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Lei C, Yu Y, Zhu Y, Li Y, Ma C, Ding L, Han L, Zhang H. The most recent progress of baicalein in its anti-neoplastic effects and mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116862. [PMID: 38850656 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Problems, such as toxic side effects and drug resistance of chemoradiotherapy, target therapy and immunotherapy accompanying the current anti-cancer treatments, have become bottlenecks limiting the clinical benefit for patients. Therefore, it is urgent to find promising anti-cancer strategies with higher efficacy and lesser side effects. Baicalein, a flavonoid component derived from the Chinese medicine scutellaria baicalensis, has been widely studied for its remarkable anti-cancer activity in multiple types of malignancies both at the molecular and cellular levels. Baicalein exerts its anti-tumor effects by inhibiting angiogenesis, invasion and migration, inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, as well as regulating cell autophagy, metabolism, the tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells with no obvious toxic side effects. The role of classic signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK, AMPK, Wnt/β-catenin, JAK/STAT3, MMP-2/-9, have been highlighted as the major targets for baicalein exerting its anti-malignant potential. Besides, baicalein can regulate the relevant non-coding RNAs, such as lncRNAs, miRNAs and circ-RNAs, to inhibit tumorigenesis and progression. In addition to the mentioned commonalities, baicalein shows some specific anti-tumor characteristics in some specific cancer types. Moreover, the preclinical studies of the combination of baicalein and chemoradiotherapy pave the way ahead for developing baicalein as an adjunct treatment with chemoradiotherapy. Our aim is to summary the role of baicalein in different types of cancer with its mechanisms based on in vitro and in vivo experiments, hoping providing proof for baicalein serving as an effective and safe compound for cancer treatment in clinic in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Lei
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yaya Yu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Yanjuan Zhu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yanan Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Changju Ma
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lina Ding
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ling Han
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Haibo Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Crosstalk between xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibiting and cancer chemotherapeutic properties of comestible flavonoids- a comprehensive update. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 110:109147. [PMID: 36049673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gout is an inflammatory disease caused by metabolic disorder or genetic inheritance. People throughout the world are strongly dependent on ethnomedicine for the treatment of gout and some receive satisfactory curative treatment. The natural remedies as well as established drugs derived from natural sources or synthetically made exert their action by mechanisms that are closely associated with anticancer treatment mechanisms regarding inhibition of xanthine oxidase, feedback inhibition of de novo purine synthesis, depolymerization and disappearance of microtubule, inhibition of NF-ĸB activation, induction of TRAIL, promotion of apoptosis, and caspase activation and proteasome inhibition. Some anti-gout and anticancer novel compounds interact with same receptors for their action, e.g., colchicine and colchicine analogues. Dietary flavonoids, i.e., chrysin, kaempferol, quercetin, fisetin, pelargonidin, apigenin, luteolin, myricetin, isorhamnetin, phloretinetc etc. have comparable IC50 values with established anti-gout drug and effective against both cancer and gout. Moreover, a noticeable number of newer anticancer compounds have already been isolated from plants that have been using by local traditional healers and herbal practitioners to treat gout. Therefore, the anti-gout plants might have greater potentiality to become selective candidates for screening of newer anticancer leads.
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Verma E, Kumar A, Devi Daimary U, Parama D, Girisa S, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Potential of baicalein in the prevention and treatment of cancer: A scientometric analyses based review. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Abstract
The constituents of many traditional Chinese herbal remedies are currently at the forefront of modern cancer research. Baicalein, a bioactive flavone widely used in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, has shown great potential in the treatment and prevention of cancer without causing severe side effects. Baicalein induces cancer cell apoptosis and cause cell cycle arrest. It shows inhibitory effects on angiogenesis, metastasis and inflammation, all of which are necessary for the promotion and progression of cancer. This review presents an overview of the anti-cancer effects and mechanisms of baicalein. In addition, the bioavailability of baicalein and approaches to improve it are summarized. Treatments of baicalein in combination with other anti-cancer agents are also mentioned.
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Shao J, Wang H, Yuan G, Chen Z, Li Q. Involvement of the arachidonic acid cytochrome P450 epoxygenase pathway in the proliferation and invasion of human multiple myeloma cells. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1925. [PMID: 27077015 PMCID: PMC4830247 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases and the metabolites epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) exert multiple biological effects in various malignancies. We have previously found EETs to be secreted by multiple myeloma (MM) cells and to be involved in MM angiogenesis, but the role of the arachidonic acid cytochrome P450 epoxygenase pathway in the proliferation and mobility of MM cells remains unknown. In the present study, we found that MM cell lines generated detectable levels of 11,12-EET/14,15-EET and that increased levels of EETs were found in the serum of MM patients compared to healthy donors. The addition of exogenous EETs induced significantly enhanced proliferation of MM cells, whereas 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA), an inhibitor of the CYP epoxygenase pathway, inhibited the viability and proliferation of MM cells. Moreover, this inhibitory effect could be successfully reversed by exogenous EETs. 17-ODYA also inhibited the motility of MM cells in a time-dependent manner, with a reduction of the gelatinolytic activity and protein expression of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. These results suggest the CYP epoxygenase pathway to be involved in the proliferation and invasion of MM cells, for which 17-ODYA could be a promising therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shao
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Hubei, China; Wuhan Central Hospital, Department of Hematology, Wuhan Hubei, China
| | - Hongxiang Wang
- Wuhan Central Hospital, Department of Hematology , Wuhan Hubei , China
| | - Guolin Yuan
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Department of Hematology , Xiangyang Hubei , China
| | - Zhichao Chen
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan Hubei , China
| | - Qiubai Li
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan Hubei , China
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Zhao H, Yang R, Shi Y, Yang W, Zeng Q, Zhao G, Wang X. Up-regulation of iNOS by hypoxic postconditioning inhibits H9c2 cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by hypoxia/re-oxygenation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:516-21. [PMID: 26040314 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a crucial mode of cell death induced by ischemia and reperfusion, and ischemic postconditioning (PostC) has been reported to inhibit cell apoptosis. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been confirmed to play an important role in triggering and mediating the late cardio-protection against ischemia/hypoxia. In this study, we found that hypoxic PostC remarkably up-regulated the expression of iNOS and decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Pre-treatment with 1400w (a highly selective inhibitor of iNOS) or iNOS siRNA weakened the anti-apoptotic effect of hypoxic PostC. These findings suggested that iNOS may be one of the key molecular mechanisms responsible for the inhibition of apoptosis by hypoxic PostC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxin Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yujuan Shi
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Wanfang Yang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Qun Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Guoyi Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Shi GF, Yao RX, Wang GY, Wang ZJ, Chen FW. Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Screening Method for the Detection of Radical-Scavenging Natural Antioxidants from the Whole Scutellariae (Radix, Stem and Leaf). J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1140-6. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Chen H, Gao Y, Wu J, Chen Y, Chen B, Hu J, Zhou J. Exploring therapeutic potentials of baicalin and its aglycone baicalein for hematological malignancies. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:5-11. [PMID: 25128647 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite tremendous advances in the targeted therapy for various types of hematological malignancies with successful improvements in the survival rates, emerging resistance issues are startlingly high and novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. In addition, chemoprevention is currently becoming an elusive goal. Plant-derived natural products have garnered considerable attention in recent years due to the potential dual functions as chemotherapeutics and dietary chemoprevention. One of the particularly ubiquitous families is the polyphenolic flavonoids. Among them, baicalin and its aglycone baicalein have been widely investigated in hematological malignancies because both of them exhibit remarkable pharmacological properties. This review focuses on the recent achievements in drug discovery research associated with baicalin and baicalein for hematological malignancy therapies. The promising anticancer activities of these two flavonoids targeting diverse signaling pathways and their potential biological mechanisms in different types of hematological malignancies, as well as the combination strategy with baicalin or baicalein as chemotherapeutic adjuvants for recent therapies in these intractable diseases are discussed. Meanwhile, the biotransformation of baicalin and baicalein and the relevant approaches to improve their bioavailability are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Jianlei Wu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Buyuan Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Jianda Hu
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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Patwardhan RS, Sharma D, Checker R, Sandur SK. Mitigation of radiation-induced hematopoietic injury via regulation of cellular MAPK/phosphatase levels and increasing hematopoietic stem cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 68:52-64. [PMID: 24287141 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a novel strategy for mitigation of ionizing radiation-induced hematopoietic syndrome by suppressing the activity of MKP3, resulting in ERK activation and enhanced abundance of hematopoietic stem cells, using the antioxidant flavonoid baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone). It offered complete protection to mouse splenic lymphocytes against radiation-induced cell death. Inhibitors of ERK and Nrf-2 could significantly abrogate baicalein-mediated radioprotection in lymphocytes. Baicalein inhibited phosphatase MKP3 and thereby enhanced phosphorylation of ERK and its downstream proteins such as Elk and Nrf-2. It also increased the nuclear levels of Nrf-2 and the mRNA levels of its dependent genes. Importantly, baicalein administration to mice before radiation exposure led to significant recovery of loss of bone marrow cellularity and also inhibited cell death. Administration of baicalein increased the hematopoietic stem cell frequency as measured by side-population assay and also by antibody staining. Further, baicalein offered significant protection against whole-body irradiation (WBI; 7.5Gy)-induced mortality in mice. Interestingly, we found that baicalein works by activating the same target molecules ERK and Nrf-2 both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, administration of all-trans-retinoic acid (inhibitor of Nrf-2) significantly abrogated baicalein-mediated protection against WBI-induced mortality in mice. Thus, in contrast to the generalized conception of antioxidants acting as radioprotectors, we provide a rationale that antioxidants exhibit pleiotropic effects through the activation of multiple cellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Patwardhan
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Rahul Checker
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Santosh K Sandur
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
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Lin MH, Chou YS, Tsai YJ, Chou DS. Antioxidant Properties of 5,7-Dihydroxycoumarin Derivatives in in vitro Cell-free and Cell-containing Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecm.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hirunuma M, Shoyama Y, Sasaki K, Sakamoto S, Taura F, Shoyama Y, Tanaka H, Morimoto S. Flavone-catalyzed apoptosis in Scutellaria baicalensis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:752-760. [PMID: 21377703 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In response to mechanical damage, roots of Scutellaria baicalensis undergo cell death within 24h. The flavone baicalein was identified as the factor regulating apoptosis in the damaged roots of S. baicalensis. Plant apoptosis is known to be triggered by oxidative damage of DNA through oxidative bursts, whereas baicalein causes apoptosis in Scutellaria cells by a copper-dependent oxidation of nuclear DNA without inducing an oxidative burst. S. baicalensis possesses an interesting system for quickly producing this apoptosis-inducing flavone in its cells. Intact Scutellaria cells contain little baicalein but store a large amount of baicalin (baicalein 7-O-β-D-glucuronide). Stress treatment of Scutellaria cells immediately initiates hydrolysis of baicalin by endogenous β-glucuronidase, and the resulting baicalein is immediately translocated to the nucleus, leading to apoptosis. Thus, S. baicalensis possesses a unique apoptosis-inducing system that is linked with metabolism of baicalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motosuke Hirunuma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Chou DS, Hsiao G, Lai YA, Tsai YJ, Sheu JR. Baicalein induces proliferation inhibition in B16F10 melanoma cells by generating reactive oxygen species via 12-lipoxygenase. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:1197-203. [PMID: 19439216 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we demonstrated that baicalein induces hydroxyl radical formation in human platelets but the mechanisms are unclear. Herein, we show, using an electron spin resonance technique, that baicalein also induces hydroxyl radical formation in B16F10 melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Baicalein produced superoxide anions in the presence of an iron chelator and superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor. We suggest that superoxide anions produced by baicalein were promptly converted to hydroxyl radicals through SOD and the Fenton reaction in B16F10 melanoma cells. According to Western blotting results, the 12-LOX protein was expressed in B16F10 melanoma cells, but baicalein had no effect on 12-LOX expression. Decreases in 12-LOX protein expression and hydroxyl radical signals occurred in a 12-LOX small interfering RNA knockdown protein group compared with the baicalein control. In the MTT assay, we also found that baicalein caused a reduction in cellular viability, which was reversed by the addition of ROS scavengers. On the basis of these data, we conclude that ROS formation catalyzed by 12-LOX is one possible mechanism of growth inhibition by baicalein in B16F10 melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duen-Suey Chou
- Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hyde CAC, Missailidis S. Inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism and its implication on cell proliferation and tumour-angiogenesis. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:701-15. [PMID: 19239926 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) and its metabolites have recently generated a heightened interest due to growing evidence of their significant role in cancer biology. Thus, inhibitors of the AA cascade, first and foremost COX inhibitors, which have originally been of interest in the treatment of inflammatory conditions and certain types of cardiovascular disease, are now attracting attention as an arsenal against cancer. An increasing number of investigations support their role in cancer chemoprevention, although the precise molecular mechanisms that link levels of AA, and its metabolites, with cancer progression have still to be elucidated. This article provides an overview of the AA cascade and focuses on the roles of its inhibitors and their implication in cancer treatment. In particular, emphasis is placed on the inhibition of cell proliferation and neo-angiogenesis through inhibition of the enzymes COX-2, 5-LOX and CYP450. Downstream effects of inhibition of AA metabolites are analysed and the molecular mechanisms of action of a selected number of inhibitors of catalytic pathways reviewed. Lastly, the benefits of dietary omega-3 fatty acids and their mechanisms of action leading to reduced cancer risk and impeded cancer cell growth are mentioned. Finally, a proposal is put forward, suggesting a novel and integrated approach in viewing the molecular mechanisms and complex interactions responsible for the involvement of AA metabolites in carcinogenesis and the protective effects of omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and tumour prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A C Hyde
- Department of Chemistry and Analytical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK5 7AS, UK
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Li-Weber M. New therapeutic aspects of flavones: the anticancer properties of Scutellaria and its main active constituents Wogonin, Baicalein and Baicalin. Cancer Treat Rev 2008; 35:57-68. [PMID: 19004559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines have been recently recognized as a new source of anticancer drugs and new chemotherapy adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and to ameliorate the side effects of cancer chemotherapies however their healing mechanisms are still largely unknown. Scutellaria baicalensis is one of the most popular and multi-purpose herb used in China traditionally for treatment of inflammation, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and bacterial and viral infections. Accumulating evidence demonstrate that Scutellaria also possesses potent anticancer activities. The bioactive components of Scutellaria have been confirmed to be flavones. The major constituents of Scutellaria baicalensis are Wogonin, Baicalein and Baicalin. These phytochemicals are not only cytostatic but also cytotoxic to various human tumor cell lines in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Most importantly, they show almost no or minor toxicity to normal epithelial and normal peripheral blood and myeloid cells. The antitumor functions of these flavones are largely due to their abilities to scavenge oxidative radicals, to attenuate NF-kappaB activity, to inhibit several genes important for regulation of the cell cycle, to suppress COX-2 gene expression and to prevent viral infections. The tumor-selectivity of Wogonin has recently been demonstrated to be due to its ability to differentially modulate the oxidation-reduction status of malignant vs. normal lymphocytic cells and to preferentially induce phospholipase C gamma 1, a key enzyme involved in Ca(2+) signaling, through H(2)O(2) signaling in malignant lymphocytes. This review is aimed to summarize the research results obtained since the last 20 years and to highlight the recently discovered molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li-Weber
- Tumor Immunology Program D030, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Pifithrin-α reduces cerebral vasospasm by attenuating apoptosis of endothelial cells in a subarachnoid haemorrhage model of rat. Chin Med J (Engl) 2008. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200803010-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Li QB, Chen ZC, You Y, Zou P. Small interfering RNA of cyclooxygenase-2 induces growth inhibition and apoptosis independently of Bcl-2 in human myeloma RPMI8226 cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1031-6. [PMID: 17588340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of small interfering RNA of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) on the proliferation and apoptosis of human multiple myeloma RPMI8226 cells and its relation with the Bcl-2 family in vitro. METHODS Transcription and expression of COX-2 in human myeloma RPMI8226 cells were checked by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The COX-2 siRNA fragment targeting exon 5 of COX-2 gene was transfected into the cells with the Amaxa nucleofection technique. The inhibition of cell growth was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2- thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Apoptosis was estimated by Annexin-V/ propidium iodide double-labeled cytometry and confirmed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay. Bcl-2 and Bax expression was evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The COX-2 siRNA fragment could be successfully transfected into RPMI8226 cells, which resulted in the significant inhibition of transcription and expression of COX-2 in the myeloma cells. Proliferation of the transfected cells was inhibited and apoptosis was induced (6.52%+/-0.32%, 12.53%+/-2.52%, 24.39%+/-3.51% and 36.48%+/-4.96% for 0, 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively) in a time-dependent manner (P<0.01). However, the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in the RPMI8226 cells had no significant changes after nucleofection. CONCLUSION COX-2 siRNA transfection can suppress COX-2 expression in human myeloma RPMI8226 cells, which leads to growth inhibition and apoptosis independent of Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-bai Li
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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