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Haring E, Uhl FM, Andrieux G, Proietti M, Bulashevska A, Sauer B, Braun LM, de Vega Gomez E, Esser PR, Martin SF, Pfeifer D, Follo M, Schmitt-Graeff A, Buescher J, Duyster J, Grimbacher B, Boerries M, Pearce EL, Zeiser R, Apostolova P. Bile acids regulate intestinal antigen presentation and reduce graft-versus-host disease without impairing the graft-versus-leukemia effect. Haematologica 2021; 106:2131-2146. [PMID: 32675222 PMCID: PMC8327708 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.242990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) causes significant mortality in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Immunosuppressive treatment for GvHD can impair the beneficial graft-versus-leukemia effect and facilitate malignancy relapse. Therefore, novel approaches that protect and regenerate injured tissues without impeding the donor immune system are needed. Bile acids regulate multiple cellular processes and are in close contact with the intestinal epithelium, a major target of acute GvHD. Here, we found that the bile acid pool is reduced following GvHD induction in a preclinical model. We evaluated the efficacy of bile acids to protect the intestinal epithelium without reducing anti-tumor immunity. We observed that application of bile acids decreased cytokine-induced cell death in intestinal organoids and cell lines. Systemic prophylactic administration of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), the most potent compound in our in vitro studies, reduced GvHD severity in three different murine transplantation models. This effect was mediated by decreased activity of the antigen presentation machinery and subsequent prevention of apoptosis of the intestinal epithelium. Moreover, bile acid administration did not alter the bacterial composition in the intestine suggesting that its effects are cell-specific and independent of the microbiome. Treatment of human and murine leukemic cell lines with TUDCA did not interfere with the expression of antigen presentation-related molecules. Systemic T-cell expansion and especially their cytotoxic capacity against leukemic cells remained intact. This study establishes a role for bile acids in the prevention of acute GvHD without impairing the graft-versus-leukemia effect. In particular, we provide a scientific rationale for the systematic use of TUDCA in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Haring
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska M Uhl
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michele Proietti
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, CCI, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alla Bulashevska
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, CCI, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Sauer
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas M Braun
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Philipp R Esser
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan F Martin
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Joerg Buescher
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Justus Duyster
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Petya Apostolova
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
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Ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide protects against hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury in mice. Shock 2016; 43:379-86. [PMID: 25526375 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury that occurs during liver transplantation causes severe complications leading to transplantation failure. We have designed a cytoprotective agent, ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide (UDCA-LPE), which promotes the survival of cultured hepatocellular cell lines and inhibits apoptosis and inflammation in the in vivo models of liver injury. Here, we show that UDCA-LPE increased the viability of mouse hepatocytes by activating the Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3β survival signaling pathways. We further tested whether UDCA-LPE could protect hepatic I/R injury in mice by clamping liver lobes of C57/BL6 mice for 90 min of ischemia followed by unclamping and reperfusion for 2 h. Two regimens for UDCA-LPE treatment were carried out; with a single dose of 100 mg/kg UDCA-LPE intraperitoneally injected 30 min prior to ischemia and a double dose of 50 mg/kg UDCA-LPE given 30 min prior to ischemia and just prior to reperfusion. Using histology and liver enzyme determination, we observed that hepatic I/R caused significant hepatic necrosis, which was decreased in UDCA-LPE-treated mice undergoing I/R. Ursodeoxycholyl LPE concomitantly protected against I/R-induced apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3, cleaved poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase 1), inflammation (IL-1β, CD11b, chemokine ligands 2 and 3, chemokine receptor 2), and portal fibrogenesis (α-smooth muscle actin, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1), as determined by Western blot, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemical analyses. The protection by UDCA-LPE was found to be better in the double-dose than in the single-dose regimen. Thus, UDCA-LPE promoted the survival of mouse hepatocytes and protected against hepatic I/R injury and thus may be of therapeutic use in liver transplantation settings.
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Mach J, Huizer-Pajkos A, Kane A, Jones B, McKenzie C, Mitchell SJ, de Cabo R, Cogger VC, Le Couteur DG, Hilmer SN. The effect of aging on mitochondrial and cytosolic hepatic intrinsic death pathway and apoptosis associated proteins in Fischer 344 rats. Exp Gerontol 2015; 67:54-61. [PMID: 25910621 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is increased in the liver in old age and is a common pathological feature of liver disease. The mitochondria play a key role in regulating apoptosis via the intrinsic death pathway. As the effect of aging on this pathway is unclear, we aimed to characterize the impact of aging on the hepatic intrinsic death pathway and apoptosis. Livers from young adult (6.6 ± 0.3 months, n = 9) and old (25.4 ± 0.7 months, n = 9) male Fischer 344 rats were extracted for cellular fractionation and immunobloting. In old age there were lower mitochondrial protein levels of pro-apoptotic BAK, BID, tBID and VDAC1 (p < 0.05) and of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Compared to young, old rats had lower cytosolic protein levels of pro-apoptotic BAX, BAK, BID, tBID and anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL (p < 0.05). BAK, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were found in the cytosol. Furthermore with old age, cytosolic protein levels of cytochrome C, AIF and cleaved caspase-9 did not change but activation of caspase-3, -6 and -7 increased (p < 0.05) and DNA fragmentation trended to increase. Our results suggest an age-related decline in the levels of a number of proteins involved in the intrinsic death pathway, an uncoupling of intermediate apoptosis signaling and increased cellular apoptosis in the liver in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mach
- Laboratory of Ageing and Pharmacology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Depts of Clinical Pharmacology and Aged Care, Royal North Shore Hosp, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Univ of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aniko Huizer-Pajkos
- Laboratory of Ageing and Pharmacology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Depts of Clinical Pharmacology and Aged Care, Royal North Shore Hosp, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alice Kane
- Laboratory of Ageing and Pharmacology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Depts of Clinical Pharmacology and Aged Care, Royal North Shore Hosp, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Univ of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett Jones
- Laboratory of Ageing and Pharmacology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Univ of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Gastroenterology Dept, Royal North Shore Hosp, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Sarah J Mitchell
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- Sydney Medical School, Univ of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Ageing and Alzheimers Institute, Concord Hospital, Australia; Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital and University of Sydney, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital and University of Sydney, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Sydney Medical School, Univ of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Ageing and Alzheimers Institute, Concord Hospital, Australia; Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital and University of Sydney, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital and University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah N Hilmer
- Laboratory of Ageing and Pharmacology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Depts of Clinical Pharmacology and Aged Care, Royal North Shore Hosp, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Univ of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Sharma A, Agrawal H, Mullani N, Sandhu A, Singh MK, Chauhan MS, Singla SK, Palta P, Manik RS. Supplementation of tauroursodeoxycholic acid during IVC did not enhance in vitro development and quality of buffalo IVF embryos but combated endoplasmic reticulum stress. Theriogenology 2015; 84:200-7. [PMID: 25881988 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a dysfunction in protein-folding capacity of ER, is involved in many pathologic and physiological responses including embryonic development. This study investigated the effect of supplementation of IVC medium with an ER stress inducer, tunicamycin (TM), and an inhibitor, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), on the developmental competence, apoptosis, and gene expression in buffalo embryos produced by IVF. Treatment of presumed zygotes with TM resulted in a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in the blastocyst rate, whereas TUDCA supplementation did not improve the blastocyst development rate. Further, presence of TUDCA could not ameliorate the adverse effects of TM in terms of the blastocyst rate in combined (TM + TUDCA) treatment. Tunicamycin treatment increased (P < 0.01) the apoptotic index and reduced the total cell number, whereas TUDCA did not affect them significantly. However, TUDCA reduced the extent of TM-mediated apoptosis during combined (TM + TUDCA) treatment. Tunicamycin treatment increased (P < 0.01) and TUDCA treatment decreased (P < 0.01) the expression level of ER chaperones, GRP78 and GRP94. In the combined TM + TUDCA treatment, TUDCA decreased their expression level compared to that in the controls. A similar pattern was observed in the case of proapoptotic gene BAX. We did not find any significant difference in the expression level of BCl-XL, BID, P53, and CASPASE 3 after TM and TUDCA supplementation. In conclusion, our study reported that TM induces ER stress in buffalo embryos produced in vitro resulting in a decrease in the blastocyst rate and an increase in the level of apoptosis and that these actions are mediated by modulating the expression of apoptosis-related genes and ER chaperones. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid did not improve the developmental potential of buffalo embryos; however, it attenuated the TM-induced apoptosis by downregulating BAX and ER chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpna Sharma
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Himanshu Agrawal
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Nowsheen Mullani
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Anjit Sandhu
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Manmohan Singh Chauhan
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Singla
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Prabhat Palta
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Radhay Sham Manik
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.
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Wu W, Liu X, Peng X, Xue R, Ji L, Shen X, Chen S, Gu J, Zhang S. Bile acids override steatosis in farnesoid X receptor deficient mice in a model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 448:50-5. [PMID: 24747563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases, and the pathogenesis is still not well known. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and plays an essential role in maintaining bile acid and lipid homeostasis. In this study, we study the role of FXR in the pathogenesis of NFALD. We found that FXR deficient (FXR(-/-)) mice fed methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet had higher serum ALT and AST activities and lower hepatic triglyceride levels than wild-type (WT) mice fed MCD diet. Expression of genes involved in inflammation (VCAM-1) and fibrosis (α-SMA) was increased in FXR(-/-) mice fed MCD diet (FXR(-/-)/MCD) compared to WT mice fed MCD diet (WT/MCD). Although MCD diet significantly induced hepatic fibrosis in terms of liver histology, FXR(-/-)/MCD mice showed less degree of hepatic steatosis than WT/MCD mice. Moreover, FXR deficiency synergistically potentiated the elevation effects of MCD diet on serum and hepatic bile acids levels. The super-physiological concentrations of hepatic bile acids in FXR(-/-)/MCD mice inhibited the expression of genes involved in fatty acid uptake and triglyceride accumulation, which may be an explanation for less steatosis in FXR(-/-)/MCD mice in contrast to WT/MCD mice. These results suggest that hepatic bile acids accumulation could override simple steatosis in hepatic injury during the progression of NAFLD and further emphasize the role of FXR in maintaining hepatic bile acid homeostasis in liver disorders and in hepatic protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Wu
- Gene Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xijun Liu
- Gene Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaomin Peng
- Gene Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruyi Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lingling Ji
- Gene Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xizhong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - She Chen
- Gene Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jianxin Gu
- Gene Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Gene Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Mach J, Huizer-Pajkos A, Cogger VC, McKenzie C, Le Couteur DG, Jones BE, de Cabo R, Hilmer SN. The effect of aging on acetaminophen pharmacokinetics, toxicity and Nrf2 in Fischer 344 rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 69:387-97. [PMID: 23863315 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of aging on hepatic pharmacokinetics and the degree of hepatotoxicity following a toxic dose of acetaminophen. Young and old male Fischer 344 rats were treated with 800 mg/kg acetaminophen (young n = 8, old n = 5) or saline (young n = 9, old n = 9). Serum measurements showed old rats treated with acetaminophen had significantly lower serum alanine aminotransferase and higher acetaminophen and acetaminophen glucuronide levels and creatinine, compared with acetaminophen treated young rats (p < .05). Immunoblotting and activity assays showed old saline-treated rats had twofold lower cytochrome P450 2E1 activity and threefold higher NAD(P)H quinone oxireductase 1 protein expression and activity than young saline-treated rats (p < .05), although Nrf2, glutathione cysteine ligase-modulatory subunit, glutathione cysteine ligase-catalytic subunit, and cytochrome P450 2E1 protein expressions were unchanged. Primary hepatocytes isolated from young rats treated with 10 mM acetaminophen had lower survival than those from old rats (52.4% ± 5.8%, young; 83.6% ± 1.7%, old, p < .05). The pharmacokinetic changes described may decrease susceptibility to acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity but may increase risk of nephrotoxicity in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mach
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Level 1, Acute services building, Royal North Shore Hospital, Pacific Hwy, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
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Junnarkar SP, Tapuria N, Mani A, Dijk S, Fuller B, Seifalian AM, Davidson BR. Attenuation of warm ischemia-reperfusion injury in the liver by bucillamine through decreased neutrophil activation and Bax/Bcl-2 modulation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25:1891-9. [PMID: 21092002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Liver transplantation and resection surgery involve a period of ischemia and reperfusion to the liver, which initiates an inflammatory cascade resulting in liver and remote organ injury. Bucillamine is a low molecular weight thiol antioxidant that is capable of rapidly entering cells. We hypothesized that bucillamine acts by replenishing glutathione levels, thus reducing neutrophil activation, modulating Bax/Bcl-2 expression, and subsequently, attenuating the effects of warm ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in the liver. METHODS The effect of bucillamine was studied in a rat model of liver IRI with 45 min of partial (70%) liver ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion. Liver injury was assessed by measuring serum transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) and liver histology. Oxidative stress was quantified by measuring F(2) isoprostane and glutathione levels. Leukocyte adhesion was assessed by intravital microscopy, and inflammatory cytokine response was assessed by measuring serum cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) levels. Bax and Bcl-2 expression was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The model produced significant liver injury with elevated transaminases and an acute inflammatory response. Bucillamine reduced the liver injury, as indicated by reduced AST (932 ± 200.8 vs 2072.5 ± 511.79, P < 0.05). Bucillamine reduced Bax expression, serum CINC-1 levels, and neutrophil adhesion, and upregulated Bcl-2. However, bucillamine did not affect tissue glutathione levels nor the levels of oxidative stress, as measured by plasma and hepatic F(2) isoprostane levels. CONCLUSIONS Bucillamine reduces warm ischemia-reperfusion in the liver by inhibiting neutrophil activation and modulating Bax/Bcl-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer P Junnarkar
- Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital and University College London, London, UK.
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Ben Mosbah I, Alfany-Fernández I, Martel C, Zaouali MA, Bintanel-Morcillo M, Rimola A, Rodés J, Brenner C, Roselló-Catafau J, Peralta C. Endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibition protects steatotic and non-steatotic livers in partial hepatectomy under ischemia-reperfusion. Cell Death Dis 2010; 1:e52. [PMID: 21364657 PMCID: PMC3032561 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2010.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During partial hepatectomy, ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) is commonly applied in clinical practice to reduce blood flow. Steatotic livers show impaired regenerative response and reduced tolerance to hepatic injury. We examined the effects of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and 4-phenyl butyric acid (PBA) in steatotic and non-steatotic livers during partial hepatectomy under I/R (PH+I/R). Their effects on the induction of unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were also evaluated. We report that PBA, and especially TUDCA, reduced inflammation, apoptosis and necrosis, and improved liver regeneration in both liver types. Both compounds, especially TUDCA, protected both liver types against ER damage, as they reduced the activation of two of the three pathways of UPR (namely inositol-requiring enzyme and PKR-like ER kinase) and their target molecules caspase 12, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and C/EBP homologous protein-10. Only TUDCA, possibly mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase upregulation, inactivated glycogen synthase kinase-3β. This is turn, inactivated mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel, reduced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and caspase 9 activation and protected both liver types against mitochondrial damage. These findings indicate that chemical chaperones, especially TUDCA, could protect steatotic and non-steatotic livers against injury and regeneration failure after PH+I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ben Mosbah
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
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Boatright JH, Nickerson JM, Moring AG, Pardue MT. Bile acids in treatment of ocular disease. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2009; 2:149-159. [PMID: 20046852 PMCID: PMC2798994 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-009-9030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bear bile has been included in Asian pharmacopeias for thousands of years in treatment of several diseases, ranging from sore throat to hemorrhoids. The hydrophilic bile acids tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) are the major bile acids of bear bile. Both of these are available as synthetic formulations and are approved by the health administrations of several countries for treatment of cirrhosis and gallstones. This review briefly covers the use of bear bile in Traditional Chinese Medicine, bile acid physiology, approved use of UDCA and TUDCA in Western medicine, and recent research exploring their neuroprotective properties, including in models of ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H. Boatright
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, B5511 Emory Eye Center, 1365-B Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - John M. Nickerson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, B5511 Emory Eye Center, 1365-B Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Anisha G. Moring
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, B5511 Emory Eye Center, 1365-B Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, B5511 Emory Eye Center, 1365-B Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Rehab R&D CoE, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA USA
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Lopez-Neblina F, Toledo AH, Toledo-Pereyra LH. Molecular Biology of Apoptosis in Ischemia and Reperfusion. J INVEST SURG 2009; 18:335-50. [PMID: 16319055 DOI: 10.1080/08941930500328862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reviews the current understanding of the mechanisms that mediate the complex processes involved in apoptosis secondary to ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) and is not intended as a complete literature review of apoptosis. Several biochemical reactions trigger a cascade of events, which activate caspases. These caspases exert their effect through downstream proteolysis until the final effector caspases mediate the nuclear features characteristic of apoptosis, DNA fragmentation and condensation. Within the context of ischemia, the hypoxic environment initiates the expression of several genes involved in inflammation, the immune response, and apoptosis. Many of these same genes are activated during reperfusion injury in response to radical oxygen species generation. It is plausible that inhibition of specific apoptotic pathways via inactivation or downregulation of those genes responsible for the initiation of inflammation, immune response, and apoptosis may provide promising molecular targets for ameliorating reperfusion injury in I/R-related processes. Such inhibitory mechanisms are discussed in this review. Important targets in I/R-related pathologies include the brain during stroke, the heart during myocardial infarction, and the organs during harvesting and/or storage for transplantation. In addition, we present data from our ongoing research of specific signal transduction-related elements and their role in ischemia/reperfusion injury. These data address the potential therapeutic application of anti-inflammatory and anti-ischemic compounds in the prevention of I/R damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lopez-Neblina
- Trauma, Surgery Research, and Molecular Biology, Borgess Research Institute, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49048, USA
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Baiocchi L, Tisone G, Russo MA, Longhi C, Palmieri G, Volpe A, Almerighi C, Telesca C, Carbone M, Toti L, De Leonardis F, Angelico M. TUDCA prevents cholestasis and canalicular damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat, modulating PKCalpha-ezrin pathway. Transpl Int 2008; 21:792-800. [PMID: 18435680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis, induced by liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), is characterized by dilatation of bile canaliculi and loss of microvilli. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an anti-cholestatic agent, modulating protein kinase C (PKC) alpha pathway. PKC reduces ischemic damage in several organs, its isoform alpha modulates ezrin, a key protein in the maintenance of cell lamellipoidal extensions. We evaluated the effects of TUDCA on cholestasis, canalicular changes and PKCalpha-ezrin expression in a rat model of liver IRI. Livers flushed and stored with Belzer solution or Belzer + 10 mm TUDCA (4 degrees C for 6 h) were reperfused (37 degrees C with O(2)) with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate + 2.5 micromol/min of Taurocholate or TUDCA. Bile was harvested for bile flow assessment. Liver tissue was employed for Electron Microscopy (EM) and for PKCalpha and ezrin immunoblot and immunofluorescence. The same experiments were conducted with the PKCalpha inhibitor Go-6976. TUDCA-treated livers showed increased bile flow (0.25+/-0.17 vs. 0.042+/-0.02 microl/min/g liver, P<0.05) and better preservation of microvilli and bile canalicular area at EM. These effects were associated with increased PKCalpha and ezrin expression (P=0.03 and P=0.04 vs. control respectively), as also confirmed by immunofluorescence data. PKCalpha inhibition abolished these TUDCA effects. TUDCA administration during IRI reduces cholestasis and canalicular damage in the liver modulating PKCalpha-ezrin pathway.
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Nowak G, Norén UG, Wernerson A, Marschall HU, Möller L, Ericzon BG. Enteral donor pre-treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid protects the liver against ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Transpl Int 2005; 17:804-9. [PMID: 15815896 DOI: 10.1007/s00147-004-0703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2003] [Revised: 09/30/2003] [Accepted: 10/20/2003] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Liver donor pre-treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) may protect against injury during transplantation. In the present study we evaluated whether enteral administration of UDCA has an effect on bile flow and protects the liver from injury related to transplantation. Wistar rats were used in liver perfusion (LP) and transplantation (LTx) models. Rats were enterally administered UDCA (800 mg/kg) 3 h before cold perfusion. In LP, bile flow and bile acid composition were analysed. In LTx, serum ALT and liver histology were analysed. LP showed biliary UDCA enrichment up to 36+/-13% in pre-treated rats, causing higher bile flow (P = 0.026) compared with control rats. LTx showed lower ALT and TUNEL positive hepatocytes in the UDCA group (P < 0.02 and P < 0.05). In conclusion, augmented bile salt-dependent bile flow is preserved in the liver after cold storage. Enteral donor pre-treatment with UDCA protects the liver against ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Nowak
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital B56, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Morin D, Pires F, Plin C, Tillement JP. Role of the permeability transition pore in cytochrome C release from mitochondria during ischemia-reperfusion in rat liver. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 68:2065-73. [PMID: 15476677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2004] [Accepted: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia and reperfusion cause mitochondrial dysfunctions that initiate the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. They involve the release of cytochrome C and the activation of the caspase cascade but the mechanism(s) leading to cytochrome C release is(are) poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyse the relation between cytochrome C release and the opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP) during in situ liver ischemia and reperfusion. Liver ischemia was induced for 30, 60 and 120 min and blood re-flow was subsequently restored for 30 and 180 min. Ischemia hugely altered mitochondrial functions, i.e., oxidative phosphorylation and membrane potential, and was accompanied by a time-dependent mitochondrial release of cytochrome C into the cytosol and by activations of caspases-3 and -9. PTP opening was not observed during ischemia, as demonstrated by the absence of effect of an in vivo pre-treatment of rats with cyclosporin A (CsA), a potent PTP inhibitor. Cytochrome C release was due neither to a direct effect of caspases onto mitochondria nor to an interaction of Bax or Bid with the mitochondrial membrane but could be related to a direct effect of oxygen deprivation. In contrast, during reperfusion, CsA pre-treatment inhibits cytochrome C release, PTP opening and caspase activation. At this step, cytochrome C release is likely to occur as a consequence of PTP opening. In conclusion, our study reveals that cytochrome C release, and thus the induction of the mitochondrial cell death pathway, occur successively independently and dependent on PTP opening during liver ischemia and reperfusion, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Morin
- Département de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine de Paris XII, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, F-94010 Créteil, France.
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Nowak G, Noren UG, Wernerson A, Marschall HU, Moller L, Ericzon BG. Enteral donor pre-treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid protects the liver against ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Transpl Int 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2004.tb00514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Natori S, Higuchi H, Contreras P, Gores GJ. The caspase inhibitor IDN-6556 prevents caspase activation and apoptosis in sinusoidal endothelial cells during liver preservation injury. Liver Transpl 2003; 9:278-84. [PMID: 12619025 DOI: 10.1053/jlts.2003.50019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cold ischemia (CI)-warm reperfusion (WR) liver injury remains a problem in liver transplantation. CI-WR initially causes sinusoidal endothelial cell (SEC) apoptosis through a caspase-dependent mechanism. We previously showed that the caspase inhibitor IDN-1965 prevents CI-WR-induced SEC apoptosis. However, this agent required to be administered to the donor, preservation solution, and recipient for efficacy. Here, we show that a second-generation caspase inhibitor, IDN-6556, effectively prevents CI-WR-induced SEC injury when added only to University of Wisconsin (UW) cold storage media. Rat livers were stored in UW solution for 24 hours at 4 degrees C and reperfused for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. Apoptosis was quantitated using terminal deoxynucleotide transferasemediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and caspase 3 activation determined by biochemical measurement and immunohistochemical analysis. Pan-caspase inhibitors (IDN-8066, IDN-7503, IDN-7436, IDN-1965, and IDN-6556) were applied at preischemic, cold preservation, or reperfusion periods. TUNEL-positive SEC and caspase 3-like activity in the liver was increased by CI-WR. Three caspase inhibitors (IDN-8066, IDN-1965, and IDN-6556) effectively attenuated SEC apoptosis and caspase 3 activation. The most potent inhibitor, IDN-6556, reduced SEC apoptosis and caspase 3 activity by 55% and 94%, respectively. Prevention of SEC apoptosis by IDN-6556 was not reduced when this agent was administered only during the cold preservation period. When added to the preservation solution, the caspase inhibitor IDN-6556 appears to be a feasible therapeutic agent against ischemia-reperfusion injury in liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Natori
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic, and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
The gaseous molecule nitric oxide is involved in a variety of liver transplant-relevant processes, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, acute cellular rejection, and circulatory changes characteristic of advanced liver disease. This review article focuses on new advances relating to the role of nitric oxide in these syndromes with an emphasis on pathobiology and potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Shah
- GI Research Unit and Advanced Liver Disease Study Group, Department of Medicine, Alfred 2-435, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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