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Berger MM, Shenkin A, Schweinlin A, Amrein K, Augsburger M, Biesalski HK, Bischoff SC, Casaer MP, Gundogan K, Lepp HL, de Man AME, Muscogiuri G, Pietka M, Pironi L, Rezzi S, Cuerda C. ESPEN micronutrient guideline. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:1357-1424. [PMID: 35365361 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trace elements and vitamins, named together micronutrients (MNs), are essential for human metabolism. Recent research has shown the importance of MNs in common pathologies, with significant deficiencies impacting the outcome. OBJECTIVE This guideline aims to provide information for daily clinical nutrition practice regarding assessment of MN status, monitoring, and prescription. It proposes a consensus terminology, since many words are used imprecisely, resulting in confusion. This is particularly true for the words "deficiency", "repletion", "complement", and "supplement". METHODS The expert group attempted to apply the 2015 standard operating procedures (SOP) for ESPEN which focuses on disease. However, this approach could not be applied due to the multiple diseases requiring clinical nutrition resulting in one text for each MN, rather than for diseases. An extensive search of the literature was conducted in the databases Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and CINAHL. The search focused on physiological data, historical evidence (published before PubMed release in 1996), and observational and/or randomized trials. For each MN, the main functions, optimal analytical methods, impact of inflammation, potential toxicity, and provision during enteral or parenteral nutrition were addressed. The SOP wording was applied for strength of recommendations. RESULTS There was a limited number of interventional trials, preventing meta-analysis and leading to a low level of evidence. The recommendations underwent a consensus process, which resulted in a percentage of agreement (%): strong consensus required of >90% of votes. Altogether the guideline proposes sets of recommendations for 26 MNs, resulting in 170 single recommendations. Critical MNs were identified with deficiencies being present in numerous acute and chronic diseases. Monitoring and management strategies are proposed. CONCLUSION This guideline should enable addressing suboptimal and deficient status of a bundle of MNs in at-risk diseases. In particular, it offers practical advice on MN provision and monitoring during nutritional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette M Berger
- Department of Adult Intensive Care, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alan Shenkin
- Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Anna Schweinlin
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Karin Amrein
- Medical University of Graz, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Austria.
| | - Marc Augsburger
- University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Lausanne-Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Michael P Casaer
- KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kursat Gundogan
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | | | - Angélique M E de Man
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Research VUmc Intensive Care (REVIVE), Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science (ACS), Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam Medical Data Science (AMDS), Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università di Napoli (Federico II), Naples, Italy; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II, University, Naples, Italy.
| | - Magdalena Pietka
- Pharmacy Department, Stanley Dudrick's Memorial Hospital, Skawina, Poland.
| | - Loris Pironi
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Italy; IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Centre for Chronic Intestinal Failure - Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, Italy.
| | - Serge Rezzi
- Swiss Nutrition and Health Foundation (SNHf), Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Cristina Cuerda
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Nutrition Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
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Chen R, Brady E, McIntyre TM. Human TMEM30a promotes uptake of antitumor and bioactive choline phospholipids into mammalian cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3215-25. [PMID: 21289302 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor alkylphospholipids initiate apoptosis in transformed HL-60 and Jurkat cells while sparing their progenitors. 1-O-Alkyl-2-carboxymethyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Edelfosine) like other short-chained phospholipids--inflammatory platelet-activating factor (PAF) and apoptotic oxidatively truncated phospholipids--are proposed to have intracellular sites of action, yet a conduit for these choline phospholipids into mammalian cells is undefined. Edelfosine is also accumulated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a process requiring the membrane protein Lem3p, and the human genome contains a Lem3p homolog TMEM30a. We show that import of choline phospholipids into S. cerevisiae ΔLem3 is partially reconstituted by human TMEM30a and by Lem3p-TMEM30a chimeras, showing the proteins are orthologous. TMEM30a-GFP chimeras expressed in mammalian cells localized in plasma membranes, as well as internal organelles, and ectopic TMEM30a expression promoted uptake of exogenous choline and ethanolamine phospholipids. Short hairpin RNA knockdown of TMEM30a reduced fluorescent choline phospholipid and [(3)H]PAF import. This knockdown also reduced mitochondrial depolarization from exogenous Edelfosine or the mitotoxic oxidatively truncated phospholipid azelaoyl phosphatidylcholine, and the knockdown reduced apoptosis in response to these two phospholipids. These results show that extracellular choline phospholipids with short sn-2 residues can have intracellular roles and sites of metabolism because they are transport substrates for a TMEM30a phospholipid import system. Variation in this mechanism could limit sensitivity to short chain choline phospholipids such as Edelfosine, PAF, and proapoptotic phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Oxidative stress is caused by a higher production of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species or a decrease in endogenous protective antioxidative capacity. In all types of critical illness, such as sepsis, trauma, burn injury, acute pancreatitis, liver injury, severe diabetes, acute respiratory distress syndrome, AIDS and kidney failure, the occurrence of increased oxidative stress or a reduced antioxidative status is described. Whereas in the past, reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species were mainly known as harmful agents, recent investigations have given a new insight into the (patho)physiological importance of these substances as powerful messenger molecules involved in gene regulation, thereby enabling the synthesis of cytokines or adhesion molecules necessary for defending inflammatory processes. As shown in this review, there are numerous possibilities for the quantification of oxidative stress. RECENT FINDINGS Several investigations showed a close association of single or multiple parameters, such as total antioxidative capacity, lipid peroxidation, vitamins C and E, the activation of nuclear factor kappa B, and respiratory burst, with the patient's outcome. However, no recommendation for a single parameter to be measured can be given because the assays described do not allow the definition of an overall "antioxidative status" for patients. SUMMARY The occurrence of oxidative stress in critically ill patients is associated with a poor prognosis. The measurement of a cluster of assays representative of the quantification of reactive species or of antioxidants may improve the usefulness of therapeutic intervention and increase knowledge of pathophysiological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Roth
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, University of Vienna General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will summarize recent evidence demonstrating that biologically active phospholipid oxidation products modulate inflammatory reactions. RECENT FINDINGS Structural identification of new biologically active oxidized phospholipids and the finding that they can also be formed at inflammatory sites other than the atherosclerotic lesion have expanded the potential role of these compounds in inflammation beyond atherogenesis. Various signaling pathways are induced by oxidized phospholipids, leading to the expression of inflammatory genes by mechanisms that differ from those mediated by the classic inflammatory agonists tumor necrosis factor or lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, oxidized phospholipids can bind to pattern recognition molecules and thus potently influence inflammation and immune responses during host defense. SUMMARY During inflammatory processes biologically active lipid oxidation products accumulate that modulate the inflammatory process and may determine the fate and outcome of the body's reaction in acute inflammation during host defense. Oxidized phospholipids may induce and propagate chronic inflammatory processes; however, evidence is accumulating that cells and tissues respond towards these oxidatively formed stress signals also by activation of anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Leitinger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review intends to summarize the recent findings regarding the presence of increased oxidative stress in critically ill patients and its potential pathophysiologic role, as well as the results of recent clinical trials of antioxidant therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Several lines of evidence confirm the increase in oxidative stress during critical illness. The oxidative damage to cells and tissues eventually contributes to organ failure. Prophylactic administration of antioxidant vitamins or glutamine, incorporated in the nutritional support or given as separate medications, efficiently attenuates the oxidative stress and in some studies improves the outcome of critically ill patients. Few data on the effects of N-acetylcysteine or trace elements have been published during the last two years. SUMMARY Patients at risk of organ failure could benefit from the early adjunction of antioxidant treatment, including vitamins and glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lovat
- Department of Intensive Care Centre hospitalo-Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liége, Belgium
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