnormal urinalysis, abnormal biopsy, and decreased urine output. Donor issues were 66 of 101 (65.3%) with a graft loss of 13.6%, and organ issues were 35 of 101 (34.7%) with a graft loss of 66.6%. Donor quality totaled 24 of 66 (36.4%) and donor social history totaled 20 of 66 (30.3%); these were the most common causes for kidney nonacceptance related to donor issues. Reasons related to organ quality included elevated creatinine (15 of 35 = 42.9%; graft loss, 46.6%), and abnormal biopsy (9 of 35 = 25.7%; graft loss, 11.1%) and organ anatomical damage (4 of 35 = 11.4%; graft loss, 75%) (P = .42). Graft loss was more frequent with creatinine levels above 2.4 mg/dL (P < .001, RR gf = 1.5). Long-term fate of these 101 kidneys transplanted elsewhere: 82 (81.2%) were still working while 19 (18.8%) were lost. The causes of graft loss were renal artery thrombosis (42.1%), renal venous thrombosis (26.3%), death for other reasons (15.8%), graft never worked (10.5%), and ESRD (5.7%). The results suggest that the criteria for refusal related to donor issues, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, donor age and donor size, should be revised owing to the low percentage of graft loss. Other donor issues such as positive serological test and donor social history (drug use, alcoholism) represent a serious potential risk for the health of recipients; for this reason, considering these persons as possible donors is very difficult irrespective of the graft outcome. Kidney refusals related to organ issues (especially elevated creatinine and anatomical damage) due to the very high percentage of graft loss should be considered high risk and probably be excluded. The increase in the demand of kidneys to be transplanted is a very important reason for a continuous and systematic review of donor exclusion criteria in every transplant program. The results presented here have helped us to improve both our outcomes and utilizations based on scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cadillo-Chávez
- Puerto Rico Transplant Program, Auxilio Mutuo Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Puerto Rico, and LifeLink of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Kyllönen L, Kahu J, Kyllönen L, Salmela K. Kidney Transplantation From 1119 Deceased Donors in Finland, 1991 to 2003: Impact of Donor Factors. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:3248-52. [PMID: 16298561 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the effect of donor factors on the recovery and quality of cadaveric kidney transplant function. During 1991 to 2003, 2006 kidney grafts were derived from 1119 heart-beating donors in Finland. The annual mean age of donors increased from 33 to 46 years, with a significant decrease in the proportion of high-energy trauma and gunshot wounds and with an increased proportion of donors with coronary disease, hypertension, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation and surgical/radiological interventions before death. The transplant team's share of kidney retrievals increased from 50% to nearly 100%. In uni- and multivariate analyses all these factors had significant effects on the onset and quality of early graft function; however, this effect practically vanished by 1 year posttransplant. Of all studied donor factors, only donor cytomegalovirus (CMV) status significantly affected long-term survival, with donor CMV-positive grafts having 5% worse survival at 5 years. The 1-year graft survival improved from 90.9% to 96.2% and mean 1-year creatinine decreased from 121 micromol/L to 109 micromol/L during these 13 years, showing that the worsening trends in donors quality were compensated by improvements in other aspects of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kyllönen
- Surgical Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Kasarmikatu 11-13, 00130 Helsinki, Finland.
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13
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Sung RS, Guidinger MK, Lake CD, McBride MA, Greenstein SM, Delmonico FL, Port FK, Merion RM, Leichtman AB. Impact of the Expanded Criteria Donor Allocation System on the Use of Expanded Criteria Donor Kidneys. Transplantation 2005; 79:1257-61. [PMID: 15880081 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000161225.89368.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The U.S. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network recently implemented a policy allocating expanded criteria donor (ECD) kidneys by waiting time alone. ECD kidneys were defined as having a risk of graft failure > or = 1.7 times that of ideal donors. ECDs include any donor > or = 60 years old and donors 50 to 59 years old with at least two of the following: terminal creatinine >1.5 mg/dL, history of hypertension, or death by cerebrovascular accident. The impact of this policy on use of ECD kidneys is assessed. METHODS The authors compared use of ECD kidneys recovered in the 18 months immediately before and after policy implementation. Differences were tested using t test and chi2 analyses. RESULTS There was an 18.3% increase in ECD kidney recoveries and a 15.0% increase in ECD kidney transplants in the first 18 months after policy implementation. ECD kidneys made up 22.1% of all recovered kidneys and 16.8% of all transplants, compared with 18.8% (P<0.001) and 14.5% (P<0.001), respectively, in the prior period. The discard rate was unchanged. The median relative risk (RR) for graft failure for transplanted ECD kidneys was 2.07 versus 1.99 in the prepolicy period (P=not significant); the median RR for procured ECD kidneys was unchanged at 2.16. The percentage of transplanted ECD kidneys with cold ischemia times (CIT) <12 hr increased significantly; the corresponding percentage for CIT > or = 24 hr decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS The recent increase in ECD kidney recoveries and transplants appears to be related to implementation of the ECD allocation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Sung
- Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0331, USA.
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Cohen B, Smits JM, Haase B, Persijn G, Vanrenterghem Y, Frei U. Expanding the donor pool to increase renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 20:34-41. [PMID: 15522904 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfh506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal of the Eurotransplant renal allocation scheme is to provide every patient on the waiting list with a reasonably balanced opportunity for a donor offer. New initiatives were taken in order to maximize donor usage while maintaining a successful transplant outcome. METHODS Two Eurotransplant projects were launched in order to accommodate changes in donor and recipient profiles. A re-addressing of the non-heart-beating donor pool was undertaken and an allocation scheme in which organs from donors aged >65 are allocated to recipients aged >65 [the Eurotransplant Senior Programme (ESP)] was introduced. RESULTS Especially in The Netherlands, an enormous increase in the number of non-heart-beating donor kidneys has been observed, however with a pace-keeping reduction in heart-beating donors. The organization-wide implementation of the ESP has been successful. The 3 year graft survival rates for these age-matched transplants were as good as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched transplants (64 vs 67%) (P = 0.4). CONCLUSION Within the framework of sound research, the utmost flexibility and creativity is needed to keep or even increase the number of renal transplants when faced with a quantitatively stagnating but qualitatively deteriorating donor pool. Both the non-heart-beating donor protocol and the ESP have proven to be quite successful in achieving this goal without compromising the outcome for the individual end-stage renal disease patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Cohen
- Eurotransplant International Foundation, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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15
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Metzger RA, Delmonico FL, Feng S, Port FK, Wynn JJ, Merion RM. Expanded criteria donors for kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2004; 3 Suppl 4:114-25. [PMID: 12694055 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.3.s4.11.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Gourishankar S, Halloran PF. Late deterioration of organ transplants: a problem in injury and homeostasis. Curr Opin Immunol 2002; 14:576-83. [PMID: 12183156 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The late deterioration of allografts remains a problem despite improvements in short-term and long-term graft survival. The previous concept that late deterioration reflects a specific disease -- chronic rejection -- is being replaced. The new view is that many factors are involved in late deterioration, including the age and pretransplant condition of the organ, injury from brain death, injury from the transplant process, T cell-mediated and antibody-mediated rejection (in some cases reflecting poor compliance with immunosuppressive drugs) and post-transplant organ-specific stresses in the new environment, including drug toxicity, infectious agents, hypertension and lipids. Ultimately these stresses interact with the intrinsic limitations in repair and homeostasis in the tissues of the organ, producing characteristic syndromes. The most important recent advance has been the emergence of potent immunosuppressive drug combinations that have greatly reduced rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Gourishankar
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
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18
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Smits JMA, Persijn GG, van Houwelingen HC, Claas FHJ, Frei U. Evaluation of the Eurotransplant Senior Program. The results of the first year. Am J Transplant 2002; 2:664-70. [PMID: 12201369 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2002.20713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED On 4 January 1999, the Eurotransplant Senior Program (ESP) was implemented within the Eurotransplant kidney allocation scheme. PATIENTS AND METHODS Kidneys obtained from donors aged over 65 years of age (65+) were allocated to a selected group of nonimmunized 65+ patients undergoing their first transplant. All transplants were performed locally to minimize cold-ischemic time. All transplants performed with kidneys from elderly donors that were allocated via ESP (ESP group) were compared to transplants performed with similar kidneys allocated via the standard renal allocation system (control group). Initial kidney function and 1-year graft outcome were assessed. RESULTS In 1999, 227 ESP and 102 control transplants were performed. The duration of cold-ischemic time was 12 and 19 h for the ESP and control groups, respectively. No rejection episodes occurred in 60% and 67% of the ESP patients and controls, respectively, while a direct kidney function was observed in 59% of ESP and 49% of control patients. The 1-year graft survival rates, censoring for graft losses due to deaths in patients with functioning grafts, were 86% and 79%, respectively. CONCLUSION An old-for-old renal allocation algorithm can be successful provided that risk factors, such as cold-ischemic time, are reduced.
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Abstract
In parallel with increased clinical demand, less than optimal or so-called marginal kidney grafts are being used for transplantation. In addition to donor age, it appears that several factors may impact negatively on the quality of the graft. Most importantly, a more precise definition of the term 'marginal graft' is needed. The present review analyzes potential risk factors, suggests scoring systems for a more precise definition, and discusses potential treatment options to improve the quality of marginal grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Tullius
- Department of Surgery, Charité--Campus Virchow Clinic, Berlin, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Tullius
- Department of Surgery, Charité-Virchow Clinic, Humboldt University, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Rea R, Smith C, Sandhu K, Kwan J, Tomson C. Successful transplant of a kidney with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16:416-7. [PMID: 11158426 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/16.2.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lu AD, Desai D, Myers BD, Dafoe DC, Alfrey EJ. Severe glomerular sclerosis is not associated with poor outcome after kidney transplantation. Am J Surg 2000; 180:470-4. [PMID: 11182400 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(00)00502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased utilization of expanded criteria kidney donors has necessitated the reevaluation of multiple donor risk factors to insure the best outcome from this valuable resource. Reports of decreased graft survival in recipients of kidneys from donors with > or =20% glomerular sclerosis (GS) have led many transplant centers to refuse these donor kidneys. The purpose of this study is to compare outcome in recipients of cadaveric donor kidneys with > or =20% GS versus those with <20% or no GS at our center. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 18 donor and 19 recipient and outcome variables in 89 recipients of kidneys, which were biopsied at the time of transplantation, between February 1995 and November 1998. We evaluated outcome based upon the percent of GS and the degree of vasculopathy. RESULTS Donors with > or =20% GS were older and had more hypertension. Recipients of kidneys with > or =20% GS were older, had higher serum creatinine values at 1 and 2 years, but similar rates of delayed graft function and 2-year graft survival. Vasculopathy did not correlate to any important donor criteria except the percent GS. However, serum creatinine was significantly higher in recipients of kidneys with moderate vasculopathy versus none, up to 2 years after transplantation. There was no significant difference in graft loss based upon vasculopathy. CONCLUSION Kidneys from donors with > or =20% GS provide excellent outcome similar to kidneys from donors with no GS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Lu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Lee CM, Carter JT, Weinstein RJ, Pease HM, Scandling JD, Pavalakis M, Dafoe DC, Alfrey EJ. Dual kidney transplantation: older donors for older recipients. J Am Coll Surg 1999; 189:82-91; discussion 91-2. [PMID: 10401744 DOI: 10.1016/s1072-7515(99)00073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual kidney transplantation, the transplantation of both donor kidneys into a single recipient, allows increased use of expanded criteria donors (eg, older donors with a history of hypertension) to alleviate the disparity between available donors and potential recipients. We evaluated outcomes in our dual kidney transplant program that started in 1995. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective comparison of donor and recipient data between recipients of dual (n = 41) versus single (n = 199) cadaveric renal transplants from February 1, 1995, to March 22, 1998, was performed. Dual kidney transplantation was selectively performed when the calculated donor admission creatinine clearance was less than 90 mL/min and the donor age was greater than 60 years, or if the donor had an elevated terminal serum creatinine. Every attempt was made to age- and size-match the donor and recipients. RESULTS Recipients of dual kidneys had donors who were older than single kidney donors (59 +/- 12 versus 42 +/- 17 years respectively, p < 0.0001) and had more hypertension (51% versus 29%, p = 0.024). Average urine output was lower in the dual versus single kidney group (252 +/- 157 versus 191 +/- 70 mL/hr, p = 0.036). Donors for dual kidney recipients had a lower donor admission creatinine clearance of 82 +/- 28 mL/min versus 105 +/- 45 mL/min in the single kidney group (p = 0.005). Recipients of dual versus single kidneys were older (58 +/- 11 versus 47 +/- 12 years, p > 0.0001). Dual versus single kidney recipients had similar serum creatinines up to 2 years posttransplant (1.6 +/- 0.3 versus 1.6 +/- 0.7 mg/dL at 2 years, p = NS) and a comparable incidence of delayed graft function (24% versus 33%, p = NS) and 3-month posttransplant creatinine clearance (54 +/- 23 versus 57 +/- 25 mL/min, p = NS). One-year patient and graft survival for single kidney transplantation was 97% and 90%, respectively, and 98% and 89% for dual kidney transplantation (p = NS). CONCLUSIONS Dual kidney donors were significantly older, had more hypertension, lower urine outputs, and lower donor admission creatinine clearance. Despite these differences, dual kidney recipients had comparable postoperative function, outcomes, and survival versus single kidney recipients. We believe selective use of dual kidney transplantation can provide excellent outcomes to recipients of kidneys from older donors with reduced renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, USA
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Karpinski J, Lajoie G, Cattran D, Fenton S, Zaltzman J, Cardella C, Cole E. Outcome of kidney transplantation from high-risk donors is determined by both structure and function. Transplantation 1999; 67:1162-7. [PMID: 10232568 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199904270-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
METHOD Despite the need to expand the donor pool, it is unclear what parameters should be used. The value of donor renal pathology and calculated creatinine clearance (CrCl) in determining recipient outcome was assessed in 57 kidney transplants from 34 donors in whom pretransplant renal biopsies were performed because of age > or =60, hypertension, and/or vascular disease. We retrospectively compared clinical outcomes in these recipients and 57 control recipients selected to have the same baseline demographics but receiving transplants from low risk donors who were significantly younger (32+/-13.9 vs. 61+/-7.3 years) and lighter weight (71+/-18.1 vs. 84+/-20.2 kg) than the high-risk donors (P<.001 for both). RESULTS Recipients of high-risk kidneys had a higher incidence of delayed graft function, defined by a <10% fall in serum creatinine (Cr) in the first 24 hr, (56% vs. 30%, P<.01), a higher incidence of rejection (60% vs. 37%, P = .02) and a higher Cr level (197+/-64 vs. 144+/-54 micromol/L at 18 months, P<.005). Graft and patient survival were similar; 12% and 5% vs. 91% and 9% in high-risk vs. control groups, respectively (P = NS). Donor renal pathology was scored 0-3 (none to severe disease) in four areas: glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and vascular disease. A donor vessel score of 3/3 was associated with a 100% incidence of delayed graft function and a mean 1-year Cr level of 275+106 micromol/L (compared with 43% and 192+54 micromol/L in those with lower vessel scores, P<.05). Calculated donor CrCl <100 ml/min was associated with higher recipient Cr levels at 1 year, 240+/-95 micromol/L vs. 180+/-54 micromol/L in recipients of kidneys from donors with CrCl levels >100 ml/min (P<.05). The mean 1-year Cr level was 320+/-102 micromol/L in recipients with both a vascular score of 3/3 and a donor CrCl <100 ml/min and 184+/-63 micromol/L in those with neither factor (P = .001). CONCLUSION Calculated donor CrCl and donor vascular pathology predict recipient graft function and may be helpful in selecting high-risk donors for single kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Karpinski
- Renal Transplantation Program, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Howard
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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